Cordyceps militaris mycelium extracts containing high amounts of cordycepin were evaluated in vitro for their antiinflammatory and tumor cell growth-inhibitory activities. All extracts dose dependently inhibited the increased production of inflammatory mediators including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and β-hexosaminidase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory cells. All extracts were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against normal RBL-2H3 cells and diverse types of cancer cell lines, including HCT, MC5-7, U-87MG, AGS, and A549 cells. The extract showed the strongest growth inhibition (IC50 = 28.13 μg/mL) relative to vehicle-treated control cells against fibrosarcoma (MC5-7). We have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of C. militaris via inhibition of NO, ROS production, and β-hexosaminidase release in activated cells. C. militaris mycelium extract was also evaluated mechanistically and found to exert six types of anti-cancer activity, confirming its pharmacological potential. Our study suggests C. militaris use as a potential source of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. C. militaris may also be considered a functional food.

Society’s emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual’s negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat peopledislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society’s emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

본 연구에서는 쥐참외뿌리 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 미백, 항염증 활성에 대한 생리활성 효과와 기능성 소재로써의 활용 가능성을 확인해 보고자 하였다. 쥐참외뿌리 추출물의 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 통한 항산화 활성, 멜라닌 세포인 B16F10 melanoma 세포에 대한 멜라닌 생성 억제능을 통한 미백 활성 효과, 대식 세포인 RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 NO 생성 억제능을 통한 항염증 활성 효과를 확인해 보고자 하였다. 연구결과, 쥐참외뿌리 추출물은 농도 의존적으로 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성이 확인되었으며, 양성 대 조군인 Ascorbic acid와 비슷한 DPPH 라디컬 소거활성이 확인되었다. 100 nM α-MSH로 유도된 멜라닌 생성 억제 활성과 LPS 1 ㎍/mL로 유도된 NO 생성 억제능을 유의하게 억제 하는 것을 확인되었다. 이에 따라 쥐참외뿌리 추출물은 항산화 및 미백, 항염증 효과를 가진 기능성 소재로써의 활용 가능성이 있음이 사료되어 진다.

최근에 전 세계적인 초국가적 네트워크가 심화·확산되고 있는 가운데, 국내·외 국민들을 대상으로 한 테러발생 가능성이 증가하고 있다. 또한 북한은 정치적 목적을 위해 테러를 가장한 다양한 도발을 시도할 것으로 예상된다. 국내·외에서 테러 발생 시 국민들의 일상생활은 제한되고 국가 사회 전반에 대한 불안정은 심화될 것이다. 반면에 한국군의 테러대응은 변화된 테러환경에 적시적으로 대응하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 대테러작전 시 군의 적시적이고 효과적인 테러대응을 위해 특수 작전부대의 대테러작전 능력 향상 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 연구방법은 대테러작전의 영향요인(전장환경, 위협인식, 대응의지)에 따른 대테러작 전 전법(작전수행개념, 조직편성, 무기체계)을 중심으로 분석하였다. 또한 미국의 이란인질 구출작전과 한국군의 아덴만 여명작전에 대한 사례분석 을 통해 교훈을 도출하여 한국군에 적용하는 사례분석 방법을 적용하였 다. 연구 결과 대테러작전의 영향요인은 대테러작전 전법에 영향을 미치 고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 최근 발달한 과학기술은 테러 환경 을 변화시키고 있으므로 한국군은 대테러작전의 영향요인에 능동적으로 대응하여 대테러작전 전법을 창의적으로 발전시켜야 할 것이다.

