Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that contributes to the development of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice by Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg L. water extract (PJT). Lipid accumulation measurement indicates that PJT markedly inhibited adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR results demonstrated that the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein- α (C/EBPα) in 3T3-L1 cells were significantly down-regulated by PJT treatment. Oral administration of PJT (100, 300, and 500 ㎎/㎏, b.w/daily for 4 weeks) was conducted in high-fat diet induced obese mice and C57BL/6 mice. The PJT-administered group of HFD-induced mice had a lower body weight gain, along with decreased serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol compared with the control mice, however, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was increased. Furthermore, the elevated mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis related genes in the white adipose tissue of obese mice were significantly suppressed by PJT. These results indicate that PJT exhibits anti-obesity effects in obese mice by decreasing in serum lipid levels and lipogenesis related gene.

본 연구는 대두 부산물인 순물과 침지수가 고지방 식이에 의 해 비만이 유도된 마우스의 지방 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하 였다. 침지수가 포함된 일반 사료를 섭이한 실험군의 체중 및 간 과 부고환 지방 조직 내 지방 축적은 현저히 적은 것으로 나타났 으며, 복부 내 내장 지방과 피하지방도 크게 발달하지 않은 것으 로 나타나 침지수는 체내 축적된 지방량을 효과적으로 감소시 키는 것으로 조사되었다. 침지수 식이군의 혈중 AST와 ALT의 활성은 대조군 수준으로 유지되었으며, 콜레스테롤 함량과 중 성 지질 농도가 감소되는 것으로 나타나 침지수가 고지방 식이 로 인한 혈중 효소 활성과 지질농도를 개선하는 것으로 조사되 었다. 특히 침지수는 metabolic sensor 단백질인 AMPK와 ACC 의 인산화를 촉진시켜 체내 지방산 산화에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 침지수는 복부 내 피하지방과 내장지방의 축 적을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 대두 부산물 중 침지 수는 비만이 유도된 마우스의 혈중 지질 함량을 개선할 뿐만 아 니라 체내 조직의 지방 축적을 완화시키거나 제거하는 데 효과 적일 것으로 사료된다.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the richest sources of flavonoids in human diet. Onion peel contains over 20times more quercetin than onion flesh. In this study, we studied the effects of onion peel water extract (OPE) on the bloodlipid profiles in mice. The onion peel extracts was extracted with hot water. The experimental groups were divided with 3groups (n=6) of ICR male mice: normal diet+distilled water (NC), high-fat diet+distilled water (HF), high-fatdiet+onion peel water extract 20㎎/㎏ (OPE-20). The oral administration was conducted daily. The experimental periodwas 7 weeks. Onion peel water extract showed higher concentration of polyphenol gallic acid and anti-oxidant trolox equiv-alent than the ethanol extract. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio was significantly lower in the OPE-20 group ascompared with HF group (p<0.05). The epididymal fat and retroperitoneal fat showed significantly lower weights and sizesin the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p<0.05). The serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and trig-lyceride were significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as compared with HF group (p<0.05). The OPE-20 group showedhigher HDL cholesterol concentration than HF group (p<0.05). Atherogenic index was ignificantly lower in as comparedwith HF group (p<0.05). The serum levels of glucose, GOT and GPT were significantly lower in the OPE-20 group as com-pared with HF group (p<0.05). In these results, we suggests that onion peel water extracts supplementation can reduces theserum lipid components and improves the lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice induced with a high-fat diet.

