This paper focuses on critical anti-corruption measures taken by the State of Kuwait and the international community, specifically as they relate to the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). Specific provisions of Nazaha Law, particularly those related to crimes and persons under its jurisdiction, are compared to the UNCAC, shedding light on the inherent advantages and disadvantages of the Law and whether the law constitutes a sufficient domestic anticorruption measure. By focusing on specific statutes and related jurisdictional matters, significant discrepancies between Nazaha Law and the UNCAC are noted. Kuwaiti legislators should immediately consider these discrepancies to ensure a more effective domestic policy in the global campaign against corruption. This paper comprises five parts including the Introduction and Conclusion. Part two will detail the various types of corruption covered by the Nazaha Law. Part three will focus on the persons covered under Nazaha jurisdiction. Part four will expound the issues of legal jurisdiction.

This study provides data to explore functional medicinal food materials that can prevent adult diseases, and verified antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of each solvent fraction of the methanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. in Korea. In the analysis of total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging ability, and FRAP reduction ability as indicators of antioxidant activity, the methanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of the Salvia plebeia R. Br. group showed high antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia plebeia R. Br. methanol extract also showed excellent antioxidative activity as compared with BHT. In the mouse macrophage line Raw 264.7 cells, the NO production ability by LPS treatment was significantly increased in the LPS treatment group compared to the untreated group. In inflammatory reactions induced by LPS treatment in Raw 264.7 cells, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β) and NO production were decreased in the EtOAc fraction and MeOH fraction of the methanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. compared to the case of LPS treatment alone. The anti-inflammatory effect was proved by significantly inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. The present results suggest that Salvia plebeia R. Br. supplementation is beneficial for the suppression of antioxidant and anti-inflammation.

Doenjang is a major fermented soy-based food in Korea. Recent investigations have shown that fermented soybean foods have immunity-enhancing, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. Several studies also have reported that genistein and daidzein, which are easily absorbed in the body are produced in larger quantities in aged doenjang. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variations in the anti-cancer effects of commercialized doenjang as it ages. Four groups were formed for this study according to aging periods of doenjang, namely short (under 5 years, S group), mid (under 10 years, M group), long (under 15 years, L group) and very long (over 15 years, E group). The anti-cancer effects of doenjang were determined by cell cytotoxicity assays in A549, YAC-1, and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Also, NK cell activity and splenocyte proliferation were assayed for cancer immunotherapy. The quantities of phenolic compounds in doenjang at different ages were also measured. The results showed that the anti-cancer effects increased in the S and M groups for all three cancer cell lines. Interestingly, similar to this result, splenocyte proliferation and NK activity were also the highest in the S and M groups. In contrast, the E group showed significantly reduced splenocyte proliferation. The quantity of phenolic compounds was similar to that of the anti-cancer results. Collectively, these results suggest that the fermentation period of doenjang plays a very important role in determining its anti-cancer effects.

In this paper, graphene-coated Al powders prepared by in situ reduction method were directly used for cold spraying, obtaining a graphene-reinforced Al matrix composite coating with more compact structure and better performance. Cross-sectional analysis revealed that compared with the pure Al powders, the graphene-coated Al powders were more severely deformed, and the resulting coating was denser and its porosity was reduced by over 80%. The hardness of the graphene-coated Al coating was increased by 40%, and its brine immersion time was prolonged by nearly three times. However, the graphene increases the pitting sensitivity of the Al coating; so, the enhanced corrosion resistance of the graphene-coated Al coating is mainly attributed to the improvement of its structure densification.

The root of Codonopsis lanceolata has been used in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to confirm the comparative effect of ethanol solvent extraction (CLE) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (CLS) of C. lanceolata roots. CLS had higher antioxidant than CLE. For supercritical co-solvent modified carbon dioxide extraction (CLS), it were extracted at 250 bar 50℃ 150 min at a flow rate of ethyl alcohol 3 mL/min for 90min. In addition, CLS inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. When treated with the extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway reporter luciferase activity of HEK 293-TOP cells increased approximately by 3-folds compared to that of the untreated control group. Also, the treatment by CLS (50 μg/mL) showed a significant increase of involucrin expression. These results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide extract of C. lanceolatamay serve as a cosmeceutical agent for improving skin barrier function and the treatment of obesity.

