In order to certificate the distribution and pollution of heavy metal of surface sediments in Nakdong River were collected and analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss and heavy metal content. Surface sediments mainly composed of sand(avg. 94.6%) and water content and ignition loss were 20.46%, 1.53% on average. Grain size were relatively fine and organic matter content were relatively high in the Hoichun and Sunakdonggang. Most of heavy metal content(Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Hg) in the Deokcheongang and Sunakdonggang were higher than the other streams. The Igeo were non polluted(less than 0) in all streams and the EF were relatively high in the small stream and PLI were non polluted(less than 1). In addition, organic matter, heavy metal content and pollution were highly correlation with grain size. Surface sediments in study area, heavy metal pollution of the Sunakdonggang were relatively high compared to the other stream but these results were not serious pollution that exceed the sediment pollution evaluation standard of river and lake in Korea and pollution levels adversely affected the majority of benthos were not.

본 연구에서는 반응성 피복소재인 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그의 피복두께에 따른 오염된 해양퇴적물 내 중금속 용출 차단 효율을 평가하였다. 실험결과, As의 용출차단에는 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그 모두 효과적이지 못하였다. 제올라이트는 Cr 용출 차단에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 몬모릴로나이트 5 cm 피복은 Cr 용출 차단에 매우 효과적이었다. As 및 Cr과는 대 조적으로 Cd, Ni, 그리고 Pb은 미피복 퇴적물에서 조차 용출되지 않았다. Cu와 Zn은 피복 조건에 따른 영향이 가장 뚜렷한 중금속이었다. Cu 의 용출은 몬모릴로나이트 피복 두께 1 cm 이상 그리고 제올라이트 피복 두께 3 cm 이상에서 효과적으로 차단되었다. 해양퇴적물에서 Zn의 용출은 모든 피복 물질에서 효과적이었다. 본 연구를 통해서 제올라이트, 몬모릴로나이트, 제강슬래그를 오염된 해양퇴적물에서 Cr, Cu, Zn의 용출 차단을 위한 효과적인 피복소재로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study identified concentrations, toxicities, and sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in roadside sediment from different areas of Gwangju City. Samples were collected from 13 sites of heavy traffic area (TA), downtown area (DA) and park area (PA) during February and June in 2014. The results showed a wide distribution range of PAHs concentrations between 0.139 mg/kg and 1.740 mg/kg. The highest concentration of PAHs appeared in heavy traffic area (TA). The toxic equivalent quotients (TEQs) of PAHs in the roadside sediment ranged from 27 ng/g to 159 ng/g. The TEQs and PAHs ratio of heavy traffic area and downtown area was 9.1 to 11.0%, respectively. The contributions from potential sources to PAHs in roadside sediment were estimated by the principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Vehicular (gasoline and diesel engine) emissions were found to the predominant contributor of PAHs. The concentrations of heavy metals were highest in the heavy traffic areas. The correlation analysis among traffic intensity and heavy metals, showed that AADT correlates very strongly with Cr, Cu and Pb concentrations. From the results of pollution index (PI) calculation for roadside sediment, heavy traffic area was severly polluted by heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. Contaminants in roadside sediment were found to be much affected by the vehicles. Therefore, roadside deposited sediments would be expected to be managedon a regular basis.

광석에서 순도 높은 금은을 추출하기 위해 사용된 청화법으로부터 시안이 유출되어 광석 내 존 재하는 중금속들과 결합하여 다양한 형태의 시안화합물이 생성된다. 이러한 시안화합물은 난분해성 오염물질로서 인간을 포함한 생태계에 악영향을 끼친다. 결합력에 따라서 중금속과 결합한 시안화합 물은 공유결합성 화합물(weak acid dissociable, WAD)과 착화합물(strong acid dissociable, SAD) 등으 로 분류할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 시안화합물의 존재 형태별 광촉매 산화 효율을 비교 평가하였다. 특히 자외선 LED 광원의 파장과 광촉매 표면 개질이 시안화합물의 분해에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았 다. 실험 결과, 동일한 광촉매 산화 조건에서 자유 시안보다는 중금속과 결합한 시안화합물의 광산화 분해 효율이 떨어짐을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 자유 시안의 경우에는 짧은 파장에서 광촉매 산화가 효과 적이었지만 중금속과 결합한 시안화합물의 경우에는 긴 파장에서 광산화 분해능이 더 높게 나타났다. 그리고 광촉매 표면 개질에 의하여 광촉매 산화 공정의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