본 연구는 섬더덕의 항비만 효능과 지질대사 개선효과를 알아보기 위해 C57BL/6J 4주령의 마우스에게 고지방식이를 9주간 급여하여 비만을 유발한 후 섬더덕 추출물을 첨가한 식이를 5주간 먹여 실험하였다. 체중은 고지방식이군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 섬더덕 추출물을 먹인 마우스에서 유의적인 감소를 하였다. 식이효율 결과 또한 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군이 고지방식이군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 장기 및 지방무게에서도 고지방식이군에서 무게가 증가한 것을 확인하였고, 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군에서 장기 및 지방의 무게가 전반적으로 감소한 것을 알 수 있었다. 혈장을 이용한 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤, 고밀도콜레스테롤을 측정한 결과 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군에서 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 감소하였고, 고밀도콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 증가함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 동맥경화 지수와 심혈관계 위험도 지수는 감소된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Western blot을 통해 지방관련 단백질 발현양상을 본 결과 지방분해에 관여하는 PPAR α의 경우 섬더덕 추출물을 급여함으로써 발현양이 증가하였으며, 지방생성 관련 단백질인 SREBP-1, FAS, ACC의 경우 고지방식이군과 비교 시, 섬더덕 추출물을 공급한 군에서 억제되었다. 이상의 결과로 섬더덕 추출물의 섭취는 체중 감소와 더불어 혈장 지질수준 개선에도 도움을 줄 수 있음을 제시하였다.

Effects of newly developed functional rice grains Goami (high-amylose rice) and Nokwon (green-kerneled rice) on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative defense system in C57BL/6N mice under high fat diet condition were investigated. Animals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8) and given experimental diets for eight weeks: normal control diet (NC), high fat diet (HF), and high fat diet supplemented with white rice (HF-WR), Goami rice (HF-GR), and Nokwon rice (HF-NR). At the end of the experimental period, the HF group exhibited markedly higher blood glucose level, insulin concentration, plasma lipid peroxidation and lower hepatic glycogen concentration than that exhibited by NC group. However, diet supplementation of Goami and Nokwon suppressed the high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress through inhibition of the glucose-regulating enzymes and enhancement of the antioxidant enzymes activities. The results illustrate that the new functional rice Goami and Nokwon may be useful in the development of functional foods with preventive effect against high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.

This study is a basic study on the development of functional substances involved in obesity prevention, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Allium monanthum extracts (AME) were administered orally to obesity-induced rats, and their lipid-lowering, antioxidative and various types of biological effects related to the immune system were examined. Blood free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations decreased as the dose of AME increased. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood decreased as the dose of AME increased. The total cholesterol concentrations in the liver of the AME-treated groups were lower than the control group. The thiobarbituric acid reactive concentrations were lower in the plasma and liver of all AME-treated groups than the control group. Plasma AST and ALT activities did not show any significant differences among the treatment groups. IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations in the liver tended to decrease as the dose of AME increased. TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations did now show any significant differences compared to the control group. Lower expression levels of TNF-α, Apo-B and Apo-E genes were found in the AME-treated groups. Taken together, these results indicate that AME may show positive effects in lipid lowering, antioxidation and anti-inflammation.

본 연구는 산마늘추출물이 과산화지질을 급여한 비만쥐의 지질강하, 항산화효과 및 염증매개물질의 생산에 미치는 영향을 검토했다. 그 결과 혈장 FFA, TG, total cholesterol 및 LDL-cholesterol 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 감소했으며, 혈장HDL-cholesterol 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 증가했다. 간장 내 total cholesterol 농도 및 TG 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 혈장 및 간장의 TBARS 농도는 산마늘추출물 처리군 모두가 대조군보다 낮은 경향을 보였다. 간장 GSH-Px, SOD 및 CAT활성치모두가 산마늘추출물 처리군 들에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 NO, Ceruloplasmin 및 α1-acid glycoprotein 농도는 산마늘추출물 투여군 들이 대조군보다 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 산마늘추출물에 지질강하, 항산화 및 항염증작용에 효과를 나타내는 기능성물질이 내재하고 있음을 시사한다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Lythrum salicaria L. ethanol extract on anti-obesity effects in rat fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obese rat model. Male SD rats were divided into normal group, control (high fat diet) group, positive control (Garcinia Cambogia extracts) group, high fat group supplemented with ethanol extracts of Lythrum salicaria L. (EELS). The body weight gain and control (high fat diet) were increased by a high fat diet, but decreased in the EELS. At the end of the experiment, the body weight in high fat diet groups was higher than that of normal diet group, while the body weights of EELS and positive control group were significantly reduced by 16.62%, as compared with that of high fat diet group (p < 0.05). The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol in EELS group were significantly decreased as compared with high fat diet group (p < 0.05). The liver and mesenteric adipose tissue weights of control (high fat diet) increase than that for normal group, whereas EELS and positive control group were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Levels of triglyceride in liver were significantly lower in EELS group than those in high fat diet group (p < 0.05). These results indicate that Lythrum salicaria L. extract may improve lipid metabolism and reduce fat accumulation and body weight.

