This study investigated whether calcium (Ca) addition improved the recovery of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) from Nd-Fe-B magnet scrap using magnesium (Mg)-based liquid metal extraction (LME). Traditional LME processes are limited to temperatures up to 850 °C due to oxidation issues, reducing the efficiency of rare earth element (REE) recovery, especially for Dy. By adding 10 wt.% Ca to Mg and increasing the processing temperature to 1,000 °C, we achieved nearly 100% Nd and approximately 38% Dy recovery, compared to 91% and 28%, respectively, with pure Mg at 850 °C. However, excessive Ca addition (20 wt.%) decreased the recovery efficiency due to the formation of stable intermetallic compounds. These results highlight the critical role of Ca in optimizing REE recycling from Nd-Fe-B magnet scrap.

This study aims to propose new grading standards that can be applied to AI-based automatic sorting machines, reflecting current distribution and consumption trends. The current domestic grading standards for onions in South Korea are based on the “Agricultural and Fishery Products Quality Control Act”. They classify onions based on criteria such as uniformity, shape, color, and the presence of foreign matter. Onion grading standards are divided into four categories based on bulb diameter and weight. However, in the actual domestic market, onions are distributed according to a five-grade classification based on bulb diameter. Therefore, this study classified onions into eight grades, reflecting current distribution and consumption trends in the domestic market. These grades are applicable to AI-based automatic sorting machines. Marketable onions were classified into A1 (extra large) to A5 (extra small) based on the diameter of a single bulb. Onions used for non-marketable purposes (processing) were classified as grade B. Additionally, grade C and grade D were designated for processing and disposal, respectively. By establishing quality grading classifications that align with current distribution and consumption market trends as well as the operational characteristics of AI-based automatic sorting machines, we can expect improvements in work efficiency and reductions in distribution costs. Following this study, it will be necessary to establish comprehensive quality grading standards that include both external criteria (such as bulb weight and size) and internal criteria (such as detection of internal decay and disease occurrence).

This study aimed to analyze the behavioral changes and stress responses of cultured leather carp (Cyprinus carpio nudus) for repeated noise exposure. The acoustic stimulus was composed of twenty sets of one second duration noise with an average noise of 147 dB, which was repeated every five minutes. The behavioral changes of the fish were analyzed immediately after noise exposure, three hours, six hours, twelve hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours later. The stress hormone response was also analyzed and compared through blood collection. It was confirmed that the fish were significantly affected by the noise stimulus and unable to be free or adapt to it untill the end of the experiment. The cortisol concentration was also the highest at 38.2 ug/dL after six hours; the glucose concentration did not decrease over time, indicating that stress was maintained and had a significant effect.

Hot section components of gas turbines are exposed to a high operating temperature environment. To protect these components, thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are applied to their surfaces. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which is widely used as a TBC material, faces limitations at temperatures above 1200 °C. To mitigate these issues, research has focused on adding lanthanide rare earth oxides and tetravalent oxides to prevent the phase-transformation of the monoclinic phase in zirconia. This study investigated the effects of varying TiO2 content in Nd2O3 and Yb2O3 co-doped YSZ composites. Increasing TiO2 content effectively suppressed formation of the monoclinic phase and increased the thermal degradation resistance compared to YSZ in environments over 1200 °C. These findings will aid in developing more thermally stable and efficient TBC materials for application in high-temperature environments.

본 연구는 22대 총선에 있어 제3지대 정당인 녹색정의당과 개혁신당, 새로운미래, 조국혁신당의 공천과정을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 제3 지대 정당인 새로운미래와 개혁신당은 총선 90일전에 창당되었고, 조국 혁신당은 총선을 한 달 정도 남겨놓고 창당해 비례대표국회의원만 추천 하였다. 특히 제3지대 정당은 거대 양당제도의 구축으로 인해 지역구 국 회의원의 당선 가능성이 낮아 비례대표 국회의원 의석확보에 초점을 맞 추고 있다. 그리고 제3지대 정당의 후보공천 규칙은 유사했으며, 조국혁 신당은 3월3일 창당을 하면서 구체적인 후보자격심사에 대한 규정을 내 놓지는 않았다. 이러한 공천룰에 따라 지역구 후보와 비례대표 후보의 국회입성에 따라 제3지대 정당의 역할론이 대두될 것이다.

