The aim of the present study was to investigate age-related differences in stepping behavior in response to sensory perturbations of postural balance. The participants for this study were 2 healthy elderly adults (mean age=76.0) and 2 younger adults (mean age=25.5). Subjects were asked to step over a 10 cm high obstacle at self-paced speed with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on the secondary target (long step length). It was planned that the onset of the light would be prior to peak Fx of swing limb, between swing peak Fx and swing toe-off, and after swing toe-off. In the younger adults these secondary visual cues were provided at mean times of 240 ms (standard deviation (SD)=11), 402 ms (SD=13), and 476 ms (SD=88) following the movement onset. Corresponding mean times for the healthy elderly were 150 ms (SD=67), 352 ms (SD=39), and 562 ms (SD=115). Results showed great changes in both group and visual cue condition in Fx ground reaction forces and temporal events following the swing toe-off. Swing limb acceleration force (Fx) and stance peak Fx1 was much greater in the young adults compared to the older adults. Both young and older adults increased stance peak Fx2 in the visual cue condition compared to normal stepping. There was no difference in stance peak Fx2 between the visual cue conditions in both groups. Similarly, the time to stance peak Fx2 was much longer for the visual cue condition than for the normal stepping. It was not different between the visual cue conditions in the young adults, but in the elderly mid and late cue was much greater than early cue. In addition, time to stance peak Fx2 and swing and stance time were much longer in the older adults compared to the young adults for the visual cue conditions. These results suggest that unlike young adults, elderly adults did not flexibly modify their responses to unexpected changes in step length while stepping over obstacles.

X-ray diffraction studies have been made to investigate the effects of binding of ADP, ADP+Vi, ADP+AIF4, ADP+BeF3 on the structure of glycerinated rabbit skeletal muscle in the rigor state. Although these phosphate analogs are known to bind actively cycling myosin heads, it is not clear whether they can bind to the attached heads in the rigor muscle. We have found that these analogs can bind to the myosin heads attached to actin filaments in the rigor state. The present results indicate that (1) bound myosin heads altered their conformation in the proximal end toward the plane perpendicular to the fiber axis when MgADP bound to them, and (2) myosin heads were dissociated substantially (up to 50%) from actin filaments but still remained in the vicinity of actin filaments when MgADP and metallofluorides (AIF4 and BeF3) or vanadate bound to them. We detected new conformations of myosin heads attached to actin filaments when they had MgADP or ADP.Pi analogs. We report here these findings on the effects of MgADP and MgADP+phosphate analogs to the rigor crossbridges.

In order to overcome the recrystallization embrittlement and irradiation embrittlement of Mo, which are major problems for its fusion applications, internally nitrided Mo alloys were prepared by a novel multi-step internal nitriding. Neutron irradiation was performed in the Japan Material Testing Reactor (JMTR). After irradiation, nitrided Mo alloys exhibited ower ductile-brittle transition temperature than irradiated TZM. These results suggested that multi-step internal nitriding was effective to the improvement in the embrittlement by irradiation. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that TiN particles precipitated by nitriding acted as a sink for irradiation-induced defects.

Internally nitrided dilute W-Ti alloy specimens having a heavily deformed surface microstructure were prepared by a multi-step internal nitriding at 1573-2073 K. Primary nitriding below their recrystallization temperature induced a precipitation of ultrafine TiN particles. After secondary and tertiary nitriding, those precipitates grew into rod-like TiN with a length of 20-60 nm. The recrystallization temperature after nitriding was elevated above 2073 K. The yield strength at 1773 K obtained from nitrided W-0.5 mass% Ti alloy was about 5 times as large as that of the recrystallized specimen. DBTT of the nitrided alloys was about 373 K.

초고층건물의 구조설계 정보에는 설계작업 프로세스 모델, 설계정보 전산모델, 기본설계 프로그램 및 설계 도서생성 프로그램 개발 등 여러 가지 특성화된 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 기존의 구조 설계정보는 통합적으로 관리되는 기능이 없기 때문에 건설 정보 교환에 대한 공유가 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이러한 설계정보의 데이터 수정 및 공유를 합리적으로 처리하기 위해서 통합설계에 대한 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 또한, 초고층 구조설계에서는 건설정보의 표준화가 이루어진 후 합리적인 정보교환을 위해서도 통합설계의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초고층건물의 구조설계를 위하여 STEP을 이용한 초고층 구조설계의 개념을 소개하고 초고층건물의 구조설계방법에 대한 질량 엔티티 및 기둥축소량 엔티티, 사용성평가 엔티티를 제안하고자 한다.

