A sweep-based heuristic using common area is developed for multi-vehicle VRPs under time various and unsymmetric forward and backward vehicle moving speed. One depot and 2 delivery vehicle are assumed in this research to make the problem solving strategy simple. A common area is held to make adjustment of possible unbalance of between two vehicle delivery completion times. The 4 time zone heuristic is used to solve for efficient delivery route for each vehicle. The current size of common area needs to be studied for better results, but the suggested problem solving procedures can be expanded for any number of vehicles.

최근 일부 연구자들은 9세기 장보고 휘하의 신라인들이 항해에 나침반과 첨저선을 이용하여 동북아 해역을 자유롭게 항해하였다고 주장하고 있다. 그러나 항해에 나침반이 이용된 것은 중국이 11세기이고, 유럽이 12세기이다. 게다가 우리 선조들은 평저선을 사용하였다는 것이 학계의 중론이다. 이 논문은 중국 주산군도에서 흑산도를 잇는 동중국해 사단항로(서해남부 사단항로)의 이용 시점에 관하여 해양기상학적 관점에서 재검토해 보려는 시도이다. 이를 위해 고대 동중국해 사단항로에 관한 이제까지의 연구성과를 정리한 뒤, 동중국해의 해황(海況)을 바람과 해류, 안개를 중심으로 살펴보고, 뗏목으로 동중국해를 항해함으로써 장보고 선단이 동중국해 사단항로를 이용하였음을 입증하였다는 주장을 비판적으로 재구성해 보았다. 분석 결과 6 7월 해황은 동중국해 사단항로의 범주 항해가 가능함을 보여주고 있지만, 그것도 기상 조건이 아주 유리했을 경우에 한하여 한정적으로 가능했음을 확인하였다. 뗏목 탐사의 경우 제시된 항로도와 실제 선위간 이동경로와는 다소 상이하였고, 속력 또한 1.7 2노트 내외로 빠르게, 그것도 직선에 가깝게 이동한 것으로 분석되어 아주 이례적이었음을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 명확한 사료와 확실한 근거가 없는 한 동중국해 사단항로는 1068년 이후 주항로로 이용되었다는 설이 견지되어야함을 재확인하였다.

phosphor powders were synthesized using a seed (average particle size: 5 ) by the polymer solution route. PVA solution was added to the sol precursors consisting of the seed powder and metal nitrate salts for homogeneous mixing in atomic scale. All dried precursor gels were calcined at and then heated at in atmosphere. The final powders were characterized by using XRD, SEM, PSA, PL and PKG test. All synthesized powders were crystallized to YAG phase without intermediate phases of YAM or YAP. The phosphor properties and morphologies of the synthesized powders were strongly dependent on the PVA content. Finally, the synthesized phosphor powder heated at , which is prepared from 12:1 PVA content and has an average particle size of 15 , showed similar phosphor properties to a commercial phosphor powder.

This paper introduces an effect of a preparing -Ag composite on its mechanical properties and microstructure. In present study, -Ag was prepared by reduction-deposition route and wetting dispersive milling method, respectively. Two type of Ag powders (nano Ag and micron Ag size, respectively) were dispersed into powder during wetting dispersive milling in D.I. water. Each sample was sintered at for 2hr in atmosphere, and then several mechanical tests and analysis of microstructure were carried out by bending test, hardness, fracture toughness and fracture surface microstructure. As for microstructure, the Ag coated showed homogeneously dispersed Ag in in where pore defect did not appear. However, -nano Ag and -micro Ag composite appeared Ag aggregation and its pore defect, which carried out low mechanical property and wide error function value.

2012년 7월 제정된 북극해항로 관련 연방법률을 분석함으로서 북극해항로에 대한 러시아의 국내 법제에 관한 동향을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 우선 북극해에서 러시아에 의하여 사용되는 북극해항로의 개념을 먼저 알아보고, 다음으로 북극해항로와 관련한 러시아의 현행 법령들의 내용을 분석함으로써 그 내용과 특징을 알아보고, 러시아의 해당 법령이나 주장들이 국제해양법과 관련하여 어떠한 문제점이 있는지 검토해 보기로 한다.

ZrN nanoparticles were prepared by an exothermic reduction of ZrCl4 with NaN3 in the presence of NaCl flux in a nitrogen atmosphere. Using a solid-state combustion approach, we have demonstrated that the zirconium nitride nanoparticles synthesis process can be completed in only several minutes compared with a few hours for previous synthesis approaches. The chemistry of the combustion process is not complex and is based on a metathesis reaction between ZrCl4 and NaN3. Because of the low melting and boiling points of the raw materials it was possible to synthesize the ZrN phase at low combustion temperatures. It was shown that the combustion temperature and the size of the particles can be readily controlled by tuning the concentration of the NaCl flux. The results show that an increase in the NaCl concentration (from 2 to 13 M) results in a temperature decrease from 1280 to 750˚C. ZrN nanoparticles have a high surface area (50-70 m2/g), narrow pore size distribution, and nano-particle size between 10 and 30 nm. The activation energy, which can be extracted from the experimental combustion temperature data, is: E = 20 kcal/mol. The method reported here is self-sustaining, rapid, and can be scaled up for a large scale production of a transition metal nitride nanoparticle system (TiN, TaN, HfN, etc.) with suitable halide salts and alkali metal azide.

Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), native to North America, is spreading rapidly in the Korean Peninsula, causing serious damages on many deciduous forest trees, ornamental trees, and agricultural crops. Before the first report from Korea in 2005, M. pruinosa has not been reported from any other countries in the Eastern Palaearctic, while it has been record in Italy in 1979, and rapidly spreading into many European countries. To trace the invasion route of this species, we analyzed haplotype analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (mtCOI, 577bp), and developed microsatellite markers. In the haplotype analysis, a total of fourteen haplotypes were found from 69 individuals in 18 populations: 12 haplotypes (native region), 4 haplotypes (European region) and 2 haplotypes (Korea). Interestingly, Korean populations were clustered with some European populations. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed, and population structures were analyzed from 145 individuals in 8 populations. The origin and invasion route of M. pruinosa are under investigation.

From April 2010 to the present, seasonal occurrence of Riptortus pedestris was investigated. Five locations for population density and migration route tracking were the same as last year (two sites of Mt. Yangseong, Jujung-dong, O-Chang, and the campus of Chungbuk National University(CBNU)). In Mt. Yangseong, separated the farmland (80m) and forest (200 and 300m) by altitude, population density in 2010 was showed high density at mid-June, mid-Aug., and late-Oct., but population density in 2011 was showed high density at late-April, late-July and mid-Aug. In O-Chang and Jujung-dong, population density in 2010 was captured the adult from June to Aug. in the farmland, and from Sept. to Nov. in the forest. Total captured number of R. pedestris were high in farmland than forest. In campus of CBNU, the adult was captured from mid-Jul. to late-Aug. It showed the difference in the population density by its environmental conditions. Attraction effect of pheromone lure trap with soybeans were good than that of pheromone lure trap only. To track the migration of R. pedestris, we painted the fluorescent paint with different color. Being painted 500 R. pedestris were released and recaptured 10 and 20 days after release. Among released 500 R. pedestris at asl 300m on Yangseong site A and B in 25 Apr. were recaptured one at 300 and 80 m at site A, and site B was recaptured one marked R. pedestris adult at 200 m. In 25 May, release at 200 m in site A was recaptured only 80 m with 2 and site B was recaptured 200m with 8 and 80m with 1. Released in 17 Jul. at 80 m, marked R. pedestris adults were recaptured only 80 m with 5 and 2, respectively. It means that R. pedestris adults seem to migrate from the forest to the farmland in this season, but the data from Aug. to Oct. in 2010 was different.

In order to determine home delivery service routes, conditions specified for each parcel such as customer-assigned delivery times and parcel contents should be considered, so the conventional route search algorithms have some limits to be applied for home delivery services. In this study, a multi-purpose route searching algorithm is suggested in order to deal with every requirement of deliveries that vary in delivery distances, contents and appointed times. A simulation study to verify the performances of the system with example data of Seoul and Kyungki provinces shows that it significantly improves the customer satisfaction and the productivity of delivery businesses.

This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and route tracking of Riptortus clavatus from 5th April to 10th November, 2010. Investigation area was selected: farmland at Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Jujung-dong (Cheongju) and O-Chang (Cheongwon) that distinguished the farmland and the fores, and two sites by an altitude at Mt. Yangseong (Munui-myeon, Cheongwon). Aggression pheromone trap (below trap) and trap+soybean are set on two sites by an altitude of Mt. Yangseong farmland (80m) and forest (200 and 300 m). Population density of Riptortus pedestris showed the highest in Mid-Jun., Mid-Aug, and Late-Oct., and caught more trap+soybean than trap. Two sites of O-Chang and Jujung, R. pedestris was more caught to a farmland in June to August, but caught to forest at Sept. Comparison between traps, trap+soybean is more caught than trap, higher caught in season to a farmland from Jun. to Aug., a forest from Sept. to Nov. Farmland of CBNU without forest was caught from Mid-Jul. to Late-Aug, and the number of caught insect was higher in trap+soybean. This pattern caught more in trap+soybean shows the similar result from five investigation area but showed the difference according to the investigation area. R. pedestris was released after marked with florescent paint for route tracking. Ten days after release of 500 density at 200 m altitude (25th Aug), R. pedestris was re-caught seven in the same altitude, but the release at 80 m altitude (4th Oct.), R. pedestris was re-caught at 200 and 300 m. This result suggest that R. pedestris did not move in August to other altitude because of rich-food, however, R. pedestris seems to move in Oct. to the forest by reason of food-shortage or overwintering.