Wasp venom is rich in bioactive substances, such as proteins, peptides, and small molecules. The venom significantly affects the mammalian cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems, causing mild to severe symptoms following stings. It exhibits both procoagulant and anticoagulant activities, and significant research has identified its ability to modulate the mammalian coagulation system. Active substances that inhibit clotting were identified and purified through patient case reports and experimental studies. The study reviewed the findings on how wasp venom interacts with platelets and coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, and demonstrated its dual influence on the coagulation cascade. This highlights the potential of the venom in therapeutic applications, especially as an anticoagulant, as evidenced by the inhibition of coagulation factors and prolonged clotting times after envenomation, suggesting its utility in developing novel anticoagulant therapies. This review focuses on the anticoagulant effects of social wasp venom, which is prevalent in sting incidents, summarizing the research and observations on its therapeutic potential. This emphasizes the significance of further studies to identify and utilize venom components as innovative anticoagulant treatments.

The Euonymus defoliator moth, Pryeria sinica Moore (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae), is a pest that causes considerable damage to the Euonymus genus, especially Euonymus alatus and Euonymus japonicus. The biological characteristics of P. sinica have been studied in China, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States, but there has been no research conducted on this species in Korea. Also, P. sinica has two dormant phases in each generation, one as eggs in winter and the other as pupae in summer. Our purposes are to study the biological characteristics of Korean populations of P. sinica and to examine the effects of temperature and photoperiod on summer diapause. The biological characteristics were investigated in laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 ℃, 65 ± 1% R.H., 16L:8D) and the number of eggs in an egg mass, developmental periods and mortality rate in each larvae stage, and adults’ life span were determined. The results showed that 190.7 ± 31.64 eggs were contained in one egg mass and it took 25.57 ± 0.61 days from 1st larval stage to the pre-pupal stage. P. sinica has 4 larval stages and each stage took 4.28 ± 0.21, 6.2 ± 0.55, 6.02 ± 0.68, and 8.93 ± 0.88 days. The mortality rate of larvae peaked at 22.5% in 3rd larval stage. The adults’ life span was 4.67 ± 0.97 days in males and 4.61 ± 1.82 days in females. To study summer diapause, we divided pupae into 4 groups. Both low temperature and short daytime were effective in shortening the pupal stage. The pupal stage was the shortest in group D (122.12 ± 1.24 days), in which the initial condition was 25 ℃-16L:8D and the altered condition was 16 ℃ -12L:12D, and the longest in group A (161.92 ± 3.15 days, 25 ℃-16L:8D). These data could be utilized to propose the optimal timing for controlling the population of P. sinica.

Tropilaelaps mercedesae Anderson and Morgan, 2007 (Acari: Laelapidae) is a serious ectoparasite of the brood of several honey bee species. Among the four recognized species of Tropilaelaps, Korean population was renamed as T. mercedesae from T. clareae on the basis of morphological evidences and genetic data. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of T. mercedesae. The 15,119-bp long mitogenome has an identical gene arrangement to that of Chinese sample reported previously. Comparison of two geographic samples showed COII, ND5, ND4, ND6, CytB, and ND1 to have higher number of variable sites than COI, which is often used for population-level study, suggesting these genes to have potential usefulness for population genetic study. The mitogenome sequence of T. mercedesae from Korea could be useful for species identification for geographic samples, trace of the origin of local populations, and illustration of evolutionary distinction among Tropilaelaps species either using part of or whole genome.