Baicalin is a flavonoid compound with many advantages, including anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin that induces neuronal damage through inflammatory response and oxidative stress reaction. This study was investigated the protective effects of baicalin on the oxidative stress and histopathological changes caused by LPS in hippocampus. Adult mice were divided into four groups; vehicle-treated, baicalin-treated, LPS-treated, and LPS and baicalin co-treated animals. Baicalin (10 mg/kg/day) and/or LPS (250 μg/kg/day) were intraperitoneally administered for seven consecutive days, and body weight was measured. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and lipid peroxidation level in the hippocampus were examined. Histopathological study was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining manuals. LPS treatment decreased body weight and increased ROS and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. However, co-treatment with baicalin alleviated these changes caused by LPS. Severe histopathological changes were observed in the hippocampus of LPS-treated animals. Baicalin co-treatment attenuated the changes and preserved neuronal cells from LPS damage. These results showed that baicalin suppresses LPS-induced neuronal damage by alleviating oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Thus, this study demonstrated that baicalin exerts protective effects against LPS-induced oxidative stress in hippocampus.

테러는 시대에 따라 진화하고 변화되고 있다. 그 시대의 과학기술, 정보통신기술, 문화를 반영하여 새로운 테러 수단을 이용하여 테러를 행한다. 그래서 시간이 갈수록 기존 테러와 다른 모습을 보이고 있어 테러의 공포감과 위험성은 날로 갈수록 높아지고 있다. 최근 변화된 테러의 양상으로 새로운 테러 주체가 등장하여 활동하고 있다. 어떠한 테러조직에 속하지 않고 스스로 학습하여 테러리스트가 된 자생적 테러리스트 즉, 외로운 늑대가 등장하였고, 국제적으로 지정되지 않은 새로운 테러단체가 활동하고 있다. 테러 공격의 대상이 국가·정부기관, 주요 중요시설 등의 하드 타겟에서 민간인 또는 민간시설, 다중운집장소를 대상으로 한 소프트 타겟으로 변화하였다. 다양한 테러 수단을 이용하여 활동하고 있다. 사이버공간을 이용하여 국가 및 민간시설을 대상으로 해킹, 전산망 마비, 바이러스 공격, 정보유출 등 사이버 테러행위와 드론을 이용하여 사람 또는 시설을 대상으로 드론 테러행위, 바이러스 등 생물무기를 이용하여 생물 테러행위를 일으키기도 하였다. 그러나 테러방지법에서는 이러한 변화된 모습을 반영하지 못하고 있으며 이를 규정하기에는 미흡한 점이 있다. 테러방지법상 테러의 개념을 테러의 대상, 목적, 행위와 수단을 제시하여 규정하고 있는데, 테러의 대상을 국가, 지방자치단체, 외국정부로만 한정하고 있어, 불특정한 다수 대상으로 한 행위는 테러에 해당되지 않는다. 테러의 주체에 대해서는 전혀 규정하고 있지 않아, 테러행위자가 명확하게 누구인지 알 수가 없다. 또 테러행위와 수단에 대해 사람, 항공기, 선박, 폭발물, 핵물질을 대상으로 각각의 행위와 수단을 나열하여 규정하고 있는데, 규정된 것 외 에 새로운 수단을 이용하여 테러를 할 경우 테러방지법상 테러행위에 해당되지 않아 테러행위가 아닌 일반 불법행위가 될 수 있다. 이러한 미흡점을 보완하고 최근 테러의 변화양상을 반영한 테러방지법 상 테러 개념을 재정의 하였다. 새로운 테러 주체의 등장과 활동을 반영 하여 자생적 테러리스트 및 새로운 테러단체를 포함할 수 있도록 테러 주체인 개인 또는 단체를 명시하였다. 테러 공격대상이 하드 타겟에서 소프트 타겟으로 변화를 반영하여 테러 대상에 불특정 다수를 포함하였다. 다양한 수단을 이용한 테러 활동을 반영하여 테러행위에 사이버 테러행위, 드론 테러행위, 생물 테러행위의 규정을 제안하였다. 앞으로도 계속해서 테러는 진화하고 변화된 모습을 보일 것이다. 어떠한 모습으로 등장할지 또 어떠한 수단을 이용하여 테러행위를 할지 아무도 예측할 수가 없다. 이러한 테러의 변화된 모습을 그때그때 테러방지 법에 반영할 수 없겠지만, 최대한 테러의 변화양상을 반영하여 테러를 예방과 대응할 수 있도록 노력해야한다.