It is well known that adipose tissue or body fat has been proved as a crucial component of brain-peripheral axis which can modulate the activities of reproductive hormonal axis in female mammals including rodents and human. Concerning the male reproduction, however, the role of adipose tissue has not been thoroughly studied. The present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet on the reproductive system of postpubertal male rats. The HF diet (45% energy from fat, HF group) was applied to male rats from week 8 after birth for 4 weeks. The blood glucose levels, body and tissue weights were measured. Histological studies were performed to assess the structural alterations in the reproductive tissues. To determine the transcriptional changes of reproductive hormone-related genes in hypothalamus and pituitary, total RNAs were extracted and applied to the semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Body weights (p<0.01) and blood glucose levels (p<0.01) of HF group were significantly higher than those of control animals. Similarly, the weights of epididymis (p<0.05), prostate (p<0.01), seminal vesicle (p<0.01) in HF group were higher than control levels. The weights of testis were not changed. The weights of kidney (p<0.001) and spleen (p<0.01) were significantly higher than control levels while the adrenal and pancreas weights were not changed. There were only slight alterations in the microstructures of accessory sex organs; the shape of luminal epithelial cells in epididymis from HF group were relatively thicker and bigger than those from control animals. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic GnRH (p<0.05) in HF group were significantly higher than those from the control animals. The mRNA levels of kisspeptin in HF group tend to be higher than control levels, the difference was not significant. Unlike the hypothalamic GnRH expression, the mRNA levels of pituitary and were significantly decreased in HF group (p<0.05). The present study indicated that the 4-weeks feeding HF diet during the postpubertal period can alter the hypothalamus-pituitary (H-P) neuroendocrine reproductive system These results suggest that the increased body fat and the altered leptin input might disturb the H-P reproductive hormonal activities in male rats, and the changed activities seem to be responsible for the changes of tissue weights in accessory sex organs.

고지방식이로 비만 및 고지혈이 유발된 실험동물에서 체중, 혈중지질, 체지방, 혈청생화학적 검사 및 장기무게를 측정하여 진피에탄올추출물 섭취로 인한 혈중지질 개선, 체지방 감량 및 시험물질의 간기능 및 장기무게 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 체중 및 사료이용효율은 고지방식이에 의해 대조군에서 증가현상을 보였으며, 진피 에탄올추출물 섭취군인 O1과 O5군에서 시험물질 섭취로 인한 체중증가량 감소와 식이효율 감소현상을 보였다. 혈청 생화학적

본 연구는 고지방-고콜레스테롤식이로 고지혈증을 유발시킨 흰쥐에게 증자대두 분말, Bacillus subtilis DJI로 발효시켜 제조한 청국장과 된장 분말을 급여하였을 경우 혈액 및 지방조직의 지질대사 개선 및 체중 저하효과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 혈청 및 간 조직의 지질성상, 변의 지질 배설량, 지방조직 중의 LPL 활성을 측정하였다. 고지방-고콜레스테롤식이만을 급여한 대조군은 정상식이군에 비하여 높은 체중증가율을 나타내었고, 고지방-고콜

고지방-고콜레스테롤식이로 고콜레스테롤혈증 및 비만이 유도된 흰쥐에서 청국장 분말 투여가 비만억제 및 지질 대사 개선에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 정상군(N), 대조군(HFC), 고지방-콜레스테롤과 DJI 청국장식이군(HFC-SCK), 고지방-고콜레스테롤과 시판청국장 식이군(HFC-CCK)으로 4군으로 나누어 4주간 실시하였다. 체중증가량은 고지방-고콜레스테롤식이로 증가되었고 청국장 분말의 급여로 저하되었다. 식이섭취량은 고지방-고콜레스테롤식이군들이

