This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein level and supplementation of protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microflora, intestinal morphology and fecal noxious gas emission in weanling pigs. A total of 240 weaned pigs (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 5.82±0.3 kg) were used during 4 weeks in 2 phases (days 0-14, phase 1; and days 15-28, phase 2) feeding program based on age and initial body weight. Pigs were allocated to 2×2 factorial arrangement, including 2 protein levels (HP, high protein; LP, low protein) and 2 protease levels (with or without protease). The average daily gain in the LP treatment (357 g/d) was increased rather than the HP treatment (339 g/d). A greater avarage daily gain was observed in dietary suppiemented protease treatment (358 vs 339 g/d). Average feed intake was greater in the LP treatment (544 g/d) rather than the HP treatment (530 g/d). A greater average daily feed intake was observed in dietary supplemented protease treatment (552 vs 523 g/d). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were increased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (82.62% and 76.08%, respectively) rather than non-supplemented treatment (81.74% and 75.13%, respectively). Ileal Lactobacillus spp. count increased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (7.42 vs 7.32 log10CFU/g). Emission of H2S was decreased in the LP treatment (4.41 ppm) rather than HP treatment (4.78 ppm). Emission of NH3 was decreased in dietary supplemented protease treatment (10.43 ppm vs 11.76 ppm). In conclusion, the decrease of dietary protein level and supplementation of protease had beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microflora, and noxious gas emission in weanling pigs.

막 분리 운전방식에 따른 음폐수 소화가스의 도시가스용 바이오메탄 생산연구를 상업용 시설을 대상으로 수행하였다. 연구결과 바이오메탄의 순도는 4SBR과 3SDR 모두 98.9%를 달성할 수 있었다. 소화가스 내 메탄 회수율은 4SBR 88.1%, 3SDR 79.4%이었고, 처리 소화가스량 대비 바이오메탄 생산율도 4SBR이 53.5%로 3SDR의 49.4%보다 높았다. 그러나 막 분리시설에 공급되는 가스 중 반송 가스의 비율은 4SBR이 56.5%로 3SDR 보다 두 배가량 컸으며, 이로 인해 최대 처리량에 있어서는 3SDR이 양호한 결과를 보였다. 따라서 소화가스 200 Nm3/day 이하는 4SBR, 240 Nm3/day 이상에서는 3SDR이 경제성이 좋은 것으로 판단되었다. 공정 운전변수들의 평균값 대비 운전 값들의 상대편차는 전반적으로 4SBR이 컸으며, 또한 주 운전조절 수단인 바이오메탄 인출압력 대비 주요 지표들의 상관관계에 있어서는 3SDR가 보다 직접적인 관계를 보여주었다.

청정소화약제는 지구오존층 보호를 위해 발효된 몬트리올 의정서에 따라 할론 1211 및 할론 1310을 대체할 수 있는 약제를 말한다. 국·내외적으로는 청정소화약의 시스템 표준화와 성능평가가 수행되고 있다. 본 논문은 일반적인 청정소화약제 시스템을 바탕으로 다양한 노즐의 형상에 대한 모델링 및 수치해석을 수행하여 최적의 노즐 형상을 제안하였다. Type A와 B의 2가지 형상에 대한 노즐의 3차원 모델링을 통해 노즐의 분출속도가 개선될 수 있도록 하였다. 2가지 형상의 노즐에 대하여 유동해석을 실시하였으며 노즐의 홀 직경을 다르게 하여 가스속도 및 압력분포를 측정하였다. 측정결과 노즐 홀 수 및 직경에 따라 노즐출구에서 분출속도가 달라지는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 노즐 홀 직경에 관계없이 유량은 압력이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 실험을 통해 얻어진 결과를 바탕으로 노즐 직경이 5 mm인 경우의 K-factor값이 101.8 l/min·bar-0.5임을 확인하였으며, 최종적으로 노즐 홀 5 mm인 12개의 홀이 2층 구조로 되어있는 형상의 노즐을 제안하였다.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various roughage sources on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) production in goats. Four castrated black goats (48.5 ± 0.6 kg) were individually housed in environmentally controlled respiration-metabolism chambers. The experiment design was a 4 × 4 balanced Latin square design with 4 roughage types and 4 periods. Alfalfa, tall fescue, rice straw, and corn silage was used as representative of legume, grass, straw, and silage, respectively. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p < 0.001) in corn silage than in alfalfa hay. Dry matter digestibility of alfalfa hay was higher than those of tall fescue or rice straw (p < 0.001). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility of tall fescue was lower (p < 0.001) than those of alfalfa, rice straw, or corn silage. Daily enteric CH4 production and the daily enteric CH4 production per kilogram of BW0.75, dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), digested DMI, and digested OMI of rice straw did not differ from those of tall fescue but were higher (p < 0.001) than those of alfalfa or corn silage. Roughage type had no effect on enteric CO2 emission in goats. Straw appeared to generate more enteric CH4 production than legume or silage, but similar to grass.