사회복지국가가 보편화된 오늘날 폭발적으로 증가한 입법수요와 국가 과제의 증대로 인해 모든 입법사항을 법률에 빠짐없이 완전하게 규정한다는 것은 불가능하게 되었다. 그리하여 법률은 국가공동체와 그 구성원인 국민에게 기본적이고 본질적인 사항을 규정하고 세부적이고 전문적· 기술적 사항의 정립은 행정입법에 위탁하게 되었다. 우리 헌법도 이러한 경향을 반영하여 헌법 제75조와 제95조에서 행정입법인 위임명령의 근거를 마련하고 있다. 법률과 위임명령은 결합하여 대외적 구속력을 가진다는 점에서 법률과 위임명령은 모두 헌법상 요건을 충족하여야 한다. 법률은 위임명령에 포괄적 위임을 해서는 아니 되며 위임명령은 수권 법률의 수권 범위 내에서 수권 법률의 목적, 취지 등을 위반하여서는 아니된다. 문재인 정부 출범 이후 법률의 제·개정보다는 행정입법의 제·개정을 통하는 방식으로 특정 정책을 시행하는 사례가 증가하고 있는데 전기사 업법 시행령 개정안이 대표적인 사례라 할 수 있다. 전기사업법 시행령 개정안은 모법인 전기사업법의 수권 범위를 넘어서 새로운 입법사항을 제정한 것으로 평가되므로 위헌·위법으로 무효라 할 수 있다. 이처럼 헌법상 요건을 충족하지 못한 위임명령이 제정되고 있는 행정 현실은 법치행정과 권력분립의 원칙 관점에서 큰 문제라 할 것이다. 위임명령이 헌법상 요건을 충족하지 않고 제정되는 것을 방지하기 위해서는 사전적 통제방법으로서의 법제처의 심사와 사후적 통제방법으로서의 국회법 제 98조의2에 따른 국회의 행정입법 통제권이 제대로 원활하게 작동되어야 한다.

If an excessive displacement occurs in the base isolation system, the structure will be damaged due to overturning of the upper structure. In this study, we analyze the behavior of base isolation by applying earthquake to base isolation with anti-uplift device. In the case of structures that generate horizontal reaction forces such as arch structures, horizontal reaction forces must be considered in the design of the base isolation and structural members. And anti-uplift device for preventing the excessive displacement of the base isolation system is needed.

SrMoO4:RE3+ (RE=Dy, Sm, Tb, Eu, Dy/Sm) phosphors are prepared by co-precipitation method. The effects of the type and the molar ratio of activator ions on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the phosphor particles are investigated. X-ray diffraction data reveal that all the phosphors have a tetragonal system with a main (112) diffraction peak. The emission spectra of the SrMoO4 phosphors doped with several activator ions indicate different multicolor emissions: strong yellow-emitting light at 573 nm for Dy3+, red light at 643 nm for Sm3+, green light at 545 nm for Tb3+, and reddish orange light at 614 nm for Eu3+ activator ions. The Dy3+ singly-doped SrMoO4 phosphor shows two dominant emission peaks at 479 and 573 nm corresponding to the 4F9/2→6H15/2 magnetic dipole transition and 4F9/2→6H13/2 electric dipole transition, respectively. For Dy3+ and Sm3+ doubly-doped SrMoO4 phosphors, two kinds of emission peaks are observed. The two emission peaks at 479 and 573 nm are attributed to 4F9/2→6H15/2 and 4F9/2→6H13/2 transitions of Dy3+ and two emission bands centered at 599 and 643 nm are ascribed to 4G5/2→6H7/2 and 4G5/2→6H9/2 transitions of Sm3+. As the concentration of Sm3+ increases from 1 to 5 mol%, the intensities of the emission bands of Dy3+ gradually decrease; those of Sm3+ slowly increase and reach maxima at 5 mol% of Sm3+ ions, and then rapidly decrease with increasing molar ratio of Sm3+ ions due to the concentration quenching effect. Fluorescent security inks based on as-prepared phosphors are synthesized and designed to demonstrate an anticounterfeiting application.

Evodiae Fructus is the dried unripe fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa, and has traditionally been used for treating stomachache and diarrhea. Evodiamine and rutaecarpine, the major biologically active compounds of Evodiae Fructus, are reported to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as inhibit proliferation and metastasis of various cancer cells. The current study investigates the anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects of the Evodiae Fructus extract, considering varying concentrations of methanol extraction (40, 80, and 95%). High contents of total phenolic compounds were determined in the order of extracts 80, 95, and 40%. Evaluating contents of the 95, 80, and 40% extracts revealed 36.77, 7.29, and 1.86 μg/mg evodiamine, respectively, and 53.02, 17.16, and 3.79 μg/mg rutaecarpine, respectively, with the highest content of both compounds obtained in the 95% extract. DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed to be inversely proportional to the contents of total phenolic compounds, with decreasing SC50 values obtained in the order 80, 95, and 40% extract. The 95 and 80% extracts exerted toxicity to AGS gastric cancer cells, but the 40% extract was non-toxic. Evodiamine is a known anti-cancer agent, and could be responsible for the observed toxicity. Cleavage of PARP, and Caspase-3, -7, -8 and -9 was observed in the 95% extract-treated AGS cells, indicating that cell toxicity exerted by the 95% extract could be attributed to apoptosis.