본 연구는 국내 생산 사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 수확 후 저장기간 동안 생성된 곰팡이 오염도 및 곰팡이 종류를 조사하고 mycotoxin 노출 유해성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin 오염을 조사하기 위하여 곰팡이 발생이 육안 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 것부터 오염이 심한 것까지 다양한 상태의 농가에서 급여하고 있는 33점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료를 수거하여 조사하였다. 오염된 곰팡이는 흰색, 회색, 푸른색 및 검은 갈색 등 다양한 색

Korea National Arboretum (KNA) is located in Gwangneung forest, between Namyangju-si and Pocheon-si, in Gyeonggi province. In KNA, there are 15 specialized plant gardens. The woody plants of 1,863 species and the herbaceous plants of 1,481 species have been maintained in these gardens for 500 years. KNA have suitable environments for fungal growth. Despite floral diversity in there, the intensive researches on fungal flora have not been studied to date. Therefore, in order to get informations on fungal flora, regular field trips were made to this area and fresh fungal specimens were collected from there for 48 days from May in 2007 to November in 2010. Total 1,522 higher fungal specimens were collected in Gwangneung forest. All the collected specimens were identified and classified in 8 classes, 19 orders, 69 families, 267 genera and 454 species, and deposited in the herbarium of Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Among the identified specimens, sixteenspecies were confirmed as new to Korea as follows: Cudoniella acicularis, Discina ancilis, Helvella costifera, Entoloma cephalotrichum, Entoloma lepidissimum, Mycena leptocephala, Naematoloma gracile, Sistotrema octosporum, Hydnellum peckii, Lachnellula calyciformis, Amanita cockeri f. roseotinctata, Micromphale foetidum, Mycena corynephora, Clitocybe lateritia, Physisporinus vitreus, and Datronia stereoides. Literature cited 1. 김현중, 한상국. 2008. 광릉의 버섯. 국립수목원. 420pp. 2. 今關六也, 本鄕次雄. 1987. 原色日本菌類圖鑑(I). 保育社. 325pp. 3. Breitenbach, J. and Kränzlin, Fred. 1984. Fungi of Switzerland: 1. Ascomycetes. Mykologia Luzern. 310pp. 4. Breitenbach, J. and Kränzlin, Fred. 1986. Fungi of Switzerland: 2. Non gilled fungi. Mykologia Luzern. 412pp. 5. Breitenbach, J. and Kränzlin, Fred. 1995. Fungi of Switzerland: 4. Agarics 2nd part. Mykologia Luzern. 368pp. 6. Singer, R. 1986. The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Koeltz Scientific Books. 7. Smith, A. H., Smith, H. V. and Weber N. S. 1979. How to know the gilled mushrooms. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. pp. 27, 263, 286-287.

We present a list of Korean fungivorous Tenebrionidae associated with higher fungi (Basidiomycetes). Most fungivorous tenebrionids are associated with the order Aphyllophorales. A total of31 Tenebrionid species (both adults and larvae) belonging to four tribes (Bolitophagini, Toxicini, Scaphidernini, and Diaperini) are presented in our checklist. Of these, 62 percent are obligate mycetobionts, In addition, 42 fungal hosts of fungivorous tenebrionids are presented. Both thetenebrionids and the fungal hosts reported here are found throughout Korea.

An entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), is a potent pathogen against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities were measured in both immune-associated tissues of hemocytes and fat body S. exigua. Upon the fungal PLA2s were significantly activated in both hemocytes and fat body. Considering inhibitory activity of BZA, we posed a hypothesis that BZA against PLA2 activity of hemocyte, resulting in shutdown of eicosanoid biosynthesis, subsequently inducing immunosupression, which leads to enhance Bb pathogenicity. This study directly analyzed the inhibitory activity of BZA on PLA2 extracted from different immune-related tissues. At low micromolar range, BZA significantly inhibited PLA2s of hemocytes, fat body, and plasma, in which most PLA2 activity was found in hemocytes. Interestingly, an immune signal receptor, Se-Toll, was related with PLA2 activation. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-Toll significantly inhibited PLA2activity while nonspecific RNAi did not inhibit the PLA2 activity. The RNAi of Se-Toll also significantly suppressed hemocyte nodule response against Bb challenge. In addition, the fungal infection significantly induced activation of PLA2 activity, which would lead to production of immune mediating eicosanoids. This study addressed the synergistic effect of BZA on Bb pathegenicity by its inhibition of PLA2 activity, which was linked with Toll signal pathway.