본 연구에서는 파일럿 및 상용급 규모에서 UF 분리막을 결합한 혐기성 소화 공정을 장기간 운영하여 분리막의 성능, 소화효율, 바이오가스 생산량과 수질 등의 다양한 인자를 도출하였다. 파일럿 규모에서 막의 투과 플럭스는 15∼20 LMH, 막간 차압은 1∼3 kgf/cm2로 운전되었다. 유입수의 TCOD 와 SCOD 는 각각 113 g/L, 62 g/L 이었고, 유출수의 TCOD 와 SCOD는 UF 공정 이후 제거효 율이 93% 및 86% 로 나타났다. 상용급 규모의 운전 결과, 분리막의 투과 플럭스는 12∼15 LMH로 나타났다. 유입수의 CODcr, TS, VS는 각각 236 g/L, 62.5 g/L, 50.2 g/L였으며, 농축여과분리막을 통과 후 제거율은 각각 99%, 94% 및 98%로 조사되었다.

Biogas is a gaseous mixture produced from the microbial digestion of organic materials in the absence of oxygen. Raw biogas, depending upon organic materials, digestion time and process conditions, contains about 45 ~ 75% methane, 30 ~ 50% carbon dioxide, 0.1% hydrogen sulfide gas, and a fractional percentage of water vapor. To achieve the standard composition of the biogas, treatment techniques like absorption or membrane separation are performed for the resourcing of biogas. In this paper, the experiments are performed using biogas produced in an environmental digestion facility for food waste. The membrane module was imported from overseas, its membrane process has achieved up to 98% of the methane and 99% of the carbon dioxide separated, and it has manufactured and stored pressurized carbon dioxide. The effects of the feed pressures on the separation of CO2-CH4 by the membrane are investigated. A chelate was utilized to purify the methane from the H2S concentration of 0.1%.

Biogas has been used to remove water content and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Removing water requires a low temperature process; thus, our study investigated removing H2S under high pressure and low temperature. Several experiments were conducted to investigate removal of H2S from a biogas stream by optimizing chemical absorption and the chemical reaction with a Fe/EDTA solution. The roles of Fe/EDTA were studied to enhance removal efficiency of H2S due to oxidization by Fe+3/EDTA. The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of enhancing toxic gas treatment in a biogas facility. A biogas purification strategy affords many advantages. For example, the process can be performed under mild environmental conditions and at low temperature, and it removes H2S selectively. As the Fe-EDTA concentration increased, the H2S conversion rate increased because the Fe-EDTA complex was highly stable. The optimal pH to stabilize the chemical complex during oxidation of H2S was 9.0.

The purpose of this study was to improve low digestibility in anaerobic digestion facility of the sewage treatment plant. To perform this research, sludge digestion and digestion gas purification facilities in sewage treatment plant was applied. In the result of this study, it was very effective for sludge reduction from the improvement of digestive efficiency. In addition, it was confirmed that high purity CH4 (methane) was produced. This results can be useful as basic data to improve the low digestibility in anaerobic digestion processes.

본 연구에서는 혐기성 소화조에서 발생하는 이산화탄소를 충전탑으로 유입하여 MEA, DEA 및 AMP의 화학적 흡수제의 농도변화에 따른 이산화탄소 제거 효율을 검토하여 혐기성 소화조 내에 적용 가능성을 판단하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 실험에 사용된 충전탑은 유리제 Raschig Ring 6×6 mm를 충전한 직경 50 mm, 충전 높이 1.40 m를 사용하였으며, 액체부하는 20 ℓ/hr, 가스부하는 130 ℓ/hr로 고정하여 CO2의 농도를 10%, 20%, 30%로 주입하였을 때 MEA 10% 및 20%에서와 AMP 10의 CO2 제거율을 관찰하였다. 또한 Packed Tower의 지름은 0.288 m, 충전층의 높이는 1 m이며, 실험시스템은 Air, Air/Water 및 Air-CO2/MEA 흡수제로 하였다. 실험결과에 대한 평가는 계산 프로그램을 통하여 추출하였으며, 분리작용 HTUov, 통과단위수 NTUov, 그리고 정확한 농도계산은 측정을 통하여, 가스 그리고 액체부하를 변화시킴으로써 측정범위를 파악하였다. 실험 결과, MEA의 경우 흡수액 농도, 유입 CO2 농도가 높을수록 빠른 파과시간을 가짐을 알 수 있었고, MEA 10%, DEA 10%, AMP 10% 농도에서의 흡수속도는 MEA, DEA, AMP의 순으로 나타났으며, 흡수부하는 AMP, DEA, MEA의 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 흡수액의 모든 혼합비 및 온도 조건에서 MEA의 첨가량이 높아질수록 CO2의 흡수효율이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실험결과를 바탕으로 혐기성 소화조에 적용할 CO2 흡수 충전탑 내의 흡수액은 MEA을 적용할 경우 가장 높은 효율을 가지는 것으로 판단되었다.

The main objective of this experimental investigation was CH4 recovery from biogas generated in municipal and wastewater treatment plant. The polysulfone hollow fiber membrane was prepared in order to investigate the permeation properties of CH4 and CO2. Permeability of CO2 in Polysulfone membrane was 11-fold higher than of CH4 gas. A membrane pilot plant for upgrading biogas was constructed and operated at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The raw biogas contained 66 ~ 68 Vol % CH4, the balance being mainly CO2. The effect of the operating pressure of feed and permeate side and feed flowrate on CH4 recovery concentration and efficiency were investigated with double stage membrane pilot plant. The CH4 concentration in the retentate stream was raised in these tests to 93 Vol % CH4.