After the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) came into effect, international cooperation through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) was required, and each RFMO established and adopted the Conservation and Management Measure (CMM) for the regional Observer Programs to collect data on fishing activities and biological information and to monitor compliance with its CMMs. The observer coverage required by RFMO is set differently for each organization, ranging from 5% to 100%. In addition, tuna-RFMOs recommend increasing observer coverage in longline fisheries by at least 20% for reliable quantitative analysis of not only target species but also bycatch species and ecologically related species such as sharks, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Therefore, in this study, we discussed ways to improve the national observer programs of Korean distant water fisheries that should be addressed in the future to respond to the RFMO trends.

The subfamily Acronictinae is established by Harris in 1841 based on the type species, Acronicta leporina.. In the Korean penisula, the acronictine moth Acronicta cuspis was initially reported by leech in 1889, and a total 45 species have been recorded to date. This brief overview cover adult and larval morphology, as well as ecological data, for more profound comprehension of the Acronictinae. Additionally, further research direction could involve conducting a phylogenetic analysis and clarifying the evolutionary relationships within the subfamily.

The striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata., is ubiquitous in agricultural areas, making it a critical pest to monitor and manage. It is necessary to develop a technique for rearing Z. scutellata in the laboratory to achieve mass production for biological control. The pumpkin is an important host plant for Z. scutellata; females lay their eggs on the tops of pumpkin flower buds, and larvae consume the stamens from top to bottom before dropping to the ground. Several types of diets are considered in the present study, including liquid, solid, and semisolid diets. Methyl benzoate, propionic acid, sodium benzoate, and citric acid were tested for their ability to suppress microbial contamination and improve the shelf life of diets. Fresh pumpkin, pumpkin flower, and pumpkin powder were used as primary ingredient. Reared adults were tested for their egg laying and survival abilities based on different diets. Approximately 86% of adults emerged from liquid and semisolid diets. Solid diets reduce pupae production and adult emergence. The diets with a total viability of less than 75% were discarded, which is considered as a reasonable threshold to determine whether a diet is nutritionally sufficient to rear the flies. Based on the results of the present study, we have developed a diet for mass rearing in laboratories, which may assist in providing a scientific basis for the effective control of Z. scutellata.

최근 제주도 용연계곡 일대에서 새로운 알락하늘소속 외래해충 (가칭)노랑알락하늘소가 발견되었다. 2023 년 7월부터 제주 용연계곡 일대 팽나무에서 우화한 성충이 대량 발생하고 있으며, 제주 전역과 육지로 확산할 가능성이 있어 시급한 모니터링과 박멸이 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 노랑알락하늘소의 국내 기후적합성 분석을 통해 잠재적으로 정착이 가능한 지역을 사전에 탐지하는 것을 목표로 하였다. GBIF에 보고된 전 세계 분포자료와 WorldClim의 생물기후변수를 이용하여 앙상블 모델을 만들고 노랑알락하늘소의 정착 확률 지도를 제작하였다. 또한 제작된 정착 확률 지도를 바탕으로 향후 주변 지역으로 확산 패턴을 시뮬레이션하였다. 기후적 합성 분석 결과 노랑알락하늘소는 원산지인 중국 남부, 대만 등 아열대 지역을 포함하여 일본과 국내에서도 정착 이 가능할 것으로 추정되었다. 국내로 한정하였을 때는 이미 정착이 확인된 제주 지역 전체와 부산, 여수 등 국내 남부지방 해안가에서 기후적합성이 매우 높을 것으로 예상되었다. 확산 패턴 시뮬레이션 결과 노랑알락하늘소 는 예찰 및 박멸이 이루어지지 않을 경우 빠르게 제주 전역으로 확산될 수 있을 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 노랑알 락하늘소에 대한 생활사 연구와 함께 현재 확산 범위에 대한 시급한 모니터링과 박멸 프로그램이 필요하다는 것을 암시한다.

