본 연구의 목적은 한국으로 이주한 이주민의 종결어미 사용에서 오류 양상을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 국립국어원의 한국어 학습자 말뭉 치에서 이주민의 말뭉치를 선별하였고, 이후 종결어미 사용 및 오류를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 오류 층위에서는 형태 오류가 1급부터 6급까지 모두 높게 나타났다. 이는 한국어의 서술어에 위치해 있는 종결어미가 대부분 용언이라는 것을 고려해 보면, 이주민들은 고급 숙달도에 도달하 여도 용언 활용을 하는 데 있어서 어려움이 있다는 것을 보여준다. 오류 양상 분석 결과, 대치 오류가 높게 나타났다. 이는 이주민들이 특정 몇몇 의 종결어미로 한정시켜서 종결어미를 사용하고 있음을 보여준다. 따라 서 이주민 대상 한국어 교육 현장에서는 이주민에게 다양한 종결어미의 기능과 의미를 습득할 수 있도록 지속적으로 교육해야 할 필요가 있다.

In this paper, This study examines the acquisition patterns of Chinese advanced Korean learners before and after comprehensive output is applied in the acquisition of adnominal suffix, The aim of this study is like to verify whether it functions as a “'perceptive”'among the important roles in second-language acquisition. The main research question sad dressed are as follows: 1. What is the acquisition pattern of '-(으)ㄴ' and '-던' be fore and after applying the compressible output? 2. What is the cognitive processing patterns of '-(으)ㄴ' and '-던' of learners before and after the compressible output is applied? 3. (Hypothesis verification)The compressible output functions to recognize the target grammar item. Pre- and post-SPRT and WGJT are conducted to solve Research Problems 1 and 2, and to solve Research Problem 3, interview contents with participants and reconstructed contents are analyzed. The results in dicate that for the first research question, the response rate of learners to the tubular ending '-(으)ㄴ' question increased the post-correct answer rate, and resulted in more effective acquisition compared with before the output is applied. Meanwhile, the learner's response rate to “'-던”'improved slightly. However, ]no significant difference is indicated between the before and after cases;,therefore, one may not conclude that the acquisition of '-던' after the output is more effective. Regarding the cognitive processing patterns '-(으)ㄴ' and '-던', the main effect of the '-(으)ㄴ' sub-item type(F=3.14, P= .045) and the main effect before and after the output is applied(F=28.54, P= .000) are significant. However, the item type and the interaction before and after the output is applied(F=0.39, P= .75) cannot be confirmed as significant. In other words, both the pre- and post-learners ex hi bit different sensitivities depending on the type of question. However, one may not firmly conclude that the pattern of varying sensitivities differs before and after the output is applied. Regarding the question pertaining to '-던' one may not conclude that the main effect of the item type(F=1.11, P= .37), the main effect before and after the output is applied(F=1.65, P=.37), and the interaction between the item type and the pre-and post-output(F=1.71, P= .14) are all significant. In other words, one may not conclude the sensitivity of '-던' varies bypre-/ post-output and the item type. Interviews and reconstructions with participants are analyzed to verify the "getting to know" hypothesis among the important roles posed in the third research question. The result shows that,, in acquiring a second language, the understandable output clearly recognizes the gap between what one wishes to express and what one can use accurately through communication, corrects errors from the other person’'s feedback, or activates the knowledge one learned to promote the level of accurate use from avoidance for the part one wishes to express when correcting errors.

This study investigates contact-induced grammatical change with specific emphasis on the prefinal imperfectives –ang and -ag in Swahili. Strategies for marking tense and aspect in Swahili and Bantu languages have been analyzed in a number of books, book chapters and articles. Despite the incontrovertible upsurge in the use of prefinal imperfectives, particularly in communicative interactions amongst the youth in urban settings, investigations into this phenomenon are scarce. Based on naturally occurring data obtained in Nairobi, Kenya and observations and interpretations, this study attempts to analyze the morphosyntactic and semantic features of prefinal imperfectives –ang and -ag in Swahili. First, background information conducive to understanding this grammatical change is provided. This includes the standardization of Swahili and its impact on present-day Swahili, strategies to mark tense and aspect in Swahili and other Bantu languages, semantic features of imperfectivity in Swahili, the prominent roles of mimesis in acquiring a second language in contact situations, the S-curve of language change and its applicability, and the disadvantages of prescriptive grammar rules. All these key concepts and topics are interrelated, and less researched topics must be included to systemically and clearly explain language change. Accordingly, this study is designed to enhance our understanding regarding one of the aspects of grammatical change from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives.