Comparing the quality characteristics of kimchi were measured and anticancer effects using AGS human gastric cancer cells were observed. Five kinds of kimchi samples were made of Kanghwa Baek kimchi (KB), Kangwha Turnip kimchi (KT), Turnip: Chinese cabbage = 1:1 Baek kimchi (T1B1), Turnip:Chinese cabbage = 4:1 Baek kimchi (T4B1), Turnip mul kimchi (T). As a result T kimchi showed the best fermentation characteristics among the five samples. T kimchi had a lower percentage of the total number of aerobic bacteria, while the number of lactobacillus was higher than that of other samples. The mRNA and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related factors found that T kimchi significantly increases the mRNA expression levels of caspases-3 and caspases-9 in AGS human gastric cancer cells as compared to the other kimchi samples. It showed high anticancer effects in the order of T, T1B1, and KB kimchi. As the anticancer effect of Turnip mul kimchi made only of turnip was higher, the higher the turnip content, the higher the anticancer effect. These results show that there were changes in fermentation characteristics such as pH, acidity, number of lactic acid bacteria, and anticancer effects according to the ratio of turnip and cabbage.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the anti-inflammatory effect of Chung-Dae Indigo Pulverata Levis, indigo naturalis) produced during indigo dyeing. As a result of in vitro cytotoxicity experiments using RAW 264.7 cell, Chung-Dae extract did not inhibit cell proliferation in Raw 264.7 cells in the range of 1~32 μg/mL. NO production was significantly reduced when Chung-Dae extracts were treated at concentrations of 2, 8, and 32 μg/mL (p<0.05). The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ significantly decreased when the Chung-Dae extract was treated at concentrations of 2, 8, and 32 μg/mL compared to the LPS group, and similarly, the TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels also decreased. Additionally, the mRNA level of COX-2 was also suppressed. At the protein expression level, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 were observed with LPS and Chung-Dae extract significantly decreased compared to the group treated with only LPS (p<0.05). From the above results, it shows that Chung-Dae extract, a plant-derived compound, inhibits the inflammatory response induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. and in particular, regulates the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is one of gram-positive foodborne pathogens with a very high fatality rate. Unlike most foodborne pathogens, L. monocytogenes is capable of growing at low temperatures, such as in refrigerated foods. Thus, various physical and chemical prevention methods are used in the manufacturing, processing and distribution of food. However, there are limitations to the methods such as possible changes to the food quality and the consumer awareness of synthetic preservatives. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-listeria activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi and characterize the bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis which is one of isolated strains from kimchi. The analysis on the anti-listeria activity of a total of 36 species (Lactobacillus, Weissella, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus) isolated from kimchi by the agar overlay method revealed that L. lactis NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 had the highest anti-listeria activity. For quantitatively analysis on the anti-listeria activity, NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 were co-cultured with L. monocytogenes in Brain Heat Infusion (BHI) broth, respectively. As a result, L. monocytogenes was reduced by 3.0 log CFU/mL in 20 h, lowering the number of bacteria to below the detection limit. Both LAB strains showed anti-listeria activity against 24 serotypes of L. monocytogenes, although the sizes of clear zone was slightly different. No clear zone was observed when the supernatants of both LAB cultures were treated with proteinase- K, indicating that their anti-listerial activities might be due to the production of bacteriocins. Heat stability of the partially purified bacteriocins of NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 was relatively stable at 60oC and 80oC. Yet, their anti-listeria activities were completely lost by 60 min of treatment at 100oC and 15 min of treatment at 121oC. The analysis on the pH stability showed that their anti-listeria activities were the most stable at pH 4.01, and decreased with the increasing pH value, yet, was not completely lost. Partially purified bacteriocins showed relatively stable anti-listeria activities in acetone, ethanol, and methanol, but their activities were reduced after chloroform treatment, yet was not completely lost. Conclusively, this study revealed that the bacteriocins produced by NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 effectively reduced L. monocytogenes, and that they were relatively stable against heat, pH, and organic solvents, therefore implying their potential as a natural antibacterial substance for controlling L. monocytogenes in food.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii (Tg), is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. Currently, safe and efficient therapeutic options for this disease are still being developed, and are urgently needed. Agrimonia pilosa (A. pilosa) is a rosaceous plant, and widely distributed in Asia. The bioactive compounds in A. pilosa Ledeb include flavonoid, triterpenoids, and isocoumarin, and have been reported to show many pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities.The aim of this study was to determine Anti-protozoal efficacy of Agrimonia pilosa ethanol extract (APE) against Toxoplasma gondii (Tg). In this study, APE was examined and screened for anti-Tg activity. Seventy percent ethanol was used for herbal extraction. For anti-Tg activity screening, in vitro study with APE using tachyzoit of Tg RH strain infected HeLa cells were performed. Also, in vivo anti- Tg study using the mouse infection model was conducted. As the results, the selectivity of APE was 3.35, which was higher than Sulfadiazine selectivity (2.08). Also, we performed in vivo animal study to evaluate the anti-Tg activity of APE with mouse model. As the results, Anti-toxoplasma activity of the APE was as high as sulfadiazine. These results demonstrate that it can be successfully cured against Tg infection with APE. It could be a promising native herb treatment for the prevention of Tg infection.

Thanks to the support and encouragement of the Chinese government over the past decade, China’s platform economy has made rapid progress. However, as some large-scale big-tech companies grew into super-platforms, they formed a structure that dominated the market and their behaviors of “choose between two” became widespread. On February 7, 2021, the competition authorities promulgated the <Anti-Monopoly Guidelines on the Platform Economy of the Anti-Monopoly Committee>, which ended the era of unlimited policy support for Chinese platform companies and entered an era of strong management supervision. The platform’s forced act of “choosing between two” is currently receiving the most attention among the platform's anti-competitive acts, and three routines are currently being used simultaneously in China to regulate this. The first is legislation, and the second routine is the strong administrative punishment of competition authorities. In addition, China is actively applying the means of corporate interviews to suit the characteristics of its social system. These measures have sufficiently shown the attitude of competition authorities and serve as a preventive and warning to other platform companies. There are still problems to be solved, for example, whether to view each side as a separate market or a unified market in defining related markets in a two-sided market (multi-market) formed by platform is the first problem. In addition, legislation is inconsistent in the analysis method, creating confusion in the enforcement law in practice. Then, there are still many difficulties in determining the platform’s dominant market position, and due to the confidentiality and technology of some “Choose between two” actions adopted by the platform, there will be many difficulties in proving them and obtaining damages.