Solar cells based on p-conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) organic molecular systems are a promising alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. D-A molecular systems, which have a triphenylamine (TPA) moiety linked with a benzothiadiazole (BTD) moiety, open the potential development of new small molecule donors for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Here, a series of donor-acceptor-π-acceptor (D-A-π-A) small molecule donors (SMD) derived from triphenylamine (TPA) donor and benzothiadiazole (BTD) acceptor building blocks, were designed for BHJ organic solar cells. The small molecule donors SMD1-4 were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TDDFT) methods, to understand the effect of cyano and fluorine group functionalization on their properties. The effect of structure alteration by cyano and fluorine group functionalization on the optoelectronic properties, the calculated highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) and the HOMO-LUMO gaps were theoretically explored. The Voc (open-circuit photovoltage) and fill factor (FF) for SMD1-4 were obtained with a PC71BM acceptor, which showed that these organic small molecules are potential small molecule donors for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells.

Because magnets fabricated using Nd-Fe-B exhibit excellent magnetic properties, this novel material is used in various high-tech industries. However, because of the brittleness and low formability of Nd-Fe-B magnets, the design freedom of shapes for improving the performance is limited based on conventional tooling and postprocessing. Laserpowder bed fusion (L-PBF), the most famous additive manufacturing (AM) technique, has recently emerged as a novel process for producing geometrically complex shapes of Nd-Fe-B parts owing to its high precision and good spatial resolution. However, because of the repeated thermal shock applied to the materials during L-PBF, it is difficult to fabricate a dense Nd-Fe-B magnet. In this study, a high-density (>96%) Nd-Fe-B magnet is successfully fabricated by minimizing the thermal residual stress caused by substrate heating during L-PBF.

본 논문은 디지털 성범죄 사건이 증가하고 있는 가운데, 이들에 대한 형사사법기관 의 처분이 가해자의 행위를 교정하거나 직접적으로 제재하지 못하는 현실을 지적하고 이에 대한 대안을 고민하기 위하여 시작되었다. 이를 위해 미국에서 시행되고 있는, 성범죄자 대상 ‘음란물 금지’와 ‘인터넷 및 컴퓨터 기기활용 제한’의 내용을 비교법적 으로 검토하면서 피해자의 삶이 아닌 가해자의 삶에 타격과 변화를 줄 수 있는 법률 내용을 제안하는 것을 주요 목적으로 하였다. 미국의 ｢성범죄자 신상등록 및 고지법｣ 에는 성범죄를 행함에 있어 인터넷 또는 컴퓨터 기기를 활용한 성범죄자에 대하여 일 정 기간의 사용제한을 법원이 선고하고 이의 이행 여부를 보호관찰관이 지도･감독하 는 내용이 규정되어 있다. 관련 제도가 정착되는 과정에서 반복적인 항소도 제기되었 지만, 미국의 판례는 인터넷 활동과 컴퓨터 사용의 제한 내용이 구체적인 경우에는 큰문제가 없다는 태도를 견지하고 있다. 이 법률 규정이 적용되는 경우, 보호관찰관은 대상 성범죄자에게 모든 디지털 기기의 등록과 해당 기기에 대한 포렌식 동의서를 요 구한다. 또한 보호관찰관은 대상 성범죄자의 디지털 기기에 대한 주기적 검사를 시행 하고 대상자의 휴대폰 활동 내용을 모니터링하고 필터링하는 소프트웨어를 설치하여 집행한다. 이러한 내용은 실제 디지털 성범죄자에 대한 행동 제약이 전무한 우리나라 의 보호관찰 현실과 상당히 대비되는 모습이다. 과거 접촉성 성범죄자를 향해 시행되 었던 형사정책들이 사회적 논의 속에서 설득되고 사회제도로 자리를 잡아갔던 것처럼, 디지털 성범죄 가해자에 대한 규제와 교정, 피해 방지 대책을 더욱 직접적인 가해자 행위 규제 관점에서 고민할 필요가 있다. 이러한 측면에서 미국의 인터넷 및 컴퓨터 활동 제한 관련 법률 규정은, 우리나라에서의 효과적 디지털 성범죄자 관리대책 수립 을 위한 의미 있는 비교법적 자료가 될 것으로 판단한다.