본 연구는 연결어미 ‘-다가’로 이루어진 구문의 특징을 살펴보고 ‘-다 가’ 구문을 의미적 측면과 통사적 측면으로 기술할 것이다. ‘-다가’의 여 러 가지 의미 기능 중에서 전후의 시간 관계를 나타내는 ‘계기’가 기본 의미임을 밝힐 것이다. ‘-다가’는 연결어미로서 절과 절을 연결시키는 역 할을 한다. ‘-다가’의 의미는 대등적 접속문과 종속적 접속문에서 선 · 후행절의 의미 관계에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한 맥락에 따라 결정되 는 이런 의미들은 ‘-다가’의 문맥 의미로 보고 이에 대한 논의를 검토하 였다. ‘-다가’의 문맥 의미는 종속적 접속문도 선행절과 후행절의 관계에 따라 ‘우연 계기’, ‘원인 계기’, ‘조건 계기’와 ‘부가 계기’의미로 나타나 므로 다양한 구문과 예시를 통해 살펴보았다. 특히 인지의미론에 개념 화자의 정신 공간 이론을 바탕으로 기저 공간(base space)에서 새로운 정신공간이 구축되며 ‘계기’가 ‘-다가’의 기본 의미를 논증하였다. 그리고 개념 혼성 이론을 이용하여 문맥 의미를 밝혔다.

9월 15일경 본포에 정식하는 딸기 촉성재배에 필요한 묘령 75일 이상의 정식묘를 삽목을 이용해 육묘하기 위해, 어미묘의 정식 시기와 런너의 방임 시기에 따른 삽수의 생산성을 검토하였다. 시험 품종은 국내에서 육성된 ‘매향(Maehyang)’, ‘죽향(Jukhyang)’ 및 ‘금실(Kuemsil)’ 등 3품종을 사용하였다. 시험 1은 어미묘 정식 시기에 따른 삽수 생산량을 조사하 기 위해 20일 간격으로 2월 28일, 3월 20일 및 4월 9일에 어미묘를 정식하였으며, 6월 4일부터 7월 1일까지 2~3회에 걸쳐 삽수를 채취하였다. 시험 2는 어미묘의 런너 방임시기에 따른 삽수 생산량을 조사하기 위해 3월 5일에 어미묘를 정식하였으며, 정식 후 20일, 40일 및 60일 간격으로 런너를 방임하였다. 그리고, 5월 29일부터 6월 26일까지 1~3회에 걸쳐 삽수를 채취하였다. 어미묘 정식 시기별 자묘 발생량을 비교한 결과, 2월 28일 정식구가 3월 20일 및 4월 9일 정식 구 대비 품종 별로 각각 29∼45%, 114∼165% 더 많았다(시험 1). 어미묘의 런너 방임시기별 자묘 발생량은 정식 20일 후부터 방임한 것이 40일 및 60일 후 방임한 처리구 대비 품종 별로 각 60∼ 77%, 104∼176% 증수된 것으로 나타났다(시험 2). 결과적 으로, ‘매향’, ‘죽향’, 및 ‘금실’ 3품종 모두 9월 15일경 본포 정식에 필요한 묘를 삽목으로 번식할 경우, 어미묘를 2월 하순경 일찍 심는 것이 삽수 발생량이 가장 많았으며, 어미묘에서 발생되는 런너는 정식 후 20일까지 제거한 후 방임하는 것이 삽수 생산에 유리한 것으로 조사되었다. 이 연구 결과는 국내 육성 신품종의 생력 육묘 및 품질 향상을 위한 효율적인 육묘시 스템의 개선을 위해 활용하고자 한다.

This paper aims to explore how Korean-Chinese bilingual speakers process Korean final ending -ko. Korean-Chinese bilingual speakers from Yanbian participated in the masked priming experiments through a word judgment task. The masked priming experiments were designed to compare the subjects’ response under three different prime-target conditions: Identical Condition, Unrelated Condition, and Test Condition. The participants’ response time in the experiments was statistically analyzed in two different ways: i.e., subject (F1) analyses and item (F2) analyses. The results of both the subject analyses and the item analyses revealed full priming effects, as is usually found in native speakers’ morphological processing. These findings indicate that Chinese-Korean bilingual speakers are sensitive to each combining morpheme of morphologically complex words including Korean final ending -ko and their processing of the words are not dependent upon the lexical storage of the full form.

이 연구는 한국어 연결어미 ‘-면서’의 의미기능과 통사적 특성을 고찰하고 ‘-면서’의 형성과정을 문법화 관점에서 분석하였다. ‘-면서’는 ‘동시’ 의미와 ‘대립’, ‘진행’의 의미기능을 갖는다. ‘-면서’의 형성과정에서 나타나는 ‘-며셔’는 ‘동시’의 의미인 ‘-며’에서 출발하여 ‘상태 유지’의 ‘-셔’가 결합하여 ‘진행’의 의미기능을 갖는다. 범언어적 특징으로 ‘동시’의 의미는 화용적 기능으로 추론이 되며 ‘양보’, ‘대립’의 의미로 확대되어 화자의 주관적 신념이나 상태 또는 태도로 문법화가 이루어진다. 따라서 ‘- 면서’의 문법화는 ‘동시’의 의미기능을 갖는 ‘-며’에 ‘상태 유지’를 나타내는 ‘-셔’가 결합되어 ‘-며셔’가 되며, 이것은 ‘진행’의 의미기능이 첨가된 것이다. 또한 여기에 ‘동시’의 의미기능을 갖는 ‘-며’에 주제 표지를 나타내는 ‘-ㄴ’이 결합되어 ‘조건’의 의미기능을 갖게 된다. 이 조건의 ‘-면’과 ‘-셔’가 결합하여 선행절의 행위가 이루어질 것을 바탕으로 후행절의 행위에 대해 언급하는 ‘대립’의 의미기능이 형성된 것이라 할 수 있다.