For 63 soil series distributed in Jeju Island, natural uncultivated soils in each soil series were collected, and their physicochemical properties and their concentrations of 19 heavy metals including 8 heavy metals which are regulated by Korean Soil Environment Conservation Law, were analyzed. Moreover, the correlations between physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations, and between heavy metal concentrations were analyzed. The heavy metals distributed in the higher concentrations and the lower concentrations with arithmetric mean value, were Mn(730 mg/kg) and Ba(493 mg/kg), and Hg(0.146 mg/kg) and Tl(0.096 mg/kg), respectively. The correlations between pH(H2O) and heavy metals(Hg, Ni, Co, Se), between pH(NaF) and heavy metals(Hg, Ba, Se, Tl), and between organic matter content and heavy metals(Hg, Tl) were significant at the 0.01 level. From the correlations between heavy metal concentrations, there were 22 where there were significant at the 0.01 level and they showed positive correlation. Among those, the heavy metals showing the correlation higher than r=0.5, were Sb-V(0.878), Mo-Sn(0.867), Co-V(0.654), Co-Sb(0.648), Be-Sn(0.546), and Sn-Tl(0.528).

본 연구에서는 세계적으로 문제가 되고 있는 하천 및 수계내의 중금속 오염 방지와 대책을 강구하기 위해 고로슬래그가 중금속흡착에 유리한 물리, 화학적 특성을 지녔다고 판단하여 흡착제로서의 중금속흡착능이 충분한지에 대해 검토하였다. 흔히 중금속흡착제로 알려진 활성탄의 경우 제거효율은 좋지만, 경제적인 부담감을 안고 있으며, 현재 최근 활발한 산업 활동으로 인하여 나오는 건설폐기물이나 산업부산물의 문제를 해결하기 위해 이를 이용한 중금속 제거 기술이 보고되고 있다. 특히, 고로슬래그의 경우 선철 1t당 0.5~1t정도의 양이 배출되며, 이에 고로슬래그의 흡착제로서의 사용 검토가 된다면 제철부산물의 처리와 하천 및 수계내의 수질개선에도 도움이 된다고 판단했다. 고로슬래그는 체가름시험을 통하여 1.2~2.5mm의 치수를 사용하였으며, 중금속은 Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn으로 선정하여 등온흡착실험을 진행하였다. 중금속의 초기농도는 1ppm, 2ppm, 5ppm로 설정하고 120분간 128rpm으로 교반하여 진행하였으며, 일정 시간간격을 두어 샘플을 채취하여 시간 당 중금속의 부하량을 산정하였다. 그 결과 Cd의 경우 120분간 선형의 그래프를 나타내며 제거 되었으며, Cu, Pb, Zn은 20~30분까지 급격하게 중금속의 농도가 감소하다가 120분까지 서서히 감소되었다. 초기농도에 관계없이 120분동안 중금속 제거량은 총 1ppm 정도였으며, 결과적으로 고로슬래그의 중금속 흡착제로서의 흡착능이 뛰어나다고 판단된다. 이를 통해 하천 및 수계내의 수질개선을 위한 비점오염저감시설이나 장치의 흡착제나 또는 여과저류지등의 여재로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

슬래그를 매립한 토양을 대상으로 자기분리연구를 수행하였다. 토양세척을 거친 토양과 토양세척 전 토양을 대상으로 습식자기분리와 건식자기분리를 수행하여 분리된 부분과 분리되지 않은 부분의 중금속 농도를 측정하여 중금속의 농축효과를 측정하였다. 습식자기분리의 경우 토양세척 전 시료의 자력분리율이 상대적으로 높으며 토양세척 후 시료의 경우 약 40% 정도가 자기분리 되었다. 토양 : 물의 비가 농축효과에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못하며, Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd의 세척 전 토양과 세척 후 토양의 자기분리에 의한 평균 농축비는 3.2, 2.1, 12.1, 2.5, 1.5와 17.4, 7.0, 15.7, 9.6, 7.0으로 토양 세척을 거친 경우 자기분리에 의해 토양 세척 전 토양에 비해 더 큰 토양 부피 감량효과를 기대할 수 있다. 건식자기분리의 경우에도 자기분리에 의해 중금속의 농축효과를 얻을 수 있으나 자기분리에 의한 회수율이 너무 높은 경우 오염토 저감을 기대하기 어렵다. 철과 같은 강자성체를 포함하는 토양의 경우 자기분리에 의해 토양세척의 효과와 유사하게 오염토양의 양을 줄일 수 있고, 오염이 한쪽에 농축되는 결과를 얻을 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 제강슬래그를 이용하여 수용액상에서 혼합 중금속의 흡착능을 평가하였다. 게다가, 제강슬래그를 안정화제로 활용하 여 해양오염퇴적물 내 Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb 및 Cd에 대하여 중금속 안정화 실험을 수행하였다. 중금속 흡착 특성은 Freundlich 및 Langmuir 방정식 을 이용하여 해석하였으며, 평형흡착 실험결과는 Langmuir 모델에 잘 부합되었고 Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Ni2+순으로 평형흡착량이 많았 다. 안정화 방법은 오염퇴적물에 제강슬래그 첨가 후 150일간 습윤 양생 하였다. 연속추출 실험결과로부터, 미처리 오염퇴적물과 비교해서 Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb 및 Cd의 이온교환, 탄산염, 산화물 형태는 제강슬래그에 의해 각각 13%, 6.0%, 1.3%, 17% 및 50% 감소하였다.

