Nowadays, artificial intelligence model approaches such as machine and deep learning have been widely used to predict variations of water quality in various freshwater bodies. In particular, many researchers have tried to predict the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in inland water, which pose a threat to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this study were to: 1) review studies on the application of machine learning models for predicting the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and its metabolites and 2) prospect for future study on the prediction of cyanobacteria by machine learning models including deep learning. In this study, a systematic literature search and review were conducted using SCOPUS, which is Elsevier’s abstract and citation database. The key results showed that deep learning models were usually used to predict cyanobacterial cells, while machine learning models focused on predicting cyanobacterial metabolites such as concentrations of microcystin, geosmin, and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in reservoirs. There was a distinct difference in the use of input variables to predict cyanobacterial cells and metabolites. The application of deep learning models through the construction of big data may be encouraged to build accurate models to predict cyanobacterial metabolites.

Non-face-to-face lectures have become a necessity rather than an option since COVID-19, and in order to improve the quality of university education, it is necessary to explore the properties of non-face-to-face lectures and make active efforts to improve them. This study, focusing on this, aims to provide basic data necessary for decision-making for non-face-to-face lecture design by analyzing the relative importance and execution satisfaction of non-face-to-face lecture attributes for professors and students. Based on previous research, a questionnaire was constructed by deriving 4 factors from 1st layer and 17 from 2nd layer attributes of non-face-to-face lectures. A total of 180 valid samples were used for analysis, including 60 professors and 120 students. The importance of the non-face-to-face lecture properties was calculated by obtaining the weights for each stratified element through AHP(Analytic Hierachy Process) analysis, and performance satisfaction was calculated through statistical analysis based on the Likert 5-point scale. As a result of the AHP analysis, both the professor group and the student group had the same priority for the first tier factors, but there was a difference in the priorities between the second tier factors, so it seems necessary to discuss this. As a result of the IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) analysis, the professor group selected the level of interaction as an area to focus on, and it was confirmed that research and investment in teaching methods for smooth interaction are necessary. The student group was able to confirm that it is urgent to improve and invest in the current situation so that the system can be operated stably by selecting the system stability. This study uses AHP analysis for professors and students groups to derive relative importance and priority, and calculates the IPA matrix using IPA analysis to establish the basis for decision-making on future face-to-face and non-face-to-face lecture design and revision. It is meaningful that it was presented.

Recently, transfer learning techniques with a base convolutional neural network (CNN) model have widely gained acceptance in early detection and classification of crop diseases to increase agricultural productivity with reducing disease spread. The transfer learning techniques based classifiers generally achieve over 90% of classification accuracy for crop diseases using dataset of crop leaf images (e.g., PlantVillage dataset), but they have ability to classify only the pre-trained diseases. This paper provides with an evaluation scheme on selecting an effective base CNN model for crop disease transfer learning with regard to the accuracy of trained target crops as well as of untrained target crops. First, we present transfer learning models called CDC (crop disease classification) architecture including widely used base (pre-trained) CNN models. We evaluate each performance of seven base CNN models for four untrained crops. The results of performance evaluation show that the DenseNet201 is one of the best base CNN models.

목적 : 인공지능의 기계학습 또는 심층학습을 이용한 연구가 다양한 분야에서 시도되고 있다. 본 연구는 공공 시력데이터를 자동화 수집하고, 수집한 데이터를 기계학습에 적용 및 예측하였다. 다양한 학습모델간 성능을 비교 함으로써, 시과학분야에서 적용 가능한 기계학습 최적화모델을 제시함에 있다. 방법 : 국민건강보험(NHISS) 및 통계포털(KOSIS)에 발표된 국민 시력분포 현황관련 자료를 특정 색인을 포함하 는 자료검색기법인 크롤링(crawling)을 사용하여 검색 및 수집을 자동화하였다. 2011년부터 2018년까지 보고된 모든 자료를 수집하였으며, 데이터 학습을 위해 Linear Regression, LASSO, Ridge, Elastic Net, Huber Regression, LASSO/LARS, Passive Aggressive Regressor 그리고 Pansacregressor 총 8개 모델을 사용하여 각각 데이터 학습 하였다. 결과 : 수집한 데이터를 기반으로 기계학습 모델을 통해 2018년을 예측하였다. 각 모델간 2018년도 실제-예측데 이터 차이를 MAE(Mean Absolute Error)와 RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) 점수로 각각 나타냈다. 학습모델 별 차이 중 MAE 평가결과 모델간 우/좌 Linear Regression(0.22/0.22), LASSO(0.83/0.81), RIDGE(0.31/0.31), Elastic Net(0.86/0.84), Huber Regression(0.14/0.07), LASSO/LARS(0.15/0.14), Passive Aggressive Regressor (0.29/0.18) 그리고 RANSA Regressor(0.22/0.22)를 보였다. RMSE에서 Linear Regression(0.40/0.40), LASSO (1.08/1.06), Ridge(0.54/0.54), Elastic Net(1.19/1.17), Huber Regression(0.20/0.20), LASSO/LARS(0.24/0.23), Passive Aggressive Regressor(0.21/0.58) 그리고 RANSA Regressor(0.40/0.40) 각각 나타냈다. 결론 : 본 연구는 자동화 자료검색 및 수집을 위한 크롤링 기법을 이용하여 데이터를 수집하였다. 이를 기반으 로 고전 선형모델을 기계학습에 적용할 수 있도록 하고, 데이터 학습을 위한 8개 학습모델들 간 성능을 비교하였다.

The current study aims at investigating differences, if any, of EFL learners' and teachers' (native and non-native English teachers) perception of the role of grammar instruction and error correction in L2 learning. For this study 617 college students, 53 non-native teachers, and 41 native teachers were asked to respond to a survey questionnaire. The findings were as follows: 1) some discrepancies were evident between the two teacher groups in perception of grammar instruction, while they shared similar perceptions of error correction; 2) the more proficient in English the students were, the more positive perception of the two constructs they showed; and 3) the Korean teacher group and students showed less negative perceptions of grammar instruction than the native teacher group, whereas differences between the students and the two teacher groups were noticeable. Teaching implications are discussed in view of the necessity of exploring students' and teachers' perception of grammar instruction and error correction.

본 연구는 국내 대학의 중국어-한국어 탄뎀수업에서 학습자주도 평가 방법으로 동료평가 를 도입하여 이에 대한 학업성취도와 학습자의 정의적 태도에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 동료 평가와 교사평가와의 일치도를 알아보고자 한다. 연구 대상은 부산 지역 대학의 2학년 중국 어-한국어 탄뎀수업 수강자 224명으로 학생들은 동료평가와 교사평가를 실시한 실험반과 교 사평가를 실시한 통제반으로 나누어 한 학기 동안의 탄뎀 학습과 3차례의 평가 활동을 하였 다. 그 결과 첫째, 실험반, 통제반 모두 학업성취도에서 긍정적인 효과가 보였다. 둘째, 학습 태도 변화에서는 실험반에서 유의미한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 마지막으로 동료평가 와 교사평가 사이의 일치도는 비교적 높게 나타났다. 이는 동료평가방법이 신뢰할 수 있는 평가방법이자 탄뎀수업에서 충분히 활용가능성 있음을 보여주고 있으며, 학습 효과도 긍정적 임을 증명한다.

This paper attempts to stress the importance of teaching Chinese proverbs by comparing proverbs of Korea and China. The study divides the proverbs into two broad categories: equivalent switch and non-equivalent switch. The equivalent switch refers to the proverbs with various forms but the same meaning. Accordingly, they are divided into four types: 1) the same form and the same meaning, 2) similar form and the same meaning, 3) different form but the same meaning, and 4) those with local names but the same meaning. Likewise, non-equivalent switch, the proverbs with different meanings, are divided into three types: 5) the same form but different meaning, 6) those with strong influence of local names, and finally 7) those with strong influence of food cultures. The paper suggests that Korean leaners should improve their understandings about Chinese proverbs and their abilities to use those proverbs appropriately in real situations of communication.

The present study aims to compare teacher talk and the course book used as a source of vocabulary input. For the research purpose, part of Yenny Corpus (Kwon, 2013) was used to analyze the vocabulary content of the two input sources. Yenny Corpus consists of a total of 247,398 words collected from EFL classes of four native and five non-native university lecturers. In this study, however, the data of 1,416 words by the native teachers and 1,651 words by the non-native teachers with their course book scripts were used. To analyze the quantity and quality of the vocabulary use (e.g., level, diversity) of the two input sources, some representative word lists such as BNC-COCA 25,000 word family list topped on Range Program (Heatley & Nation, 2002) were applied. The results show that the teachers (including both native and non-native teachers) orally provide 8,090 word types while their course books introduce 4,713. The non-native teachers provide a little more vocabulary input compared with the native teachers’ talk. In addition, the level of the vocabulary provided by the non-native teachers seems more appropriate for their students’ vocabulary ability. Nevertheless, in order to generalize the findings further research is needed in different settings.

Purpose: This study sheds light on the learning experiences of simulation-based education in nursing, through a comparative analysis with clinical practice experiences. Methods: Participants were six nursing students who underwent simulation-based nursing education. In-depth focused individual interviews were conducted, and themes were extracted from the data through content analysis. Results: Two essential themes were extracted: 1) shift from being an observer to being active participants and 2) shift from unidimensional to multi-dimensional problem solving. Conclusion: These results indicate that simulation-based education was effective in enhancing learning attitude and problem-solving skills. These results can also guide nurse educators regarding the conditions under which simulation environments are more effective

The purpose of this study is to provide compared evidences on the definition and variables of intrinsic motivation of French and English learners. In spite of its prevalence and importance, intrinsic motivation in learning has been underestimated and ill-defined. This study highlights the limitations of contemporary studies and suggests implications for further research. In this article, studies on intrinsic motivation in learning are reviewed around two main issues: First, the types and characteristics of student’s motivation; then, the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation to learn. The findings showed that, set aside intrinsic values, all the variables for learning English are significantly higher than those for learning French. However, the results indicated that the intrinsic motivation for learning French is significantly higher than that for learning English.

Tandem学习法指的是两个不同母语的学习者通过自主地交流来学习对 方的语言和文化等。通过Tandem学习法，学习者不仅能够提高自身的语言 交流能力，而且还可以锻炼自主学习能力、跨文化交际能力以及协助能力 等。它是一种建立在自主学习、跨文化学习和伙伴关系基础上的学习方法。 因此，这种学习法跟自主学习和合作学习理论有密切关系。 本文通过研究自主学习与合作学习的相关理论,借助问卷,调查Tandem 学习者的自主学习能力和同伴评价结果中汉语、韩国语学习的情况,并对问 卷调查结果进行分析和讨论,从而提出改进Tandem学习法的评价模式和方 法。Tandem学习的评价不同于传统的教学评价，像合作学习的评价模式一 样，Tandem学习的评价模式以促进每一个学生的发展为目的，强化小组成 员的积极行为，并为小组合作学习成功提供手段。 本文探讨Tandem课程中同伴评价对学习者的自主学习能力以及汉语、 韩国语学习能力所起的作用。研究结果表明，在使用汉语-韩国语Tandem 课程中，同伴评价对学生的汉语、韩语学习能力影响最大。因此，注重探讨 同伴评价在汉语-韩国语Tandem课程中的可行性和有效性，也发现同伴评 价结果和教师结果的一致性。因此只要设计合理、操作严谨，汉语-韩国语 Tandem课程中的同伴评价可以作为一种有效地评价方式，融入到Tandem 学习法和其他合作学习中，促进学生的外语学习。

한국어 교육에서 가장 중요한 핵심 요소 중 하나는 한자계 어휘에 대한 교육이 다. 어떤 언어의 학습에서와 마찬가지로 한국어 학습은 또 하나의 다른 언어적 도 구를 학습하는 것이다. 주지하다시피 한자계 어휘는 한국어 어휘의 중추적 요소이 다. 곧 한국어의 학습 목표에 따라 학습자는 더 많은 한자계 어휘를 습득하고 활 용해야 하는 필요성이 있다. 또 다른 측면에서 한자와 한자계 어휘교육은 다른 한자문화권 언어 교육으로의 접근 용이성을 높여주며, 긍정적 전이를 통한 교육의 효율성을 담보할 수 있는 중 요한 요소이며, 그 국가의 문화적 특성을 이해하고 수용하는데도 매우 중요한 요 소로 작용할 수 있다. 결국 한국어 교육에서 수행되는 한자와 어휘 교육은 1차적으로는 한국어를 교육하려는 목적에서 그 유용성을 가지지만, 다른 측면에서 볼 때 그 한자문화권 모 든 국가의 전통문화를 수용하고, 그 국가의 개별 언어를 학습하는데 일정 정도 기 여할 수 있다. 이런 측면에서 내국인을 대상으로 하는 “한문”교과의 교과목표와 상당 부분 일치한다고 할 수 있다. 이는 한문교과가 한국만의 독특한 개별교과로 만 유의미한 것이 아니라 한자문화권의 기초교양교과로 역할이 변경 혹은 증대될 수 있음을 말해준다. 본고는 이런 측면에서 한자계 어휘 교육이 특정 국가의 언어를 벗어나 한자문 화권 전체의 공통적이며 기본적인 교육이 될 수 있음을 말하였다.

This study is for analysis in words and pictures of students who are educated about music appreciation with smart devices. 109 male and female students at G-elementary school in Gyeonggi-do has been tested. There are two classes. One is Game Class these students has played music game, and the other is Listening Class these students has just listened the music. The words and pictures of two class students after their own class are compared. The students of Game Class has expressed creatively. In case of the pictures about “Symphonie No. 9 ‘Z nového svĕta’ Op. 95”, most students of Listening Class draw only sharks because of the music used at CF of the shark model ice-cream, but most students of Game Class draw a lot of types: battles, musical instruments, landscapes, etc… As a result, creative expression is expected to the students who are educated with smart devices in regular school classes.

목적 : S-PBL학습방법이 학생들의 학업성취도와 만족도에 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 교육평가도구를 개발하여 작업치료과 학생들의 교육양상을 살펴보고, 교과목 운영에 있어서 통합교과목과 교과목 부분통합으로 운영하는 학과간의 차이를 비교분석하여, S-PBL학습방법의 효과를 밝히는데 있다.연구 방법 : PBL학습을 기초로 S-PBL학습방법을 경험한 간호·보건계열 학생 966명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 작업치료과는 2년간 적용한 학년과 학기별 비교와 교과목 운영에 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위해 학과간의 비교분석으로 학생들의 교육효과를 검증하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 작업치료과 학생들은 1학기보다 2학기에 학업성취도와 학습만족도가 높았으며, 1학년보다 3학년이 모든 항목에서 높았다. 특히, 그룹활동 능력은 모든 학년에서 높았다. 둘째, S-PBL학습방법은 학습자들의 문제해결 능력, 그룹활동능력, 의사소통능력, 현장실무능력에 매우 유익한 학습방법임을 분석결과 모두 통계적으로 유의했다. 셋째, 부분통합 교과목 보다는 통합교과목으로 적용된 학생들의 학업성취도가 문제해결 능력을 제외한 모든 항목이 유의하게 높았으며, 교육환경과 운영방법에 대한 학습 만족도 역시 높았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 S-PBL학습방법은 통합교과목으로 운영되고, 매학기 학 년마다 적용한 학생일수록, 학업성취도와 학습만족도가 높다. 그러므로 작업치료학과에서 학생들의 통합능력과 문제해결능력, 실무능력들을 학교교육에서 갖추고자 한다면, 통합된 교과목으로 S-PBL학습방법을 매 학기와 학년마다 확대 적용할 필요성이있음을 시사해주었다.

Learning Organization is a learning based community to make the most important value in the era of Knowledge Economy, Creation. That's why people share, facilitate personal, individual's knowledge & experience systems each other and make good thoughts & ideas in the organization. This study measures the building practices having conducted the F team in Samsung electronics using DLOQ that indicates the activate degree of Learning Organization and the quantitative degrees of Learning Organization through comparing the cross-evaluation between the already measured companies in addition to analyzing the F team's success factors. Learning Organization requires sustainable and continuous activity, not completes by changing many factors with human resources. The study will have the achievement if we measure the successful activity through global companies built a Learning Organization and facilitate the improvement activity sustainably.