The present study is designed to investigate the antibacterial effect of the hot-water and various ethanol extracts from the leaves of Dendropanax morbifera L. (DML) against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalsis). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 30, 50 and 70% ethanol extract of DML against P. gingivalis decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, MIC and MBC of hot-water and 30% ethanol extract against P. gingivalis were the same as 3.13 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. In the bacterial growth inhibition test, the growth of P. gingivalis in the group treated with MBC and 2×MBC of DML hot-water extract was statistically significantly decreased from 6 h after incubation compared to the control group (p<0.001). From the results portrayed above, aqueous extract from DML at the concentration of 6.25 mg/mL can be usefully used to suppress infection of P. gingivalis, a major causative agent of periodontal disease.

백출(Atractylodes japonica)은 국화과(Compositae)에 속하는 다년생 식물로 한국에서 이뇨 작용, 수렴작용, 항알러지, 신경보호, 항암, 면역증강 및 위장관 보호효과 등으로 민간요법에서 널리 사 용되고 있다. 백출의 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물에 대한 DPPH 및 ABTS 자유라디칼 소거능으로 항산 화 활성을 측정하였다. 게다가 NO 생성, iNOS와 COX-2 단백질 발현을 웨스턴 블롯으로 측정하였으 며, 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 RT-PCR 방법으로 측정함으로 항염증 효과를 측정하였다. 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물들의 항산화 활성은 농도-의존적인 효과를 보였지만, 추출용매에 따른 차이는 나타 나지 않았다. 70% 에탄올에 의한 백출 추출물에서 매우 강한 NO 활성 억제효과를 보였다. 백출 열수 및 에탄올 추출물은 NO 생성에 관여하는 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질의 발현을 현저히 감소시켰다. 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물 모두 염증성 사이토카인인 IL-6 및 IL-1b는 현저히 억제시키지만, TNF-α의 발현은 약하게 억제시키는 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구를 통하여 백출 70% 에탄올 추출물이 NO 생성을 현 저히 억제하며, 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 현저히 감소시키는 효과를 보이므로 염증성 질환 치료 및 개선에 널리 사용될 수 있으리라 생각한다.

Compound K (20-O-β-(D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol)는 진세노사이드의 활 성성분이다. Compound K는 경구 투여 후 Rb1, Rb2 및 Rc가 사람의 장내 미생물의 β-glucosidase에 의 해 생물전환 과정을 거쳐 생성된다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 생물전환된 인삼농축액에서 얻은 compound K를 이용해 항염증 및 독성을 조사하였다. 세포독성평가 결과, compound K는 0.001∼1 μg/mL의 농도 범위에서 유의적인 세포독성은 나타나지 않았으며, LPS로 염증이 유발된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 및 NO의 생성을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 동일 농도범위에서 TNF-α 및 IFN-γ로 염증이 유발된 HaCaT 세포는 compound K의 처리로 인해 IL-8의 생성을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났지만, IL-6의 경우 일부 농도에서 생성을 감소시켰으나, 통계적인 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. Brine shrimp를 이 용한 치사율 검정법에서 compound K의 LC50는 0.37mg/mL로 다소의 독성을 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타 났으나 compound K가 35% 고함유된 생물전환물은 LC50가 0.87mg/mL로 나타나 상대적으로 낮은 독성 을 보였다. 따라서 이 생성물은 향후 여드름 완화용 화장품 개발에 사용할 수 있는 매우 우수한 기능성 소 재가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

호장근, 적하수오, 대황, 알로에 등과 같은 생약재의 주요 약리 활성 성분인 emodin은 항산 화, 항균, 항염, 항암, 간보호 등에 효능이 있는 것으로 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 emodin의 피부 질 환 및 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 알아보기 위해 염증 개선과 피부장벽기능 개선 관련 활성을 확 인하였다. human keratinocyte인 HaCaT 세포에 대하여 항염효과를 관찰하기 위해 cytokine억제능은 ELISA kit로, 단백질 발현은 western blot으로 확인하였다. TNF-α (10 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL)로 활성화된 HaCaT 세포에서 emodin을 농도별(5, 10, 20, 40) μM로 처리한 결과 TNF-α, IL-1β 및 IL-6의 생성량은 emodin의 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소됨을 확인하였다. 염증관련 단백질인 iNOS, COX-2 발현량에 대한 실험결과에서도 emodin 20 μM 농도에서 control 대비 iNOS는 48%, COX-2 는 29%가 저해됨을 확인하였다. 피부장벽기능 개선의 지표로써 filaggrin, involucrin, loricirn의 mRNA 발현 정도와 filaggrin, involucrin, loricirn의 생성량을 확인한 결과 에모딘 농도에 의존적으로 증가하는 우수한 결과가 얻어졌다. 특히 20 μM 농도에서 대조군 대비 2배의 생성량 증가를 보인 filaggrin은 천 연보습인자인 NMF의 형성에 관계되는 단백질로 각질층의 보습에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 결론적으로 emodin의 피부 질환 및 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성 중 염증 개선 및 피부장벽기 능 개선 소재로 활용될 수 있음을 확인하였으며 향후 추가적인 연구가 수행되면 그 활용 범위가 더 넓 어질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.