본 연구는 중금속 오염지역의 토양정화에 적합한 식물을 선발하기 위해 양치식물 12종을 중금속으로 오염된 토양에 8주 동안 재배한 다음 생육반응과 부위별 비소, 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연 등의 중금속의 축적능을 분석하였다. 봉작고사리(Adiantum capillus-veneris)를 제외한 양치식물 11종의 생육은 비교적 양호하였다. 봉의꼬리 (Pteris multifida, 66.9mg․kg-1 DW)와 사다리봉의꼬리(P. vitata, 62.2mg․kg-1 DW)의 지상부에서 비소 축적능이 가장 우수하였으며, 사다리봉의꼬리(13.6mg․kg-1 DW)는 지하부의 비소 축적능도 가장 높았다. 반면, 카드뮴 축적능은 양치식물 12종 모두가 저조하였다. 구리의 축적능은 창날봉의꼬리(P. ensiformis)의 지하부가 44.4mg․kg-1 DW로 가장 높았으며, 지상부는 봉작고사리(26.8mg․kg-1DW)가 가장 우수하였다. 양치식물 12종의 지상부는 1.2(뱀고사리, Athyrium yokoscens)∼8.8mg․kg-1 DW(봉의꼬리)의 납이 축적되었으며, 지하부는 1.2(창날봉의꼬리)～10.3mg․kg-1 DW(반쪽고사리, P. dispar)가 축적되어 있었다. 아연의 축적능은 푸른각시고사리(Thelypteris viridifrons)의 지상부(96.8mg․kg-1 DW)에서 가장 높았으며, 지하부는 봉의꼬리(63.6mg․kg-1 DW)에서 가장 우수하였다.

A purpose of the present study is to derive optimum study factors for removal of heavy metals using combinedalternating current electric/magnetic field and electric membranes for the area contaminated with heavy metals in soil orunderground water. ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) analysis was conducted to determine an intensity of tendencyfor oxidation or reduction of the samples contaminated with heavy metals, and electrical membrane treatment was usedwith adjustment of concentrations and voltages of liquid electrode to derive a high removal rate. Then, electrolysis wascarried out to collect deposits, and electrical conductivity increased again. However, as time passed, the ions weredecomposed, and ionic bonds of the heavy metals started to decompose due to a magnetized water device connected toeach line, resulting in gradual stabilization. Gas generated at the electrode is reduced with production of low heat resultingin an increased reaction rate, accompanied by no oxidation in anion exchange membrane and cation exchange membranewithout occurrence of a reduction phenomenon. Also power consumption may be reduced with a small amount ofelectricity, and treatment efficiency was also shown to be increased.

In this study, HA removal by electrocoagulation (EC) using Aluminum (Al) electrodes was evaluated based on Al species and HA was characterized to investigate the HA removal mechanisms. Results showed that Al electrodes were better than Fe electrodes, wherein Al flocs were found to be positively charged by which the negatively charged HA can be attracted. HA removal was 88.9% at 10 min and 91.3% at 20 min, at the initial pH of 4.5 and 6.5, respectively. The Ferron analysis showed that the formation of monomeric Al species (Ala), medium polymer Al species (Alb), and colloidal or solid Al species (Alc) was dependent on initial pH and current density (CD). At higher pH, higher concentration of colloidal or solid Al species (Alc)wasobserved. At higher CD, the HA removal was faster than at low CD, and Alcspecie in the floc was dominant. The spectroscopic analysis of the residual soluble HA showed the preferential removal of highly condensed structures of HA, regardless of CD. The results in this study showed that Alb and Alc, especially Alc, contribute much to the HA removal and that the highly conjugated moieties of HA are readily removed by EC. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) analysis reveals that aromatic compounds were decreased by the oxidation at the anode. Size exclusion chromatography reveals that high molecular weight (MW) fractions were preferentially removed by EC than the low MW component.