This study was conducted to investigate anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects of green tea and dietary fiber mixture on liver of high fat diet-induced obese rats. 21 male rats were divided into 3 dietary groups and control group (A), high fat diet-induced group (B), and high fat (HF) diet-induced + EQ diet-S® diet group (C). Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis revealed protein expression, and anti-oxidant analysis revealed MDA (malondialdehyde), GSH (glutathione), and free DPPH radical. As a results, Body weight and food consumption were not significantly different between groups. The levels of MDA and GSH were lower in HF + EQS® group than in HF group. Also, the EQS® demonstrated to be more effective than HF group for a DPPH radicals scavenging activities. In addition, protein and mRNA level of TNF-α in HF + EQS® group showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory activity inhibition compared to HF group. These results suggest that green tea mixture (EQ diet-S®) provide positive effects on anti-oxidative and inflammatory inhibition effects on obese animal model or obesity related diseases.

양파 농축액이 흰쥐 동물모델에서 고지방식이로 유도된 고지혈증에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 고지방식이가 혼합된 식이만 공급된 동물군을 대조군, 고지방 식이와 함께 양파 농축액 중 양파만 제거된 농축액만 공급된 동물군을 위약군, 그리고 고지방 식이와 양파 농축액을 함께 공급된 동물군을 농도에 따라 저농도군, 중농도군, 고농도군으로 8마리씩 5그룹으로 나누어 6주간 사육하였다. 시작전, 3주째 그리고 6주째에 혈액을 채취하였고 간은 6 주 혈

In mammals, puberty is a dynamic transition process from infertile immature state to fertile adult state. The neuroendocrine aspect of puberty is started with functional activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis. The timing of puberty can be altered by many factors including hormones and/or hormone-like materials, social cues and metabolic signals. For a long time, attainment of a particular body weight or percentage of body fat has been thought as crucial determinant of puberty onset. However, the precise effect of high-fat (HF) diet on the regulation of hypothalamic GnRH neuron during prepubertal period has not been fully elucidated yet. The present study was undertaken to test the effect of a HF diet on the puberty onset and hypothalamic gene expressions in immature female rats. The HF diet (45% energy from fat, HF group) was applied to female rats from weaning to around puberty onset (postnatal days, PND 22-40). Body weight and vaginal opening (VO) were checked daily during the entire feeding period. In the second experiment, all animals were sacrificed on PND 36 to measure the weights of reproductive tissues. Histological studies were performed to assess the effect of HF diet feeding on the structural alterations in the reproductive tissues. To determine the transcriptional changes of reproductive hormone-related genes in hypothalamus, total RNAs were extracted and applied to the semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Body weights of HF group animals tend to be higher than those of control animals between PND 22 and PND 31, and significant differences were observed PND 32, PND 34, PND 35 and PND 36 (p<0.05). Advanced VO was shown in the HF group (PND p<0.001) compared to the control (PND ). The weight of ovaries (p<0.01) and uteri (p<0.05) from HF group animals significantly increased when compared to those from control animals. Corpora lutea were observed in the ovaries from the HF group animals but not in control ovaries. Similarly, hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelia was found only in the HF group animals. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the transcriptional activities of KiSS-1 in HF group animals were significantly higher than those from the control animals (p<0.001). Likewise, the mRNA levels of GnRH (p<0.05) were significantly elevated in HF group animals. The present study indicated that the feeding HF diet during the post-weaning period activates the upstream modulators of gonadotropin such as GnRH and KiSS-1 in hypothalamus, resulting early onset of puberty in immature female rats.

This study was carried out to get the genetic information on the germination rate and fat acidity after 12 weeks’storage at 35 . Germination rate decreased with longer storage period, ℃ while fat acidity increased. Germination rate was higher in the order of Koshihikari, Hanmaeum and Unkwangbyeo after 12 weeks’storage at 35℃. Fat acidity of Koshihikari and Hanmaeum was gradually increased, but that of Unkwangbyeo was dramatically increased after 4 weeks’storage at 35℃. The genetic mode on germination rate and fat acidity using the joint scaling test was shown to be additive-dominance gene effects. Additive([d]) effect was higher than dominance effect([h]) in all crosses. The average degree of dominance, [h]/[d], was less than 1, indicating that germination rate and fat acidity was partially dominant. Germination rate and fat acidity based on frequency distribution of 2 crosses were quantitative characters expressed by polygenes.