Theoretical total nitrogen removal efficiency and reactor volume ratio in oxic-anoxic-oxic system can be found by influent water quality in this study. The influent water quality items for calculation were ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, alkalinity, and COD which can affect nitrification and denitrification reaction. Total nitrogen removal efficiency depends on influent allocation ratio. The total nitrogen removal follows the equation of 1/(1+b). Optimal reactor volume ratio for maximum TN removal efficiency was expressed by those influent water quality and nitrification/denitrification rate constants. It was possible to expect optimal reactor volume ratio by the calculation with the standard deviation of ±14.2.

본 연구에서는 상용 압연형강과 콘크리트 합성거더인 PSSC(Prestressed Steel and Concrete) 거더의 1, 2차 긴장력과 활하중을 최적설계 하였다. 다단계 긴장에 따른 1, 2차 긴장력과 활하중을 설계변수로 삼았으며, 최종 활하중을 목적함수로 정하였다. 시공단계에 따른 강주형, 충전 콘크리트, 슬래브의 상연과 하연의 허용응력을 설계 조건으로 하였다. 설계 최적화는 상용 프로그램 Matlab의 최적화 모듈을 이용하여 수행되었다. 형고의 변화, 콘크리트 압축강도의 변화, 헌치 높이의 변화 등 다양한 조건에 빠른 최적 설계를 시도하였고, 연구 결과로부터 강선배치, 콘크리트 압측강도 등이 설계에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Highly Activated Calcium(below HAC) is the oxidized calcium made by dissolving shell materials with high voltage, about 15,000V, and high temperature(1,500~5,000). This HAC is a material with a very high degree of purity without toxicant. This HAC decreases chemical reaction so the degree of being active and dissolving living material is outstanding. The effects of HAC on the propagation of mushrooms are following. In the case of the Pleurotus ostreatus, when controlling media moisture by mixing with the HAC, mycelium cultivating days were shortened by 2days. The day required for primordial formation after inoculation(DPI) were one day faster, The number of stem was 15 and individual weight was 248g/850cc, a 6.5% increase. In the case of Pleurotus eryngii, when controlling media moisture by mixing with the highly activated calcium, mycelium cultivating days were shortened by 3days. DPI were 1 day faster, The day required for colonization after inoculation was shortened by 6days and individual weight was 108.8g/850cc, a 9.7% increase. In the case of Flammulina velutipes, the highly activated calcium was the best for scraping up mycelium. Mycelium incubating days were shortened by 2days. DPI were shortened by 3days. The day required for colonization after inoculation was 1day faster and the period of cultivation was shortened by 3days. Individual weight was 165g/850cc, a 6.7% increase. In the case of Lentinus edodes, when mixing medial with the highly cultivated calcium, cultivating days were shortened by 3days. The days for becoming brown in color were 2 days faster and the days of the first harvest were shortened by 4days. The weight of mushrooms was 169g/2kg, a 9.7% increase.

동아시아 지역에서의 원자력 수요는 경제 발전을 뒷받침하기 위해 급격히 증가하고 있다. 9.11 사태 이후 전 세계적으로 핵비확산은 세계적인 현안이 되고 있으며 이와 함께 타 지 역과는 달리 동아시아 지역에서는 향후 10년 후 몇몇 국가들이 원자력을 새로이 도입하려는 움직임이 있다. 이와 같은 현안에 대처하기 위해 공급 확약과 핵비확산을 목적으로 새로운 지역적인 다자간 원자력 협력 체제가 제안되었다. 이러한 새로운 제안은 신뢰성 증진, 자발적 참여 및 동기 부여의 원칙을 바탕으로 하고 있다. 또한 동아시아에서 다자간 체제를 실행하기 위해 단계적인 접근 방법을 제안하고 있다.

Step-feed process for biological nitrogen removal were analyzed numerically for the each unit and final total nitrogen(TN) effluent by water quality management(WQM) model and the results were compared data from these wastewater treatment plants. No bugs and logic error were occurred during simulation work. All of the simulation results tried to two times were obtained and both results were almost same as this model has become good reappearance. It was concluded that most of nitrogen removal occurred in the first oxic tank. Thus the controlling of the first anoxic tank may be more important in term of nitrogen removal. Also each unit of simulation result was kept good relationship with that of measured data. Accordingly this WQM model has good reliance. Finally, WQM model can predict final TN effluent within ±6.0mg/l.