Environments inside and outside levees may exert different effects on the occurrence of mid-to large-sized mammals in riparian areas. To effectively conserve these species, it is important to understand how land cover across levees influences their presence. This study, conducted from March to June 2024 in Yeongyang, South Korea, monitored mammal occurrence using unmanned sensor cameras at 28 sites. Linear models were used to analyze mammal species diversity, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was applied to assess species-specific habitat associations at the community level, and occupancy models were used to evaluate influential factors for each species. Our results showed that mammal species diversity increased with a higher proportion of orchards inside levees, but decreased with greater proportions of orchards inside levees, and non-irrigated arable fields outside levees. For carnivores, land cover types in inside levees-including grasslands, barren areas, and water-provided important food resources and shelter. For omnivorous and herbivorous mammals, coniferous forests inside levees played a key role by offering abundant food and shelter, whereas highly disturbed land covers such as non-irrigated fields and orchards outside levees were less suitable as habitats. To enhance habitat conservation, management efforts inside levees should prioritize maintaining grasslands and coniferous forests. Outside levees, establishing undisturbed zones with barren areas and coniferous forests may help mitigate human disturbances. These findings provide essential baseline data for developing effective conservation strategies tailored to levee-associated riparian landscapes.

This study investigated the occurrence and morphological characteristics of Polyphylla laticollis manchurica adults in the Miho River, Cheongju, from June to August 2024. Surveys were conducted at five sites along a 14 km stretch from upstream of Palgyeol Bridge to downstream of Oksan Bridge, including three sites along the main river and two sites in tributaries. No P. laticollis manchurica adults were found at the tributary sites. A total of 107 adults were recorded at site C and D, with peak occurrence observed between June 20 and August 4, 2024. The first occurrence date was recorded in June 20, the peak occurrence on July 5, and the last observation on August 4. The morphological measurements of the adults attracted by light trap were as follows: body length 33.38±1.68 mm; body width 16.02±1.00 mm; and body weight 1.45±0.32 g. The sex ratio (male : female) was 7.14 : 2.86. While no significant differences were observed in body length and width between males and females, females were significantly heavier during the third survey period. Most adults attracted to artificial light were males, and several dead individuals were found near streetlights and bridge. This study provides fundamental data on the occurrence period, habitat distribution, and phototactic behavior of P. l. manchurica, contributing to a better ecological understanding and conservation efforts for this endangered species.

본 연구는 정지용의 비로봉1 의 종교적 해석 가능성을 탐색하고, 이를 통 해 시적 위상을 재검토하는 것을 목표로 한다. 비로봉1 은 종교시와 산수시의 정신주의가 교차하는 복합적 미학을 드러내는 시편이며, 정지용의 시 세계에서 종교시와 산수시로 이행하는 시적 여정의 중요한 전환점을 이루는 작품이다. 본 연구는 비로봉1 의 핵심적 상징을 ‘불’과 ‘이마’로 보고, 산 정상에서 ‘이 마’를 통해 초월적 세계를 감각하는 방식과 ‘성냥불을 그싯는’ 행위로 형상화된 신앙적 태도의 결합을 고찰함으로써 비로봉1 해석의 지평을 넓힌다. ‘이마’ 는 인간과 초월적 자연을 연결하는 감각적 통로로 작용하며, ‘성냥불’은 내면의 불꽃이 점화되는 상징적 순간으로 해석된다. 이 과정에서 시적 주체는 비로봉 정상을 ‘육체 없음’의 장소성을 경험하며, 연정을 ‘산드랗게’ 얼게 하는 행위를 통해 내적 평온과 정신적 고양에 도달한다. 이러한 귀결은 차갑고 평화로운 정 신성을 지향하는 과정에서 정지용 시의 사유 방식이 어떻게 전환되는지를 보여 준다. 비로봉1 은 신앙적 숭고와 정신성, 그리고 초월적 세계에 대한 경외감 이 응집된 결절점으로서 정지용 시 세계의 내적 연속성을 입증하는 시편이라 할 수 있다.