Difference in immobilization effect of heavy metal-contaminated soil between two different amendment methods was evaluated; 1) both of steel slag (i.e., consisted in solid phase) and soluble phosphate (i.e., consisted in liquid phase) were simultaneously applied to contaminated soil (i.e., simultaneous amendment methods) and 2) soluble phosphate and steel slag was applied sequentially to the contaminated soil (i.e., sequentially amendment methods). The application rate of stabilizers to soils was determinated based on weight/weight ratio of 5% for steel slag and PO4/Pb molar ratio of 2.0 for phosphates, respectively. To identify difference of immobilization effect to test soil, three different soluble phosphates, such as Na2HPO4·12H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 were used. The sequential amendment was 6 ~ 27% more effective than the simultaneous amendment in terms of the immobilization efficiency for Pb, Cu, and Cd in the contaminated soil. There was little difference in case of Zn. Among the three phosphates tested, (NH4)2HPO4 was clearly the most effective. Residual form of heavy metals concentration in sequentially methods is higher than those in simultaneously methods. At the same time, more exchangeable and carbonate-bound forms of heavy metals in simultaneously methods were observed than in sequentially case. These result implies that the sequential amendment method was more effective than the simultaneous amendment method in terms of heavy metal immobilization in the contaminated soil.

This research investigated the feasibility of rice husk as a biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The carboxyl groups were chemically bound to the surface of the rice husk by graft polymerization of acrylic acid using potassium peroxydisulphate as a redox initiator. The Pb sorption capacity and FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of carboxyl groups on the structural units of the acrylic acid-grafted rice husk (RH-g-AA). The sorption selectivity of the RH-g-AA for cations under competition with each other was high in the following order: Pb > Cu > Cd ≥ Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Mg > K > Cr > Ca. Sorption equilibrium of Pb on RH-g-AA was better described by the Fruendlich isotherm model than the Langmuir isotherm model. The sorption energy obtained from D-R model was 13.13 kJ/mol indicating an ion-exchange process as the primary sorption mechanism. Sorption kinetic data fitted with the pseudosecond- order kinetic model and indicated that both external and intraparticle diffusion took part in sorption processes. The RH-g-AA sorbent could be regenerated for more than 5 times by the washing process with 0.1 M HCl without a serious lowering the sorption capacity.

The present study was conducted to judge the applicability of field quality control by children's goods manufacturers by assessing the contents of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd in outdoor play goods for children through measurement using Portable XRF and comparing the results through detailed analyses using ICP. Heavy metal contents of 711 part samples of 505 products were measured using XRF. According to the results, the ratio of products that exceeded the Pb and Cd content standards specified under the Quality Management and Safety Control of Industrial Products Act were 2.4% and 2.6%. Many products certified for self-regulated safety exceeded the standards and thus it was considered that harmful chemical material centered safety management systems would be necessary. Detailed ICP analyses of some products were compared and the results showed deviations of 0.9～80.8% from XRF results. The reasons for this are deviations in the characteristics of measured cross sections and the homogeneity of samples resulting from sample preparation methods, etc. Therefore, it is considered that field quality control will be applicable if measuring methods are efficiently established based on product characteristics and calibration curve preparation methods are established through quality control.

The effects of sole, mixture heavy metals and soil samples was assessed based on the seed (Lactuca sativa L.) germination. In general, tested sole metals were showed considerable sensitivity on the germination, showing following EC50s: As(III) 1.02 mg/L, Cr(VI) 1.33 mg/L, Cu 2.26 mg/L, Cd 2.61 mg/L, As(V) 3.00 mg/L. Though obvious patterns were not observed on the effects by binary mixture metal, generally more synergistic mode was observed rather than antagonistic or additive. No significant correlation between toxicity and total metal contents was observed, but two groups classified according to contaminated arsenic concentration, showed considerable differences. Interactive effects of metals may vary depending on the bioassays used as well as on the mixture metals and their respective concentrations. Therefore, more detailed evaluation, such as with battery of assays, sample grouping and various mixtures, may comprise a useful tool for the assessment of the environmental samples with mixture contaminants.

