This study focused on improving the solubility of silodosin, a drug poorly soluble in water, by utilizing solid dispersions. Three types of dispersions were examined and compared against the drug powder: surface-attached (SA), solvent-wetted (SW), and solvent-evaporated (SE). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was identified as the most effective polymer in enhancing solubility. These dispersions were prepared using spray-drying techniques with silodosin and PVA as the polymer, employing solvents such as water, ethanol, and a water-acetone mix. The physicochemical properties and solubility of the dispersions were evaluated. The surface-attached dispersions featured the polymer on a crystalline drug surface, the solvent-wetted dispersions had the amorphous drug on the polymer, and the solvent-evaporated dispersions produced nearly round particles with both components amorphous. Testing revealed that the order of improved solubility was: solvent-evaporated, solvent-wetted, and surface-attached. The results demonstrated that the preparation method of the solid dispersions significantly impacted their physicochemical properties and solubility enhancement.

In this study, data on indication errors within the range of 0 to 10 mm were measured using a dial gauge, which is widely used as a comparative measuring instrument in the field. Using Minitab, a statistical program, measurement conditions were determined during calibration of measuring instruments. Since the P value of the test statistic for the indication error is 0.000 to 0.003, the alternative hypothesis (H1) that no significant difference occurs due to a change in the measurement point at the significance level of 0.05 was adopted.

Al2O3 has excellent sintering properties and is important in semiconductor manufacturing processes that require high-temperature resistance and chemical inertness in a plasma environment. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the chemical characteristics, physical properties, crystal structure, and dispersion stability of three commercially available Al2O3 powders was conducted. The aim was to provide a technological foundation for selecting and utilizing appropriate Al2O3 powders in practical applications. All powders exhibited α-Al2O3 as the main phase, with the presence of beta-phase Na2O-11Al2O3 as the secondary phase. The highest Na+ ion leaching was observed in the aqueous slurry state due to the presence of the secondary phase. Although the average particle size difference among the three powders was not significant, distinct differences in particle size distribution were observed. ALG-1SH showed a broad particle size distribution, P162 exhibited a bimodal distribution, and AES-11 displayed a uniform unimodal distribution. Highconcentration Al2O3 slurries showed differences in viscosity due to ion release when no dispersant was added, affecting the electrical double-layer thickness. Polycarboxylate was found to effectively enhance the dispersion stability of all three powders. In the dispersion stability analysis, ALG-1SH exhibited the slowest sedimentation tendency, as evidenced by the low TSI value, while P162 showed faster precipitation, influenced by the particle size distribution.

The CMM is the most widely used measuring device in the field. The three-dimensional measurement method is divided into a method of scanning the shape of a product and a touch method. In this study, the accuracy of the dimension and shape of each measurement point touch method was analyzed based on the measured value with the touch method CMM using the inner and outer diameter measurement specimens. Through the experimental results, it was possible to obtain the closest value to the true value at more than 30 measurement points.

In this study, the change in the mold opening stroke of important functional parts according to the 20, 50, 80, and 100% increase in the injection speed of a hydraulic 150 ton hydraulic injection molding machine was studied to verify the accuracy of the injection speed and mold opening stroke and the reproducibility of the standard deviation. The null and alternative hypotheses were confirmed by conducting hypothesis verification according to the experimental condition change using the experimental design method.

In this study, measurement errors of the X and Y axes were verified by using an 80-100 mm gauge block, an NPL type angle measuring device, and a spelling on a contact-type 3D measuring device surface plate. In addition, the measurement specimen was repeatedly measured 10 times at 10° intervals from 0° to 40° to confirm the average value and standard deviation. After confirming the statistical test value (P) through ANOVA analysis of the statistical program, the correlation between angle change and error was confirmed.

The PoN (Proof of Nonce) distributed consensus algorithm basically uses a non-competitive consensus method that can guarantee an equal opportunity for all nodes to participate in the block generation process, and this method was expected to resolve the first trilemma of the blockchain, called the decentralization problem. However, the decentralization performance of the PoN distributed consensus algorithm can be greatly affected by the network transaction transmission delay characteristics of the nodes composing the block chain system. In particular, in the consensus process, differences in network node performance may significantly affect the composition of the congress and committee on a first-come, first-served basis. Therefore, in this paper, we presented a problem by analyzing the decentralization performance of the PoN distributed consensus algorithm, and suggested a fairness control algorithm using a learning-based probabilistic acceptance rule to improve it. In addition, we verified the superiority of the proposed algorithm by conducting a numerical experiment, while considering the block chain systems composed of various heterogeneous characteristic systems with different network transmission delay.