A total of 225, 3 weeks old weaned pigs of the Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc breeds with initial average body weight (BW) of 6.25±0.6 kg were randomly assigned to 3 different treatments based on their BW, with each having 5 replicates. Each replicate contained 15 pigs, resulting in 75 pigs per treatment group. The treatment included a basal diet (CON), CON + allicin and cinnamaldehyde mixture 500 ppm (ALI), CON + Bacillus-based probiotics 500 ppm (PRO) tested for 42 days in a 3-phase feeding program (0–14 as phase 1, days 15–28 as phase 2, and days 29–42 as phase 3). Result shows final BW (6.3%) and average daily gain (9.0%) in the overall phase were higher (p<0.05) in PRO compared with CON. At d 14, the level of Escherichia coli was lower (p<0.05) in ALI (12.0%) and PRO (13.2%) over CON. At days 28 (14.6%) and 42 (12.8%), the level of Escherichia coli was lower (p<0.05) in PRO compared with CON. The level of tumor necrosis factor-α was lower (p<0.05) in PRO over CON (15.0%). Superoxide dismutase (9.2%) and immunoglobulin A (19.4%) were higher (p<0.05) in PRO over CON. We concluded that dietary PRO at 500 ppm showed better performance in piglets by enhancing their growth performance and health.

Since 2004, the so-called new siheyuan – the modernized siheyuan (traditional Chinese house type) - has emerged in earnest. Over the past two decades, the new siheyuan has undergone continuous evolution in terms of program, structure, space, and form. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the diverse forms of the new siheyuan , this paper aims to classify its varieties and analyze representative cases in the old Bejing city, corresponding to these. The classification system utilized the typology presented in ‘Type Classification of Contemporary Hanok’ (2016), as this was considered to be universal and takes into account the commonalities between hanok and siheyuan . The criteria for the classification are: (1) new construction or renovation; and (2) the degree of the new siheyuan ’s deviation from the traditional siheyuan ’s standard - maintaining the traditional form; changing space within the traditional form; changing the traditional frame; and juxtaposing the traditional and the modern. Based on these two criteria, this paper identified eight types of the new siheyuan and analyzed representative cases for each type. It can be argued that the diverse spectrum and significance of the new siheyuan were effectively explored through this typological classification and case-studies.

본 연구는 지리산국립공원 내 설산습지의 식물상 및 식생 구조를 조사한 것으로, 향후 변화 추적을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고, 나아가 관리 및 보존 방안을 제안하고자 수행되었다. 관속식물 조사 결과, 68과 138속 170종, 3아종, 20변종, 4품종으로 총 197분류군이 확인되었다. 주요 종으로는 특산식물인 키버들과 매미꽃 등 6종, 희귀식물인 물들메나무 등 3종, 그리고 식물구계학적 특정식물 5등급에 해당하는 문수조릿대 등이 포함되었다. 습지선호도에 따른 분류 결과, 전체 197종 중 습지식물은 28종(14.2%)으로 확인되었다. 목본층에서는 버드나무가 우점하였으나 초본층은 수위에 따라 식생 구성이 달랐다. 수위가 지표면보다 높은 영역에서는 절대습지식물과 임의습지식물이, 수위가 지표면과 일치 하는 영역에서는 임의습지식물과 양생식물이, 수위가 지표면 아래인 영역에서는 절대육상식물의 세력이 우세하였다. 석축의 상태와 지표수 유입량은 습지의 현재 상태 유지를 결정하는 핵심 변수로 작용하였다. 따라서 방치된 계단식 논 습지의 보전을 위해서는 석축, 수로, 지형 등 물리적 환경과 동식물에 대한 지속적인 모니터링 결과를 기반으로 한 체계적인 관리가 필수적인 것으로 판단되었다.

We have performed an experiment to evaluate the efficacy of salt and hot water treatments in soil for managing situations where high-risk plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are detected in farms and flower shops that cultivate foliage plants. The density of Pratylenchus penetrans was reduced by 100% with salt treatments of 20 and 40 kg m-2, while decreases of 95% and 99.8% were observed with treatments of 5 and 10 kg m-2, respectively. In the hot water treatment, Pratylenchus penetrans decreased by 97.6% compared to the initial density. The salt treatment resulted in a decrease in pH and an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) compared to untreated soil. However, other characteristics, including organic matter content, available phosphorus, total nitrogen (T-N) rate, and exchangeable cations, did not differ from the control. In the case of hot water treatment, all properties were similar to those in the untreated group. As a result of this study, salt applications of more than 20 kg m-2 and hot water at 96°C could serve as effective control methods when high-risk PPNs are detected in flower shops and greenhouses located in urban or near-urban areas.