It is well known that the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., incite and aggravate the diseases caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens. The synergistic effects of the inoculation of Meloidogyne incognita combined with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici showed the greatly increased wilt symptoms developed on tomato plants compared to the inoculation of either of the two pests alone. For the biological control of the complex disease, a variety of bacterial isolates were tested for antagonistic effects to select ones that had both nematicidal and antifungal activities. Among forty plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) tested, Paenibacillus polymyxa G508 and G462 and P. lentimorbus G158 showed strong antifungal and nematicidal activities against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, respectively, and also inhibited egg hatch of the nematode. The addition of Paenibacillus strains into potted soil suppressed the Fusarium-wilt severity and root galling on tomato and increased plant growths. P. lentimorbus G158 were abundantly proliferated on tomato seeds and hypocotyls more than P. polymyxa G 462 and had no phytotoxic effect on tomato plant. Under the greenhouse conditions, seed treatment of P. lentimorbus G158 reduced wilt severity caused by Fusarium wilt-root knot disease complex and root gall formation and increased tomato growth compared to the untreated control. Root-galls caused by both pathogens treated with bacterial culture had fewer and smaller giant-cells than untreated control, and scanning electron microscopy revealed alteration and distortion of hyphal cell wall of F. oxysporum and lysis of M. incognita egg shell by the bacterial treatment. All of these results suggest the Paenibacillus strains, especially G158 may have a high potential developed as biological control agents for the complex disease.

In this study 300 weaned pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, 23±3 d of age, 5.56± 1.21 kg initial body weight) were used to study the effect of fungal (Aspergillus oryzae, FSP-A) and fungal + bacteria (Aspergillus oryzae + Bacillus subtilis, FSP-B) fermented soya proteins on their blood hematology, enzymes and immune cell populations. Pigs were allotted to 5 treatments, each comprising of 4 pens with 15 pigs. Basal diets consisted of 15% soyabean meal (Control diet) while for treatment diets SBM was replaced with 3 and 6% of each FSP-A and FSP-B, respectively. The experimental diets were fed from 0 to 14 day after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 day. Blood was collected on 14 and 35 day of experiment and analyzed for hematology, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and immune cell populations. At d 14, lower RBC count, Hb and HCT values and higher AST values were noted in pigs fed FSP-A diets when compared with Control and FSP-B fed pigs.Also at d 14 pigs fed 6% FSP-A had lower NE (P<0.05) when compared with those fed 6% FSP-B. The level of FSP influenced the RDW on d 14 and MCHC, MO and MPV on d 35. In addition on d 35, pigs fed 3% FSP-A had lesser NE than those fed 6% FSP -A and Control diet, while pigs fed 6% FSP-B had the highest number of MO compared to other treatments. But there were no differences in the plasma AST and ALT values on d 35. Thus it may be concluded that the FSP either by fungal or fungal + bacterial sources had an influence on the blood hematological status and the populations of immune cells.