Cu-Sn based alloys were manufactured by gas atomization spray casting route in order to achieve a fine scale microstructure and a high tensile strength. The spray cast Cu-10Sn-2Ni-0.2Si alloy had an equiaxed grain microstructure, with no formation of brittle phase. Aging treatment promoted the precipitation of finely distributed particles corresponding to intermetallic phase throughout the -(CuSn) matrix. The cold-rolled Cu-Sn-Ni-Si alloy had a very high tensile strength of 1200 MPa and an elongation of 5%. Subsequent aging treatment at for 1h slightly reduced the tensile strength to 700 MPa and remarkably increased the elongation up to 30%. This result has been explained by coarsening the precipitates due to over aging and reducing the dislocation density due to annealing effects.

본 연구에서는 목포권 마리나를 중심으로 한 요트항해 경로 개발에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 목포 마리나에서 호남권(전북, 전남)의 주요 요트 기항지를 중심으로 해로를 통한 접근성, 기항지를 중심으로 한 볼거리, 숙박정보를 통합하여 지역을 방문하는 요트 관광객에게 유용 한 정보를 제공 할 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 이를 통한 지역 해양관광 활성화 방안으로서도 발전시키고자 한다.

국민소득수준의 향상과 주5일 근무제 확산으로 인해 레저활동이 활성화됨에 따라 모터보트, 요트, 수상오토바이, 스킨스쿠버다이빙 등 바다를 활동무대로하는 해양레저관광 영역이 날로 확대되고 있으며 해양관광레저 유입 인구도 꾸준히 증가하고 있음. 목포 및 주변 지역의 경우 우수한 해양관광자원을 보유하고 있음에도 불구하고 해양자원의 활용도가 매우낮은 것으로 조사됨. 본 연구에서는 향후 목포시를 중심으 로 해양레저관광활성화를 위한 방안으로 목포시를 찾는 관광객들에게 다양한 해양레저관광 코스들을 제공하는 시스템을 구축하는데 목적이 있 음. 또한 목포 내항에 구축되는 요트 마리나 시설과 연계한 다양한 해양관광레저 코스를 개발하여 마리나 시설 활성화 전략을 마련하는데도 목 적이 있음.

지난해 독일 벨루가 시핑의 화물선 2척이 우리나라 울산항에서 출발하여 사상 처음으로 북동항로 운항에 성 공한 것으로 알려지면서 북극항로의 상업적 이용가능성이 증대되고 있다. 특히 극동-유럽을 연결하는 북동항로가 수 에즈운하를 통과하는 남방항로보다 운항거리를 40％나 단축시킴으로써 새로운 단거리 미래 물류항로로 대두되면서 북동항로 경유해협의 법적 지위, 러시아의 북동항로 법률과 유엔해양법협약과의 충돌 등 법적 문제가 주요 이슈로 등장하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유엔해양법협약의 시각에서 북동항로의 주요 법적 문제와 미치는 영향에 대해 검토하고 있다.

동아시아의 역사는 대륙과 한반도와 해양을 하나의 유기적인 시스템 속에서 파악해야 한다. 필자는 ‘터와 다핵(field & multi core) 이론’과 해륙사관을 주장했다. 고대 동아시아에서 형성된 문명은 북방, 중화(중국), 동방문명으로 구분된다. 그리고 동방문명은 대륙과 한반도 해양이 하나의 유기체로서 완결구조를 지닌다. 이른바 ‘동아지중해(EastAsian-mediterranean-sea)’이다. 동아지중해는 황해 남해 동중 국해 동해, 그리고 타타르해협으로 구성되어 있다. 우리와 문화적으로 종족적으로 연관성을 지닌 연해주 일대, 동해북부와 타타르해협, 오호츠크해, 사할린 등을 포함하여 ‘東海文化圈’으로 설정한바 있다. 동해에는 선사시대부터 다양한 항로가 개발되어 사용되고 있었다. 첫 번째, 동해의 해안을 남북으로 항해하는 ‘동해연근해 항로’이다. 두 번째, 연해주의 해안에서 타타르해협을 항해하여 일본열도의 홋카이도와 사할린지역으로 도착하는 ‘연해주 항로’이다. 연해주 항로는 북부항로와 남부항로의 2 종류가 있다. 연해주의 북부에서 사할린까지는 불과 2,5km에 불과하다. 연해주 남부에서는 봄·여름에 남서풍을 활용하여 항해가 가능하다. 읍루(물길 말갈 여진) 부여 고구려 북옥저 동옥저 동예 등은 연해주 항로를 사용했을 것으로 추정한다. 세 번째, 동해북부를 횡단 또는 사단하여 일본열도에 도착하는 ‘동해북부항로’ 이다. 高句麗 沃沮(남옥저 북옥저 동옥저),東濊, 挹婁, 渤海 그리고 후대에 女眞人들이 사용하였다. 특히 발해사신들이 초기에 주로 사용하였다. 동해북부항로는 동아지중해에서 가장 어려운 항로였으며, 그 항로 가운데에 울릉도와 독도가 존재했다. 앞으로 울릉도와 독도 또는 우산국의 존재와 의미는 동아시아 해양문화 전체 속에서 파악하는 작업이 필요하다. 그밖에 ‘동해종단 항로’가 있다.