Environmental changes play a significant role in the introduction, dispersal, and establishment of invasive species. This study aims to predict the habitat suitability of the newly invasive pest P. absoluta in South Korea by thoroughly considering key environmental factors, including climate and land cover changes. First, the MaxEnt model was developed to simulate changes in habitat suitability using global occurrence data and future climate change scenarios. Subsequently, potential risk areas (PRAs) for P. absoluta within agricultural regions were analyzed based on land cover changes. The results indicated that under all Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario combinations, the PRA for SSP1 and SSP3 in 2055 were similar, with values of 47.85% and 48.62%, respectively. However, by 2085, these areas showed a marked decrease to 39.28% and 28.52%, respectively. These findings suggest that the PRA for P. absoluta is expected to be most critical in the near future as climate and land-use changes continue to progress. This study emphasizes the urgent need for ongoing monitoring and management to prevent further invasion and spread of P. absoluta into new regions of South Korea. Additionally, it provides scientific evidence to support the development of effective control and management strategies. By thoroughly evaluating the impact of climate and land cover changes on invasive species management, this research presents a foundational framework for predicting the spread and risks of P. absoluta under future climate scenarios.

본 연구 목적은 먼저, 학습자 수업참여(인지, 정서, 행동)와 수업만족도 의 인과관계에 대해 살펴보고, 둘째는 다차원 학습자 수업참여와 수업만 족도 간의 관계에 있어 학습자 수업참여의 어떤 하위변수들이 팀 학습활 동의 매개효과와 관련이 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 셋째는 다차원 학습자 수업참여가 팀 학습활동에 미치는 영향에 있어 팀 내 상호작용에 의해 어떻게 조절되는지에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위해 K대학 응용화학 과 학생을 대상으로 98개의 설문을 통하여 빈도분석, 각 변수들의 척도 와 신뢰도 분석 그리고 각 변수들의 타당성을 검증하기 위한 요인 분석 과 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 각 변수별 영향력을 알아보기 위한 가설 검증은 위계적 회귀분석(hierarchical regression analysis)으로 하였 다. 연구결과는 첫째, 행동적 수업참여는 수업만족도에 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 팀 학습활동은 행동적 수업참여와 수업만족도 간의 관계에서 부분 매개를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 팀 내 상호작용은 인지와 정 서적 수업참여와 팀 학습활동 간의 관계에 대해 조절효과를 보였다. 이 연구결과는 플립러닝 환경에서 높은 수준의 팀 내 상호작용이 이루어진 다면 학습자 수업참여가 팀 학습활동에 미치는 긍정적인 영향이 더 커진 다는 것을 시사한다.

잠자리목은 습지 생태계의 환경의 질을 나타내는 생물 지표로 알려져 있으며, 이들의 분포와 풍부도는 습지 생태계 평가 및 생물다양성의 척 도로 활용된다. 본 연구는 환경부에서 지정·관리하는 습지보호지역 25개소를 대상으로 습지 유형별 잠자리목 분포 현황을 분석하여 서식지 보전 및 기후변화에 따른 종의 분포 변화에 관한 자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사 결과, 총 10과 67종이 확인되었으며, 잠자리과(Libellulidae) 24종 으로 가장 많이 관찰되었고 하천습지 52종, 산지습지 50종, 호수습지 30종, 인공습지 32종이 확인되었다. 기후변화 생물지표종인 푸른아시아실잠 자리(Ischnura senegalensis)와 연분홍실잠자리(Ceriagrion nipponicum)는 서식지가 점차 북쪽으로 확장되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 고유종인 꼬마 측범잠자리(Nihonogomphus minor)와 산측범잠자리(Asiagomphus melanopsoides)는 개체군 크기가 작아 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 관리 방안이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구결과는 습지보호구역에 분포하는 잠자리의 생태적 특성을 조사하여 습지 생태계의 보전과 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