Kang, Hyeon-Seok. & Kim, Minji. 2018. “A Multivariate Analytical Study of Variation Patterns of Honorific Final Endings in KakaoTalk Dialogue”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(1). 1~30. On the basis of KakaoTalk conversation data, this paper investigates the variations found in the use of honorific final endings, expecially haeyo and hapsyo styles. For this study we collected 3,087 tokens of honorific final endings from the dialogue of 8 KakaoTalk group chat rooms. Through multivariate analyses using Goldvarb and LVS, we examined whether the linguistic and external constraints, which were claimed by Kang (2011) to constrain the usage of haeyo and hapsyo styles in spoken language, also operate in the KakaoTalk dialogues. The results of the analyses revealed not only far more variants in the KakaoTalk data (12 variants of haeyo and 6 variants of hapsyo) than in spoken language but also various additional variants realized with pronunciation spelling and partial omission of final endings. As in the spoken language, ‘sentence type’, ‘speaker's gender’, ‘rituality of utterance’, and ‘formality of situation’ were analyzed as constraints which had a strong effect on the variation. In the data examined, besides haeyo and hapsyo styles, new honorific styles of hao, hasoseo, seupjyo, handayo, hasem/hasam were also found. Two new types of variants which was not yet discussed in previous studies, were also observed in the data: variants of ‘syam’ and ‘syeom’ of hasem/hasam styles and two variants of ‘yo’ realized with consonant addition to the onset position.

Cho, Yongjoon. 2017. “On the social indexicality of Korean plain-style interrogative markers -nya and -ni”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(3). 259~297. This paper investigates the sociolingustic variation of Korean plain-style interrogative markers -nya and -ni among the younger generation, from the viewpoint of indexicality. We adopted an experimental and a corpus-based analyses for this purpose. The experiment was a context-based acceptability judgement task with a 7-point Likert scale, and the corpus was collected from a synchronous computer-mediated communication, particularly from Kakao Talk, the most popular mobile instant messaging application in Korea. The experimental results show that women use -ni more than men, and the frequency of -nya forms increases when the addressee is male. The corpus results show that the females speak more politely to the females than to the males. We posit that the direct indexical meaning of -nya is ’intimacy’ and ’authoritativeness’, but -ni has the affective stance. In general, women are concerned abocut affective aspects of interaction. Because of these factors, -nya and -ni are gendered indirectly.

Lee, Jae Ho. 2016. “The Use of Korean Sentence-Final Endings by the Students of Chosun Hakkyo, Korean School in Japan”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 317~343. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings which were found throughout a series of investigations performed to clarify what kind of Korean sentence-final endings the students of Korean School in Japan who are the descents of Korean immigrants use. Since the observed endings of the 1st investigation, Participant Observation, were different from the results of the 2nd investigation, Speech Task, the author interviewed the students to verify the results of the 2 investigations. Consequently, the results of Participant Observation and the interviews were generally consistent. There is, however, the possibility of students choosing and using different endings in different situations, affected by factors such as education in school and so on. The results show that the use of Korean sentence-final endings by the students is not simple.

한국어 접속문에서 두 절을 연결시켜 주는 중요한 요소는 연결어미이며, 연결어미를 통해서 두 절의 상 호관계가 드러난다. 반면에 중국어의 접속문은 주로 관련 사어를 이용하여 두 절을 연결한다. 중국어의 관련 사어는 연사와 관련부사의 결합형식으로 한국어의 연결어미와 같은 기능을 담당한다. 이러한 언어 적 특성의 차이로 인해 중국인 학습자가 한국어를 배울 때에 연결어미를 학습하는 것은 특히 어렵고, 많은 오류가 발생하게 된다. 양보 연결어미의 사용 빈도가 비교적 높고 각 항목은 특징에 있어 차이가 존 재한다. 그렇기 때문에 학습자들이 각 항목의 통사적 특징을 모두 파악하여 습득하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 그래서 본 논문의 목적은 중국어권 학습자 위한 한국어 양보관계 연결어미 ‘-아/어도’, ‘-더라도’, ‘-ㄹ 지라도’, ‘-ㄹ망정’, ