This paper aims to introduce a case of improving the performance of aged naval ships' Identification Friend or Foe(IFF) equipment from Mode 4 to Mode 5, thereby enhancing operational capabilities and overcoming integration limitations. Since 2019, South Korea has been conducting a project to replace IFF equipment across the entire military, categorized into naval ship, air force aircraft, surveillance and reconnaissance, and protection. Among these, three naval classes without combat systems required not only an upgrade of their IFF equipment from Mode 4 to Mode 5 but also an integration capability that would allow them to maintain the same fire control procedures by linking with existing naval gun fire control systems. To implement this integration function, the signal processing methods of the existing IFF equipment were analyzed, and based on this, the integration function was implemented in a signal converter module. This paper is expected to serve as an important resource for future performance upgrades of internal equipment in aged naval ships.

본 연구는 소나무재선충병 피해지의 식생복원을 위해 조림된 편백을 대상으로 토양개량제의 처리 효과를 조사하기 위한 목적으로 수행하였다. 2007년 소나무재선충병 피해지에 모두베기 후 조림된 8년생 편백을 대상으로 2013년부터 2016년까지 4년 동안 목탄과 톱밥을 두 수준의 복합비료 (N6:P4:K1, N3:P4:K1)에 혼합 처리한 토양개량제 처리구와 무시비구(대조구)를 대상으로 임목 생장, 토양 및 잎 양분 특성을 조사하였다. 조사기간 동안 흉고직경 또는 수고 생장량과 측정시기에 대한 선형회귀식의 회귀계수(slope)는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, Biomass 증가량은 토양개량제 처리구와 대조구 사이의 회귀계수에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 그러나 복합비료의 시비 수준의 회귀계수는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 토양 EC를 제외한 토양 호흡, 토양온도, 토양수분 함량, 토양 pH는 토양개량제 처리구와 대조구 및 시비 수준 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 토양의 화학적 특성 중 유기탄소와 전질소 농도는 토양개량제 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였으나, 유효 인, 교환성 칼슘 및 마그네슘은 토양개량제 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 크게 나타났다. 잎의 질소 및 인 농도는 토양개량제 처리구가 대조구에 비해 증가하였으나, 칼륨과 마그네슘 농도는 처리 간 차이가 없었다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 소나무재선충병 피해지 식생복원을 위한 편백 조림지에 토양개량제 처리는 양분 유효도의 향상 및 조림목의 바이오매스 증가에 기여할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This research presented the procedural framework of developing and optimizing an artificial intelligence model for predicting the change of bread texture by different baking enhancers. Emphasis was placed on the impact of various baking enhancers on the Mixolab thermo-mechanical properties of wheat flour and consequent alterations in bread texture. The application of baking enhancers positively contributed to dough formation and stability, producing bread with a soft texture. However, a relatively low Pearson correlation coefficient was observed between a single Mixolab parameter and bread texture (r<0.59). To more accurately predict the texture of bread from the thermo-mechanical features of wheat flour with baking enhancers, five AI models (multiple linear regression, decision tree, stochastic gradient descent, random forest, and multilayer perceptron neural network) were applied, and their prediction performance was compared. The multilayer perceptron neural network model was further utilized to enhance the prediction of bread texture by mitigating overfitting risks. Finally, the hyperparameter tuning (activation function [Leaky ReLU], regularization [0.0001], and dropout [0.1]) led to enhanced model performance (R2 = 0.8109 and RMSE = 0.1096).

This paper is the result of a comparative analysis of crew members' workloads using the EMG and OWAS methods according to the fishing process before and after the improvement of the operating system of the experimental vessel, with the aim of improving operational efficiency and safety work of coastal improved stow net fishing vessels. The target crew members were three people with at least five years of experience on board the same fishing vessel as the experimental vessel. After improving the operating system, such as installing a power block crane and two capstans, change the location of the ball-roller, the time required for setting and hauling work decreased (p < .01), and the evaluation results by OWAS showed that the overall workload for setting and hauling net work decreased. The results of muscle activity analysis showed a decrease in lashing anchor work (p < .01) in the case of hauling net and in anchor dropping work in the case of setting net (p < .001). It is judged that the use of ball rollers in net handling has been reduced; consequently, work safety has been improved.

Aluminum-based powders have attracted attention as key materials for 3D printing owing to their low density, high specific strength, high corrosion resistance, and formability. This study describes the effects of TiC addition on the microstructure of the A6013 alloy. The alloy powder was successfully prepared by gas atomization and further densified using an extrusion process. We have carried out energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to investigate the effect of TiC addition on the microstructure and texture evolution of the A6013 alloy. The atomized A6013-xTiC alloy powder is fine and spherical, with an initial powder size distribution of approximately 73 μm which decreases to 12.5, 13.9, 10.8, and 10.0 μm with increments in the amount of TiC.

In order to understand basic data for improving the fishing system and fishing vessel structure in coastal improved stow net fishery, a questionnaire survey and on-site hearing were conducted from May 10 to June 11, 2019 to analyze opinions on the improvement of operation status and fishing vessel structure. The questionnaire survey consisted of ten questions on the operation status of coastal improved stow net fishery and six questions on the improvement of fishing vessel structure, and the results of each question were analyzed by the region, the captain’s age, the captain’s career and the age of fishing vessel. As a result of analyzing opinions on the operation status of the coastal improved stow net fishery, it was found that the average time required for casting net was 32.8 to 33.0 minutes and that the average time required for hauling net was 41.0 to 42.2 minutes which took 10 to 12 minutes more than for casting net. The most important work requiring improvement during fishing operation (the first priority) were ‘hauling net operation,’ ‘readjustment and storage of fishing gear,’ and ‘fish handling’ and the hardest factor in fishing management were in the order of ‘reduction of catch,’ ‘labor shortage’ and ‘rising labor costs.’ The most institutional improvement that is most needed in coastal improved stow net fishery was an ‘using fine mesh nets.’ Most of the respondent to the questions on the experience in hiring foreign crews was ‘either hiring or willing to hire foreign crews,’ and the average number of foreign crews employed was found to be 2.3 to 2.4 persons. The most important reason for hiring (or considering employment) foreign crews was ‘high labor costs.’ The degree of communication with foreign crews during fishing operation were ‘moderate’ or ‘difficult to direct work.’ The most important problem in hiring foreign crews (the first priority) was an ‘illegal departure.’ As the survey results on the opinion of structural improvement of coastal improved stow net fishing vessel, the degree of satisfaction with fishing vessel structure related to fishing operation was found to be somewhat unsatisfactory, with an average of 3.3 points on a five-point scale. The inconvenient structure of fishing vessel in possession (the first priority), the space needed most for the construction of new fishing vessel (the first priority) and the space considered important for the construction of new fishing vessel (the first prioprity) was a ‘fish warehouse.’ The most preferred equipment for the construction of new fishing vessel were ‘engine operation monitoring’ and ‘navigation safety devices.’ The average size (tonnage class), the average horse power and the average total length of fishing vessel for proper profit and safety fishing operation was between 13.8 and 14.0 tonnes, 808.3 to 819.5 H.P. and 23.4 to 23.5 meters, respectively. The results of the operation status of coastal improved stow net fishery and the requirement for improving the fishing vessel structure are expected to be provided as basic data for reference when we build or improve the fishing vessel.

본 연구에서는 한우 암소와 씨수소의 육종가를 기반으로 연도별 유전적 개량량을 추정하여 현재 한우 축군의 개량 정도를 파악하여 향후 한우 개량 방향을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 한우농가 4,040호에서 축산물품질평가원에 도축된 970,567두의 도축자료를 이용하여 10번 반복되어 추출된 표본 자료와 한우농가에서 2009년부터 2019년까지 사육되고 도축된 개체 중에서 한국종축개량협회에 혈통등록 되어 있는 거세우를 선별하여 결측치 및 이상치를 제거하고 도축월령이 27~32개월 이외의 기록은 분석에서 제외한 후, 1,391,141두의 도체 자료를 분석에 이용하였다. 이용된 형질은 도체중(Carcass Weight, CW), 등심단면적(Eye Muscle Area, EMA), 등지방두께(Backfat Thickness, BF) 및 근내지방도(Marbling Score, MS)의 4개 형질을 고려하였다. Random Sampling 10 반복되어 추출된 Data 1의 도체중, 등심단면적, 등지방두께 및 근내지방도의 개량추세에 대한 회귀계수는 매년 평균 0.44㎏, 0.197㎠, -0.051㎜ 및 0.034점으로 나타났으며, 도축성적을 보유한 전체 개체의 자료로 구성된 Data 2에서는 각각 0.35㎏, 0.22㎠, 0.06㎜ 및 0.04점의 개량추세를 보였다. Data 2에서 씨수소의 개량추세는 1.54㎏, 0.343㎠, -0.045㎜ 및 0.050점의 추세를 보였으며 암소와 씨수소 간에는 1.19㎏, 0.119㎠, -0.014㎜ 및 0.010점의 차이를 보였다. 유전적 개량량을 확인하기 위하여 육종가의 표준편차를 이용하였으며, 암소의 선발강도는 본 연구에서 보고한 암소의 후대 거세우 기록 빈도 및 비율을 통해 계산하였다. 한우 암소의 선발 시기를 3산차 이전을 기준으로 하는 것과 4산차 이후를 기준으로 하는 것으로 나눠서 선발강도를 적용하였다. 그 결과, 암소의 선발 시기를 3산차 이전으로 했을 때 세대당 유전적 개량량은 도체중, 등심단면적, 등지방두께 및 근내지방도에서 각각 5.04㎏, 1.31㎠, 0.71㎜ 및 0.32점으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 현재 한우 암소집단에서 정확한 육종가를 추정하고, 유전적 개량량을 높이기 위해서는 후대의 기록을 높이기 위한 육종 계획이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

토종닭의 중요성은 대부분의 농업인 단체에서 자원이 부족한 농업인들을 위한 중요한 사업으로 인식되면서 수년에 걸쳐 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 사업은 낮은 수익률과 비경제적인 문제에 직면 해 있다. 케냐 농축산 연구기구(KALRO) 의 이전 기구이었던 케냐 케냐농업연구기구(KARI)는 토종 닭의 생산성 향상을위한 연구에 앞장서 왔다. KARI의 개량 닭 사양관리 기술은 생산성 저하 문제를 줄이기 위한 연구를 수행 하였다. KALRO는 KOPIA 프로젝트를 통해 지난 5년 동안 Machakos와 Kiambu County의 두 모델 마을에서 기술 이전을 추진 하였다. 본 연구는 KARI의 개량 닭이 식량과 가구 소득에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 두 카운티 모두 입식률이 2008년 2%에서 증가했으며, 2016년 Machakos County의 시범마을 참여 농업인의 59%와 Kiambu 에서 39%가 입식 한 최고치를 기록하였다. 그러나 병아리 입식은 2017년에 감소하다 다시 2018년에 증가하기 시작하였다. 두 카운티에서 2018 년에 판매 된 계란의 수는 Kiambu카운티에 서 230% 증가하였고, Machakos카운티 시범마을에서는 한 달에 가장 높은 963% 증가를 기록하면서 크게 증가하였다. 이는 주로 연간 180~250개의 알을 낳는 KALRO 개량 닭의 도입에 기인하였다. 이것은 계란 생산과 판매로 식량 및 가구 소득 증가로 이어졌습니다. 이 결과는 KARI 개량 닭이 가정의 식량과 소득 안정에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 보여주었다.

This study was conducted to determine whether the layout of wheelhouse and work environment of coastal improved stow net fishing boats affect the physical abnormalities of wheelhouse workers through a survey and to use it as basic data to improve the wheelhouse work environment. The analysis results are as follows. The result of factor analysis on the wheelhouse work environment was classified into three factors: suitability of work environment, suitability of work space arrangement, and layout of navigational and fishing equipment. The result of factor analysis on physical abnormalities was divided into two factors: physical pain and fatigue. The results of regression model analysis showing factors affecting physical pain showed that the t-value in the regression model was 3.625 (p < 0.05), indicating that the work environment suitability had an effect on the physical pain. Work environment suitability had a significantly positive effect on the physical pain. As work environment suitability increased by 1, the physical pain increased by 0.371 (p < 0.05). The results of regression model analysis showing the influencing factors on fatigue were found to have a t-value of 3.009 (p < 0.05) in the regression model, indicating that the work environment suitability had a significantly positive effect on the feeling of fatigue. It was found that fatigue increased by 0.324 (p < 0.05) as the work environment suitability increased by 1. In addition, the manageability of task suitability was found to be t = –2.521 (p > 0.05). As the manageability of task suitability increased, the skipper’s fatigue level decreased. From these results, it is inferred that the wheelhouse of the current coastal improved stow net fishing boats causes physical pain and fatigue for the skippers. In order to reduce such physical pain and fatigue, and to improve safe fishing operation and job satisfaction, it is necessary to provide a wheelhouse to fishermen on coastal improved stow net fishing boats in consideration of the characteristics of the wheelhouse work of fishing boats and in consideration of users.

In order to collect basic data for the improvement of fishing systems in coastal improved stow net fishery, a questionnaire survey and on-site hearing were conducted from May 10 to June 11, 2019 on the basic items of coastal improved stow net fishery and safety accidents that occurred during fishing operation. The questionnaire for the survey on the actual conditions of coastal improved stow net fishery consisted of a survey on basic matters (six questions) and a questionnaire (six questions) on safety accidents occurring during fishing operation. The results of the survey on basic items were analyzed by region (Incheon, Seocheon, Gunsan and Mokpo), by the captain’s age (less than 50 years of age, 50 to 60 years and more than 60 years of age), by the captain’s career (less than 20 years, 20 to 30 years, 30 to 40 years and more than 40 years) and by the age of fishing vessel (less than 10 years, 10 to 20 years and more than 20 years). According to the survey on basic items of coastal improved stow net fishery such as the captain’s age, the captain’s career, the age of fishing vessel, the fishing nets in use, the crews on board and the operation days per voyage by region, the average captain’s age was 55.7 years, the average captain’s career was 20.5 years, the average age of fishing vessels was 9.0 years, the average numbers of nets used by fishing boats was 14.0 sets, the average numbers of crew on board a fishing boat was 4.4 persons and the average numbers of operation days per voyage was 4.9 days (p < 0.05). As a result of the survey on safety factors during fishing operations, such as experience of ship accidents, major causes of ship accidents experienced, causes of ship accidents (first priority), experience of human accidents, major causes of human accidents, and causes of human accidents (first priority), more than 96% of the respondents experienced ship accidents including collisions with other vessels or fishing gear during fishing operations. The most significant cause of the accident was the other’s fishing gear installed in the fishing grounds. The first possible causes of ship accidents during fishing operations were found to be other fishing gear installed in fishing grounds, steering or engine failure, and inability to avoid accidents during casting and hauling nets. The survey of the experience of human accidents, such as injuries or sea falls, showed that more than 90% of the respondents experienced human accidents during fishing operations. The most important cause of accidents experienced during fishing operations was stucked in a fishing gear during casting and hauling nets. The first important causes of accidents during fishing operations were movement of the fishing gear during casting and hauling nets, damage of the fishing gear such as rope cutting. The results are expected to be provided as a basic data to prevent safety accidents occurring during fishing operation and improve the fishing system in the coastal improved stow net fishery.

본 연구는 고농도 염화칼슘 처리 토양에서 토양개량제인 하이드로볼, 활성탄의 처리와 수크령 식재 유무에 따른 토양침출수 의 화학적 특성과 토양 내 염분 저감 효과에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 수행하였다. 고농도 제설제처리 염분토양에서 토양개량 제 하이드로볼, 활성탄의 염분 저감 효과 및 수크령의 식재 효과를 알아보기 위하여 2018년 4월부터 10월까지 유리온실에 직경 10 cm, 높이 9 cm의 플라스틱 포트에 수크령을 식재하고 무처리 (Cont.), 하이드로볼 (H), 활성탄 (AC), 수크령식재 (P), 하이드로볼 + 수크령식재 (H + P), 활성탄 + 수크령식재 (AC + P) 총 6개의 처리구로 나누었다. 염화칼슘 (CaCl2) 처리는 10 mg/L 농도의 수용액을 조제하여 2주 간격 1회 200mL씩 분주하였다. 토양침출수 분석은 pH와 EC, 염류계 치환성양이온 (K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) 함량을 측정하였고, 수크령의 생육은 초장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽수를 측정한 뒤 실험종료 후 생체중, 건물중, 건물률, T/R률을 조사 분석하였다. 토양침출수 화학성 분석결과, 토양산도는 처리구별 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지는 않았으나 모든 처리구에서 약산성을 띄었으며, 전기전도도는 H + P, P, AC + P, H, AC, Cont. 순으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 염류계 치환성양이온함량에 있어서 토양 염류도의 지표라 할 수 있는 Ca2+ 항목에서 Cont., P, H, AC, H + P, AC + P 순으로 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 수크령의 생육변화는 H + P, AC + P, P 순으로 초장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽수 모든 항목에서 상대생장률이 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 따라서 하이드로볼과 활성탄은 제설제 피해지역 토양개량제로 활용가치가 높으며 수크령은 토양 내 고농도 염화칼슘 염분저감 식물소재로 적합한 수종이라 판단된다.