This study conducted an acute toxicity assessment using Daphnia magna to evaluate the potential for increased toxicity when pharmaceuticals persist in aquatic environments not as single substances but in mixed forms. In single-substance toxicity tests, the antibiotics clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole showed EC50 values of 22.3 mg L-1 and 61.05 mg L-1, respectively. However, the EC50 for the mixture of the two substances was determined to be 31.1 mg L-1. Based on these findings, applying the Similar Mode of Action (MOA) equation from the QSAR Toolbox, as recommended by OECD non-testing methods, produced an estimated EC50 of 33.7 mg L-1 for the mixture, showing a difference of 8.5% compared to the experimental value. This study confirms that combined exposure to pharmaceuticals can increase toxicity due to synergistic effects, indicating a significant potential risk to aquatic ecosystems. According to the UN-GHS classification criteria, clarithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and their mixture were all classified as Category 3, indicating potential toxicity to aquatic organisms. These results emphasize the importance of toxicity assessments that consider interactions between multiple contaminants in real environmental settings, contributing to the development of effective toxicity evaluation and management strategies for the protection of aquatic ecosystems.

Along with the increase in the number of vehicles in circulation, the indoor air quality in automobiles is attracting attention as another possible health concern. However compared to data regarding indoor air quality in other spaces, there are insufficient data on indoor air quality in automobiles. In addition, there is no standard for the evaluation method. In this study, the change in the concentration of particulate matter in the vehicle while driving under real road conditions was analyzed in order to use it as basic data for a method to evaluate vehicle indoor air quality. Through the selection of measurement target materials and test vehicles and the preparation of test methodologies, evaluation was performed on vehicle, route, and HVAC modes. The concentration of particulate matter in the vehicle was the lowest in the RC (In-vehicle recirculation) condition, and it was confirmed that it decreased with time. The highest average concentration was confirmed in the OA (Outside air ventilation) condition, and the concentration change according to the changing HVAC mode was observed in the Auto condition. The concentration of pollutants inside the vehicle showed a significant correlation with factors such as season, external concentration, and HVAC conditions, along with a weak correlation to powertrain type. The results of this study can be used as basic data for developing methods for evaluating vehicle interior air quality in future work.

This study aimed to estimate the rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions of major domestic feed sources for Hanwoo. Five feed sources mainly used in South Korea were selected: corn meal (CM), soybean meal (SM), wheat flour (WF), palm kernel cake (PKC), and corn distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS). These feed sources were purchased from a commercial feed company. For 24 h rumen incubation, each feed source (0.3 g) was placed into the incubation bottle with the rumen mixture (30 mL) in quadruplicates. After incubation, total gas production was measured and sub-sampled for CO2 and CH4 analyses, and the bottle content was centrifuged for rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Crude protein content was highest in SM and lowest in CM. Ether extract content was highest in DDGS and lowest in SM, while neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were highest in PKC and lowest in CM. Propionate content was highest in DDGS, and butyrate and A:P ratio contents were highest in PKC (p<0.05). Total gas emission (mL/g DMD) was lowest in SM and DDGS, while CH4 emission (mL/g DMD) was lowest in DDGS (p<0.05). Therefore, this study concluded that DDGS could be an alternative feed source to reduce methane emissions.

Tricholoma matsutake is an economically important ectomycorrhizal mushroom, but artificial cultivation remains challenging. While much research has been conducted on the bacteria and fungi associated with T. matsutake, studies on archaea have been limited. This study compared and analyzed the diversity and structural differences of archaeal communities in the fairy ring and non-fairy ring soils using a metabarcoding approach. The alpha diversity analysis revealed that the archaeal community in fairy ring soil had lower diversity compared to non-fairy ring soil, and beta diversity analysis clearly separated the community structures between the two soil types. Among all analyzed soils, Nitrososphaeria (Nitrososphaerota) dominated the archaeal community at class level. In fairy ring soils, Nitrosotalea (Nitrosotaleaceae) was predominant, while in non-fairy ring soils, Nitrosocaldaceae dominated. These results suggest that Nitrosotalea may have a close association with T. matsutake, highlighting the need for further in-depth research on archaea as potential growth promoting microorganism for T. matsutake mycelial growth.