There are some problems of lacking the information on the safety of cement products and for determining harmfulness due to differences in the concentrations of heavy metals according to organizations. Thus, the harmfulness of heavy metals in cement products has been monitored by one time per month since August 2008 and the results have also been noticed for every month. In this study, the concentrations of seven different heavy metals (Cr(Ⅵ), T-Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, As, and Hg) in cement products collected from 11 factories of 9 manufacturers are verified for every month and changes in the concentrations are also compared with the cement products of Japan, Germany, USA, and China. The company, HO, in domestic companies represents the highest values in four items and AJ shows the next high values. Thus, regarding these two manufacturers, it is necessary to take an effort for reducing the concentrations of five heavy metals through considering the major and alternative raw materials for producing their cement products. the chrome conversion rates in domestic cement products are about 36.4 % and that exhibits higher rates about 16.0 % and 8.3 %, 2.3 and 4.3 times, than that of Japan and USA, respectively.

An issue of environmental pollutions has been aroused according to increases in recycling alternative raw materials and alternative fuels, which are the inputed wastes of cement kilns in Korea. Also, the infections of heavy metals in cement products on healths and environments have been issued by the National Assembly and the press. Thus, in this study, a total of 198 waste samples, 109 alternative raw material samples and 89 alternative fuel samples, which are the coprocessing wastes in eight major cement producers in Korea, are collected for two months. Then, 18 different heavy metals according to types of wastes are analyzed and the concentrations of the alternative raw materials and alternative fuels are investigated for comparing them with the foreign management guidelines. In the case of the alternative raw materials, although arsenic, cadmium, and copper do not exceed the domestic autonomy agreement guideline, lead exceeds the autonomy agreement guideline, 1,000 mg/kg. In the case of mercury, it satisfies the references of domestic guideline (2.0 mg/kg), Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg), and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). In the case of the alternative fuel, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and lead satisfy the autonomy agreement guideline, and the average content concentration of Hg represents 0.7702 mg/kg and that satisfies the references of autonomy agreement guideline (1.2 mg/kg) and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). However, it slightly exceeds the references of Germany guideline (0.6 mg/kg) and Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg). In particular, some of dust, WDF, waste synthesis resin, and purified oil show a high detection level in mercury and that leads to increase the average concentration. In addition, by investigating the concentration of heavy metals in various auxiliary wastes loaded to cement kilns in Korea, a management reference for such alternative raw materials and alternative fuels for future cement kilns in stages is proposed.

This research investigated to reduce mass of heavy metals in AMD(acid mine drainage) by microbial mats formed on the channel bed. As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn components were monitored in water and microbial mats, at three points (AMD1, AMD2 and AMD3), in a total of six times. Average daily discharge mass of heavy metals was highest in July, Fe component contained more than 76% of total discharge mass. Discharge mass of heavy metals of AMD and heavy metal contents in microbial mats decreased with downstream at channel. Heavy metal components that average daily discharge mass is over 0.5 kg were Fe, Cu and Zn, and they were highest in July. Average removal efficiency of heavy metals in AMD was highest about 21% in Fe, this microbial mats were due to form from precipitation of Fe component in AMD by aerobic iron bacteria. Relative content for As component in microbial mats than AMD was over 16 times, this As components were due to absorb at iron oxide and iron hydroxide on the surface of microbial mats.

Recent research has demonstrated that treating poultry litter with alum (aluminum sulfate) and aluminum chloride can remove environmental threats (ammonia, soluble phosphorus and odor) posed by litter. However, scientific information available on heavy metal in poultry litter with liquid aluminum chloride is still lacked. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of applying liquid aluminum chloride to rice hulls on heavy metals and to provide basic information to producers. Six hundred 0-d-old broiler were assigned to 4 treatments (control, 100 g, 200 g and 300 g of liquid AlCl3/kg of rice hulls, respectively) with 3 replicates of 50 birds. The experimental period lasted for 6 weeks. Liquid AlCl3 was sprayed on the rice hulls surface using a small hand pump. Total Al contents increased (P<0.05) with the increasing levels of liquid AlCl3 levels over time in comparison with control groups. Total Cu and Pb were lowered in all liquid AlCl3 treatments compared with the controls during 6 weeks. Significant differences in all treatments were found for total Cu contents at 2, 3 and 5 weeks and total Pb at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Total Zn contents decreased with time when compared with controls. However, no significant differences in total Zn contents were observed among all treatments. In light of environmental managements, spraying liquid AlCl3 to rice hulls indicated the significant advantages in reducing heavy metals as well as improving poultry industrial competitiveness.