In recent years, importance of blockchain systems has been grown after success of bitcoin. Distributed consensus algorithm is used to achieve an agreement, which means the same information is recorded in all nodes participating in blockchain network. Various algorithms were suggested to resolve blockchain trilemma, which refers conflict between decentralization, scalability, security. An algorithm based on Byzantine Agreement among Decentralized Agents (BADA) were designed for the same manner, and it used limited committee that enables an efficient consensus among considerable number of nodes. In addition, election of committee based on Proof-of-Nonce guarantees decentralization and security. In spite of such prominence, application of BADA in actual blockchain system requires further researches about performance and essential features affecting on the performance. However, performance assessment committed in real systems takes a long time and costs a great deal of budget. Based on this motivation, we designed and implemented a simulator for measuring performance of BADA. Specifically, we defined a simulation framework including three components named simulator Command Line Interface, transaction generator, BADA nodes. Furthermore, we carried out response surface analysis for revealing latent relationship between performance measure and design parameters. By using obtained response surface models, we could find an optimal configuration of design parameters for achieving a given desirable performance level.

미국선녀벌레(Metcalfa pruinosa)는 2009년 국내에 최초로 보고된 이후 남부지역 단감 과원을 중심으로 다양한 농작물에 경제적 피해를 야기한다. 미국선녀벌레는 기주 범위가 넓고 다양하여 농경지뿐 아니라 산림지역에도 존재하여 과수원 인근 산림에서 농경지로 유입되는 개체로 인하여 효율적인 방제를 위한 시간적, 공간적 범위를 결정하는데 어려움이 많다. 본 연구에서는 투명 점착트랩을 이용하여 단감원에서 미국선녀벌 레의 발생 양상과 유입 및 유출 경향을 조사하였고, SADIE(Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices)를 사용하여 공간분포를 조사하였다. 또한 조사 시점간 공간분포의 상관관계를 분석하여, 분포의 패턴의 변화하는 시점들을 확인하였다. 단감원에서 미국선녀벌레의 발생 최성기는 5월 중 순과 8월 중순으로 5월에는 약충이, 8월에는 성충이 발견되었다. 10월 이후에는 발견되지 않았다. 5월 중하순경 부화한 약충은 임의분포 하였으나 포장 외부로 분산한 후 집중 분포하는 패턴을 보였다. 성충은 다시 포장으로 유입된 후 임의분포하였다. 트랩 높이별 채집 정도는 약충기에는 상대적으로 아래쪽 트랩에서, 성충기에는 위쪽 트랩에서 많이 채집되었다. 이러한 경향성은 포장 내부와 주변부의 밀도 변화에서도 확인할 수 있 었고, 포장 내 단감에서의 미국선녀벌레 실제 밀도와도 매우 유사한 경향을 보였다.

다수의 선박이 조우하였을 경우, 충돌 피항을 위해 상대 선박의 의도를 파악하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 또한 다수의 선박의 의도를 동시에 고려하여 충돌 피항 계획을 세우는 것은 항해사에게 큰 부담이 될 수 있다. 이를 위해 분산 알고리즘이 제안 되었다. 분산 알고리즘은 각각의 선박이 다수의 상대 선박과 정보 교환을 통해 안전한 코스를 탐색할 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문에서는 분산 알고리즘의 하나인 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘을 선박 충돌 피항에 적용하였다. 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘에서 선박은 비용 감소가 가장 큰 코스와 기존의 코스를 확률과 제한 조건에 따라 선택한다. 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘은 확률과 제한 조건에 따라 다섯 가지 종류로 나눠진다. 본 논문에서는 다섯 가지 종류의 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘을 선박 충돌 피항을 위해 적용하였으며 선박 충돌 피항에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 어떠한 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘이 충돌 피항에 적합한지를 실험하였다. 실험 결과 다섯 가지 버전의 분산 확률 탐색 알고리즘에서 A와 B방식이 효과적으로 선박 충돌 피항을 수행하였다. 본 알고리즘은 분산 시스템 환경에서 선박 충돌 방지를 위해 적용 가능할 거라 기대된다.

Ni-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys have a higher usable temperature and better hightemperature mechanical properties than conventional superalloys. They are therefore being explored for applications in various fields such as those of aerospace and gas turbines. In general, ODS alloys are manufactured from alloy powders by mechanical alloying of element powders. However, our research team produces alloy powders in which the Ni5Y intermetallic phase is formed by an atomizing process. In this study, mechanical alloying was performed using a planetary mill to analyze the milling behavior of Ni-based oxide dispersions strengthened alloy powder in which the Ni5Y is the intermetallic phase. As the milling time increased, the Ni5Y intermetallic phase was refined. These results are confirmed by SEM and EPMA analysis on microstructure. In addition, it is confirmed that as the milling increased, the mechanical properties of Ni-based ODS alloy powder improve due to grain refinement by plastic deformation.

Recently, blockchain technology has been recognized as one of the most important issues for the 4th Industrial Revolution which can be represented by Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things. Cryptocurrency, named Bitcoin, was the first successful implementation of blockchain, and it triggered the emergence of various cryptocurrencies. In addition, blockchain technology has been applied to various applications such as finance, healthcare, manufacturing, logistics as well as public services. Distributed consensus algorithm is an essential component in blockchain, and it enables all nodes belonging to blockchain network to make an agreement, which means all nodes have the same information. For example, Bitcoin uses a consensus algorithm called Proof-of-Work (PoW) that gives possession of block generation based on the computational volume committed by nodes. However, energy consumption for block generation in PoW has drastically increased due to the growth of computational performance to prove the possession of block. Although many other distributed consensus algorithms including Proof-of-Stake are suggested, they have their own advantages and limitations, and new research works should be proposed to overcome these limitations. For doing this, above all things, we need to establish an evaluation method existing distributed consensus algorithms. Based on this motivation, in this work, we suggest and analyze assessment items by classifying them as efficiency and safety perspectives for investigating existing distributed consensus algorithms. Furthermore, we suggest new assessment criteria and their implementation methods, which can be used for a baseline for improving performance of existing distributed consensus algorithms and designing new consensus algorithm in future.

In anion exchange membrane fuel cells, Pd nanoparticles are extensively studied as promising non-Pt catalysts due to their electronic structure similar to Pt. In this study, to fabricate Pd nanoparticles well dispersed on carbon support materials, we propose a synthetic strategy using mixed organic ligands with different chemical structures and functions. Simultaneously to control the Pd particle size and dispersion, a ligand mixture composed of oleylamine(OA) and trioctylphosphine(TOP) is utilized during thermal decomposition of Pd precursors. In the ligand mixture, OA serves mainly as a reducing agent rather than a stabilizer since TOP, which has a bulky structure, more strongly interacts with the Pd metal surface as a stabilizer compared to OA. The specific roles of OA and TOP in the Pd nanoparticle synthesis are studied according to the mixture composition, and the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) activity and durability of highly-dispersed Pd nanocatalysts with different particles sizes are investigated. The results of this study confirm that the Pd nanocatalyst with large particles has high durability compared to the nanocatalyst with small Pd nanoparticles during the accelerated degradation tests although they initially indicated similar ORR performance.

Corrosion inhibitors including calcium hydroxide have been used to prevent corrosion in the pipes for tap water supply. The corrosion index (i.e., Langelier Index) differs by area and water quality. The corrosion indices of the areas studied differed by more than 2.0. The ‘homogenized’ calcium hydroxide was added to the treated water at the K water treatment plant, in order to increase the value of the corrosion index and the concentration of calcium. As the result, the concentration of calcium was increased while the turbidity and pH changed little. The corrosion rate of the tap water with the 'homogenized' calcium hydroxide could be slowed down pretty much. The results suggested that the technology of 'homogenization' of calcium hydroxide can applied to tap water and desalinated water to prevent corrosion in water pipes even in corrosive pipes.

The objective of this study is to investigate patent trends of Daegu city which tries to introduce environment friendly energy and to develop new technology or new industry sprung from technology convergence on smart decentralized energy technology and other technologies. After applying network analysis to corresponding groups of technology or industry convergence, strategy for future energy convergence industry is provided. Patent data applied in Daegu city area are used to obtain research goal. The technology which contains several IPC codes (IPC Co-occurrence) is considered as a convergence technology. Path finder network analysis is used for visualizing and grouping by using IPC codes. The analysis results categorized 13 groups in energy convergence industry and reclassified them into 3 cluster groups (Smart Energy Product Production Technology Group, Smart Energy Convergence Supply Technology Group, Smart Energy Indirect Application Technology Group) considering the technical characteristics and policy direction. Also, energy industry has evolved rapidly by technological convergence with other industries. Especially, it has been converged with IT industry, and there is a trend that energy industry will be converged with service industry and manufacturing industry such as textile, automobile parts, mechanics, and logistics by employing infrastructure as well as network. Based on the research results on core patent technology, convergence technology and inter-industry analysis, the direction of core technology research and development as well as evolution on decentralized energy industry is identified. By using research design and methodology in this study, the trend of convergence technology is investigated based on objective data (patent data). Above all, we can easily confirm the core technology in the local industry by analyzing the industrial competitiveness in the macro level. Based on this, we can identify convergence industry and technology by performing the technological convergence analysis in the micro level. 1

To perform long-term sewer monitoring, It is important to understand the nature of the wastewater flow that occurs at the point on early stage of the monitor and to prevent in advance a problem which may caused. We can infer the flow properties and external factors by analyzing the scatter graph obtained from the measured data flow rate monitoring data since an field external factor affecting the sewage flow is reflected in the flow rate monitoring data. In this study, Selecting the three points having various external factors, and we Inferred the sewer flow characteristics from depth-velocity scatter graph and determined the analysis equation for the dry-weather flow rate data. At the‘point 1’expected non-pressure flow, we were able to see the drawdown effect caused by the free fall in the manhole section. At the‘point 2’, existed weir and sediments, there was backwater effect caused by them, and each of size calculated from the scatter graph analysis were 400 mm and 130 mm. At the‘Point 3’, there is specific flow pattern that is coming from flood wave propagation generated by the pump station at upstream. In common, adequate equations to explain the dry weather flow data are flume equation and modified manning equation(SS method), and the equations had compatibility for explaining the data because all of R2 values are over 0.95.

수원을 비롯한 전국 29개 지역에서 썩덩나무노린재를 채집하여 미토콘드리아 의 Cytochrome Oxidase I 유전자를 분리, 염기서열을 조사하여, 각 지역 계통 간 DNA의 염기서열과 비교, 분석하였다. 또한 미국 5개 지역으로부터 수집된 표본도 분석에 포함하여 유전적 근친도를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 우리나라의 썩덩나무노 린재 유전자 근친도는 미국에 비해 국내 지역 계통간 서로 매우 가까운 것으로 밝혀 졌다. 발원지는 경기도 북부 지역으로 추정되며, 이 후 남쪽으로 계속 확대해간 것 으로 추정된다. 미국 종과 비교해 보면 차이가 많으나, 일부 지역에서는 미국 종과 유사성을 보이고 있다. 썩덩나무노린재가 국내 고유종으로 인정되고 있으나 미국 종들 보다 유전적 변이가 적고, 일부 중북부 지역에서 채집한 지역종이 미국 종과 유전적 근친도가 높은 점, 그리고 국내 지역 종들 간 유전적 친화도가 매우 높은 점 은 이들의 원산지에 대해 다시 한 번 생각하게 한다. 우리나라에서는 중북부 지역에 서 속하는 계통이 비교적 짧은 시간에 전국적으로 퍼져나간 것으로 추정된다. 따라 서 썩덩나무노린재는 북쪽에서 남쪽으로 전파한 것으로 생각되어 북쪽의 썩덩나 무노린재의 유전적 다양성 연구가 필요한 상황이며, 보다 면밀한 연구를 위해 개체 변이를 측정할 수 있는 마커를 가지고 심도 있는 집단 유전 연구가 필요하다.

PURPOSES : Traffic congestions which occur in the intersections of arterials lead to mobility and environment problem, and then traffic agencies and engineers have been struggling for mitigating congestions with greenhouse gas emissions. As an alternative of solving theses problems, this study is to introduce a low-cost and high-effectiveness countermeasure as unconventional intersections which are successfully in operation in U.S.. The main feature of unconventional intersections is to reroute turning movement on an approach to other approach, which consequently more green time is available for the progression of through traffic. Due to improved progression, this unique geometric design contributes to reduce delays with greenhouse gas emission and provides a viable alternative to interchanges. This study is to evaluate the potential operation and environment benefits of unconventional intersections. METHODS: This study used the VISSIM model with Synchro and EnViVer. Synchro is to optimize signal phases and EnViVer model to estimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions by each condition. RESULTS : The result shows that unconventional intersections lead to increase the capacity and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, compared to existing intersections. CONCLUSIONS: Unconventional intersections have the ability to positively impact operations and environments as a low-cost and higheffectiveness countermeasure

PURPOSES: As pavement generally provides service shorter than an expected life cycle, maintenance cost increases gradually. In order to help extending the service life and reduce maintenance cost, a new multi-functional composite pavement system is being developed in Korea. METHODS: This study is a part to develop the multi-functional composite pavement and is to investigate the mechanical performances of fiber-reinforced lean concrete for pavement subbase. The inherent problem of fiber reinforced concrete is dispersion of fibers in concrete mix. This study additionally evaluated fiber dispersion characteristics with respect to different fiber types. RESULTS: From the test results, the compressive strengths of the concretes satisfied the required limit of 5MPa at 7days. The standard deviation of the measured number of fibers were lower in the order of nylon, steel fiber and polypropylene. CONCLUSIONS: Reject ash was shown to be satisfactory as a replacement material to Portland cement in lean concrete base. The fiber volume fraction is suggested to be 0.4% even though the fracture toughness did not vary significantly with respect to fiber types. However, fracture energy absorbed up to complete failure increased with the increased fiber volume fraction increment.