In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus were grown in bottles at temperatures set to 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C inside the cultivation room. Changes in temperature, CO2 concentration, and humidity inside the bottles were measured, and growth characteristics according to the temperature conditions were evaluated. CO2 concentration increased overall as the temperature increased and was particularly stable at 20°C, suggesting that 20°C is the optimal condition for the physiological respiration of P. ostreatus . While humidity was relatively constant at 15°C, it decreased over time at 20°C and was maintained at a stable level at 25°C, suggesting that water retention capacity may occur at high temperatures. As a result of the growth investigation, the yield per bottle and individual weight were the highest at 20°C, confirming that 20°C is the most suitable temperature condition for the growth of oyster mushrooms. At 25°C, the yield per bottle was maintained but the individual weight decreased and the color tended to change. These results suggest that the interaction between CO2 concentration, humidity, and temperature has a significant effect on the growth and quality of oyster mushrooms, and that it is effective to control the cultivation room temperature to 20°C for optimal growth.

정보 기술이 교육에서 지속적으로 응용됨에 따라 ‘혼합형’ 수업 교육 모델이 대학 교의 개방 교육에 점차 융합되고 있다. 중국의 많은 대학교들은 시대의 조류를 따라 현대 정보 기술과 원격 개방 교육의 결합을 통해 온라인 핵심 과정, 온라인 학습 공 간, 온라인 교수진, 온라인 학습 서비스, 온라인 학습 평가, 온라인 교수 관리 등을 중심으로 한 ‘혼합형’ 교수 모델을 구축하고 있다. 본 연구는 중국 개방대학의 ‘응용 한국어’ 전공 교재 편찬에서 나타나는 특징을 분석하였다. 특히, 대학생을 중심으로 한 인터넷 플랫폼을 활용한 자율 학습을 강조하는 하는 교재 편찬 사고방식을 바탕으로, 온라인 교육 시대에 적합한 교재의 내용 및 디자인 방안을 논의하였다. 연구는 한국어 발음, 전문 용어, 한국어 문법 및 문법 프로젝트, 평가 방안 등 교재 편찬에 있어 중요한 요소들을 살펴보고, 각 항목 별로 제시되는 편찬 순서를 구체적으로 소 개하였다.

This review examines the importance of measuring practical enteric methane emissions from ruminants, considering their significant impact on global warming. Global warming is significantly driven by an increase in greenhouse gases, with rising methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants accelerating global warming recently. To successfully mitigate CH4 emissions and establish effective strategies, it is essential to apply reliable measurement techniques. This will allow for an accurate assessment of on-farm CH4 emissions. The priority should be to gather CH4 emission data that reflects the actual state of CH4 emissions from ruminants. The review provides an overview of the methods used to measure CH4 emissions from ruminants by compiling existing researches. It introduces the concepts, principles, and limitations of these methods to facilitate comparisons between existing approaches. This review discusses methods for measuring enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants at the farm level, including the tracer technique, laser methane detector, GreenFeed, and sniffer system. These methods are highlighted as potential tools to accumulate substantial data on on-farm CH4 emission from domestic animals with provides examples of international cases. Among these, this review introduces the Sniffer method, a CH4 emission measurement techniques that are suitable for on-farm use under domestic conditions, and emphasizes the necessity of its application. In addition, by presenting international cases where predictive models were developed based on on-farm CH4 measurement techniques, it is projected that if predictive models for CH4 emissions are developed by accumulating data at the farm level, it can contribute to sustainable livestock industry in various promising ways.