1. Antifungal activity of water extracts The antifungal activity of the water extracts against L. edodes was proportional to the concentration of the water extracts. The antifungal activity of the water extracts at 1000 ppm was the highest among the tested concentration against L. edodes mycelia. The antifungal activity were significantly different from each concentration of the water extracts. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water extracts of the P. densiflora sawdust have inhibitory compounds to the growth of L. edodes mycelia. 2. Yield and antifungal activity of fractions from water extracts The powdered water extracts was further treated serially using organic solvents in order to separate the water extracts into the fractions of n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed much higher antifungal activity than the other fractions. The antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction against L. edodes at 1000 ppm showed a statistically significant difference in the fractions of n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetate-soluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble. And, there was not significantly difference between the antifungal activities of the n-hexane-soluble and methanol-soluble fractions at 1000 ppm. 3. Antivungal activity of fractions of organic solvent extracts The fractions were isolated from each organic solvent by the silica-gel column chromatography and then the fractions were confirmed and divided on the values of Rf by the thin-layer chromatography. The fractions were produced six band of the n-hexane, nine band of the ethyl acetate and eight band of the methanol extracts. The HIII fraction from the n-hexane extracts showed the highest growth inhibition against L. edodes mycelium.

Laccase는 여러개의 Cu를 포함하는 효소로서 분자상 산소를 환원시키면서 패놀성 및 비페놀성화합물의 산화를 촉매하는 작용을 한다. 이들 효소들은 미생물 고유의 혹은 유도상의 동위효소의 형태로 목질화된 세포벽을 침투하게 된다. 백색부후균은 많은 종류의 고유의 혹은 유도상의 동위효소를 생산한다. 이들 균체 laccase효소들은 통상 Cu2+, Cd2+ Ca2+, Li+, Mn2+, Ag+, Hg2+, Mn 및 Fe3+이온과 같은 금속이온들, 페놀성 화합물, ethanol, isopropanol, cAMP, caffeine, p-anisidine, viscosinamide 및 paraquat 등과 같은 유기화합물, 질소 및 열충격 등에 의하여 유도될 수 있다. Cu 및 pHB (p-hydroxybenzoic acid)의 조합으로 laccase 활성을 30배이상 유도시킬 수 있었다. 여러 가지 inducer 가운데, 2,5-xylidine이 담자균 및 기타 다른 고등균류로부터 160배이상의 가장 효과적인 laccase의 유도효과를 나타냈다. 한편 laccase효소는 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus의 gene family로부터 자주 code로 표시되었는데, lcc3-1 혹은 lac1 및 lac3-2의 페어 gene으로 클론 및 시퀀싱되었다. 유도형 laccase의 경우 mRNA의 합성에 의존하여 laccase가 생성되며, 이러한 유도효과는 결국 새로운 단백질의 합성으로부터 기인된다.

PM (Particulate Matter) samples contained fungal spores were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, west Korea, in springtime of 2000 and 2001. PM concentrations were 199.8μg m-3 in the 1st Asian Dust Storm period (March, 23 ~ 24) and 249.4μ

The extracts from Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze, their chloroform and hexane fractions, and estragole identified from hexane fraction were tested to investigate the effects on the growth and metabolic activities of several true fungi. The fungi used were: Aspergillus oryzae KFCC 890, Aspergillus niger KCCM 11240, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 459?, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus PNU 2215. The growth of S. cerevisiae by treatment of water extract (1%), hexane fraction (0.05%), and estragole (0.05%) were inhibited 93%, 50%, and 33% respectively, and S. ellipsoideus was also inhibited markedly with delaying the lag phase maximum 12 hrs. The growth of A. oryzae was inhibited by treatment of extracts and fractions. The ethanol production by S. cerevisiae was increased more than two times in the highest value around 42 hrs incubation by water extract, but chloroform fraction inhibited its production. The glucoamylase activities by A. niger were strongly inhibited by hexane and chloroform fractions (0.05%). The invertase activity by S. cerevisiae using estragole (0.05%) reached to 57.5% of control group. S. cerevisiae treated with the estragole was damaged the cell wall and cell membrane, leaked the protoplasm, and observed broken pieces of cell.

대구(大邱)를 중심(中心)으로 한 5개(個) 지역(地域)에 재식(裁植)되어 있는 23과(科) 28속(屬) 32종(種)의 관상식물(觀賞植物)에 대(對)하여 진균(眞菌)에 이병(罹病)된 식물(植物)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) Uncinula 속균(屬菌) 등(等) 21속(屬)의 병원진균(病原眞菌)에 의(依)하여 26속(屬) 30(種)의 식물(植物)에서 45종(種)의 병(病)이 발생(發生)하고 있었다. 이들 중(中) 우리나라에서 이제까지 보고(報告)되지 않은 미기록병해(未記錄病害)는 Uncinula속균(屬菌), Phyllosticta속균(屬菌), Discosia속균(屬菌), Macrophoma속균(屬菌), Colletotrichum속균(屬菌), Pestalotia속균(屬菌), Phomopsis속균(屬菌), Gloeosporium속균(屬菌), Alternaria속균(屬菌), Fusicoccum속균(屬菌) 및 Sphaceloma속균(屬菌) 등(等)에 의(依)하여 15속(屬) 16종(種)의 식물(植物)에 22종(種)의 병(病)이 발생(發生)하고 있었다.

관상식물(觀賞植物)에 병해조사(病害調査) 일환(一環)으로 대구(大邱)와 근교(近郊)의 온실(溫室) 등(等)에 재식(栽植)되어 있는 19과(科) 34속(屬) 34종(種)의 식물(植物)에 대(對)하여 진균(眞菌)에 이병(罹病)된 식물(植物)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), Glomerella 속균(屬菌) 등(等) 16속(屬) 병원진균(病原眞菌)에 의(依)하여 32속(屬) 32종(種)의 식물(植物)에서 37종(種)의 병(病)이 발생(發生)하고 있었다. 이들 중 우리나라에서 이제까지 보고(報告)되지 않은 미기록병해(未記錄病害)는 Glomerella속균(屬菌), Colletotrichum속균(屬菌), Ceratocystis속균(屬菌), Pestalotia속균(屬菌), Gloeosporium속균(屬菌), Macrophoma속균(屬菌), Sphaceloma속균(屬菌), Botrytis속균(屬菌), Alternaria속균(屬菌), Phyllosticta속균(屬菌), 및 Phomopsis속균(屬菌) 등(等)에 의(依)하여 19속(屬) 19종(種)의 관상식물(觀賞植物)에 22종(種)의 병(病)이 발생(發生)하고 있음을 확인(確認)하였다.

병 잎위에서 도열병균 부착기형성은 고도저항성인 통일과 감수성인 농림 6호간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 감수성인 농림 6호에는 직접 기동세포에 침입 신전되었으나 고도저항성인 통일품종에서는 그와 반대로 균계가 신전되지 않았다. 고도저항성인 통일은 생리형에 관계없이 감수성인 진여, 농림 6호보다 급속히 기생세포가 변질되는 동시에 그 비율도 높았다. 호흡율을 산소흡수율로 보면 건전조직보다 병반조직에서 높은 경향이었다. 저항성품종인 수원 180호에서 건전조직과 호흡율에 차이가 없었으나 감수성인 진여의 경우에는 건전조직보다 호흡율이 훨씽 높았다. 그리고 품종간에도 건전부위의 호흡율의 차이가 심하였다. 호흡율은 병반이 최초로 형성되는 시기에 저항성 및 감수성을 막론하고 상승하였는데 감수성조직은 건전조직에 비하여 급속히 증가하는 반면 저항성병반에 있어서는 완만하게 증가하였다. 퍼옥시다제의 활성은 건전조직에 비하여 감수성조직에서 증가하였고 생리형과 품종간에 비친화성인 저항성병반에 있어서 그 활성이 감수성병반에 비하여 현저히 증가하였다. 그러나 고도저항성인 반응에 있어서는 건전 및 이병조직간에 퍼옥시다제의 활성차이가 거의 없었다. 아스코빅산, 하이드로퀴논 및 카테콜 산화효소 활성도 퍼옥시다제와 같은 경향이었다. 반대로 카탈라제의 활성은 친화성인 병반조직에서 오히려 감소하였다.