직장 내 괴롭힘은 노동현장에서의 인격권 침해행위로서 피해자 개인의 신체적 정신적 건강을 침해하는 행위이자 조직 전체에 악영향을 끼치는 행위이다. 이에 따라 직장 내 괴롭힘의 예방과 대응에 관한 제도가 근로기준법에 도입된 2019년에 도입되었고, 이후 5년 동안 이 제도는 현장의 근로자들에게 많이 활용되고 있다. 그런데 산업 현장에서는 직장 내 괴롭힘 사건의 조사과정 및 결정 이후 피해근로자 등에 대하여 2차 피해가 종종 발생하고 있는데, 근로기준법상 규정은 모든 유형의 2차 피해에 대하여 규율하고 있지 않아 피해자 보호에 미흡한 점이 있다. 직장 내 괴롭힘의 2차 피해는 우선 사용자와 조사 자가 조사과정에서의 객관성과 공정성의 유지와 비밀유지의무의 엄수함으로써 방지될 수 있다. 또한 직장 내 괴롭힘 예방 및 대응 매뉴얼을 작성할 때에는 2차 피해 방지 제도를 도입하고, 피해자와 동료직원들에게도 확정된 사례를 공유하여야 하며, 직장 내 괴롭힘이 조직문화의 문제임을 인지하고 전반적인 개선을 해나가야 할 필요가 있다.

본 연구는 한국에 유학 중인 몽골 대학원생들의 적응 과정을 질적으로 살펴보며, 이들의 동기, 경험, 그리고 기존 연구와 관련된 어려움에 초점 을 맞추어 분석하는 데 목적을 둔다. 설문 조사와 인터뷰를 통해 수집된 질적 데이터는 이들이 주로 한국 문화와 언어에 대한 관심과 높은 수준 의 교육을 추구하는 동기로 학업에 임하고 있음을 보여준다. 대부분의 학생들이 차별을 거의 경험하지 않았고 한국인들에게 환영받고 있다고 느끼는 한편, 다른 학생들과의 상호작용 확대를 바라고 있는 것으로 나 타났다. 본 연구는 국제 학생과 현지 학생 간의 교류 프로그램을 활성화 하고, 정서적 안정을 지원하기 위한 상담 서비스를 제공할 것을 제언하 며, 이러한 연구 결과를 확장하기 위한 향후 연구 방향을 제안한다.

본 연구는 국내 유통 후 분화 칼랑코에 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Queen Bell’의 배지 수분함량에 따른 분화품질 및 수명 차이를 분석하고자 수행되었다. 출하 후 배지 내 수분함량(Substrate moisture content, %)은 매주 관수를 통해 고습(≥90%), 중습 (40~55%), 저습(10~30%) 3수준으로 처리하였다. 분화수명은 저습처리가 고습과 중습처리보다 36.8~42.3% 단축시켰다. 분 화수명 종료증상 중 잎의 황화증상은 저습처리에서 100% 나타 났다. 분화의 초장은 출하 후 분화수명 종료시점인 4주차에는 차이가 없었으나, 식물폭은 저습 처리가 고습과 중습 처리보다 13.4~15.4% 낮았다. 전체 꽃눈수와 개화된 꽃수는 1주차에는 처리간 차이가 없었으나, 4주차에 저습 처리에서 고습과 중습 처리구보다 낮았다. 개화율(Flowering rate)은 모든 처리구에 서 시간 경과에 따라 증가하였으나, 저습처리의 출하 대비 개화 율(Flwering compared to shipment)은 3주 이후부터 가장 낮았다. 5주차의 지상부의 생체중 및 건물중은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 반면 지하부의 생체중 및 건물중은 저습 처리가 고습과 중습 처리보다 모두 낮았다. 출하 후 4주차의 잎의 엽록소함량, Fv/Fm, 기공크기변화율은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 이때, 꽃잎과 잎의 온도는 고습처리에서 중습처리보다 낮았고, 저습처리에서 중습처리보다 높았다. 결론적으로 분화 칼랑코에의 출하 후 배 지 내 저습(10~30%)처리는 고습(≥90%)과 중습(40~55%)처리에 비해 분화수명을 단축시켰고, 잎의 황화현상을 증가시켰다. 특히 저습처리는 분화수명 종료 시점에 식물 폭, 전체 꽃눈수, 개화된 꽃수, 출하 대비 개화율, 지하부의 생제중 및 건물중을 감소시켰고, 꽃잎과 잎의 온도를 증가시켰다.