Background : Plants cultivation is hindered by root rot, a major disease caused by the soil-born fungi. The ginseng-cultivated soil is one of the nutritious habitats for soil-borne microorganisms. Bacteria from ginseng-cultivated soil can increase plant growth by supplying nutrients and hormones as well as protecting against pathogenic fungal infections and induced systematic resistance. Methods and Results : The novel species DCY115T was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Gochang province, Republic of Korea. The isolate was assigned to the genus Paraburkholderia due to its 16S rRNA gene sequence closely proximity to P. xenovorans LB400T (98.8%). Strain DCY115T is gram-negative, facultative aerobic, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, oxidase and catalase positive. The predominant isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone Q-8. The genomic DNA G + C content is 61.3 mol%. Phenotypic tests and chemotaxonomic analysis place strain DCY115T in the genus Paraburkholderia. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain DCY115T and closely related reference strains were lower than 51%. The DNA relatedness data in combination with phylogenetic and biochemical tests showed that strain DCY115T could not be assigned to any recognized species. Finally, strain DCY115T showed the plant growth promoting activities of siderophores production, phosphate solubilization, and antagonistic activity against root rot fungal pathogen Fusarium solani (KACC 44891T) and Cylindrocarpon destructans (KACC 44660T). Conclusion : The results support the novel strain DCY115T as a potential biocontrol agent against root rot fungal pathogen within the genus Paraburkholderia for which the name Paraburkholderia panacihumi is proposed. The type strain is DCY115T (= KCTC52952T = JCM32099T).

The roots of Rosa multiflora Thunberg have been used in traditional oriental medicine as remedies for rheumatic arthralgia and scabies. In this study, the anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of a supercritical extract of Rosa multiflora root were investigated in vitro. To investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the supercritical extract, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and the inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were examined, respectively. In addition, the anti-fungal activities of the extract were assessed. The results showed a concentration-dependent, increase in ABTS radical scavenging activity. The supercritical fluid extracts of Rosa multiflora root exhibited low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells at 100 μg/mL the highest concentration tested. Cells stimulated with LPS produced more nitric oxide than normal control cells; however, cells treated with the supercritical fluid extract decreased this production in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the supercritical fluid extracts showed significant anti-fungal activity. These results suggest that extracts of the roots of Rosa multiflora might be used to develop potent anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, and may be useful as ingredients for related new functional cosmetic materials.

In this study, we investigated the effect of fermentation conditions on the amylolytic and proteolytic activities of Aspergillus luchuensis strain 74-5 and Aspergillus oryzae strain 75-2, which are used in the preparation of the starter culture, for Takju (Korean traditional rice wine). The starter culture was optimized using different conditions, such as inoculum size, inoculation temperature, and incubation time. The enzyme activities under each condition were measured. In the A. luchuensis strain 74-5 starter culture, the α-amylase and glucoamylase activities increased, however the activity of acidic protease decreased as the diluent to starter culture ratio increased. In the A. oryzae 75-2 starter culture, all enzyme activities were maintained at a higher level even at 5% inoculation ratio. Higher enzyme activities were observed in the middle range of inoculation temperature (35, 40℃), than in the lower range (20, 30℃). Enzyme activity in the starter culture varied with incubation time, however it was the highest at 144 and 120 hr, respectively, for A. luchuensis strain 74-5 and A. oryzae strain 75-2. The spore count of the starter culture was approximately 2×107 during fermentation, out of which contamination by aerobic bacteria was about 3×103. The results suggested that the starter culture of each strain could be used as an inoculum for fermentation. However, we needs to conduct further research for the selection of suitable diluting agents

Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is transmitted by a root-inhabiting Polymyxa graminis (P. graminis) and thus the disease is called “soil-borne”. In this study, the presence of P. graminis was confirmed by PCR test based on specific sequences of P. graminis type Ⅰ (P. graminis f. sp. temperata) Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). P. graminis was detected in the BaYMV infected soil and root of barley plants. The monitoring of P. graminis was conducted in March 2015 in 8 korean provinces. It was detected in the soil of all collected regions. This is the first report on a P. graminis a survey of Korea.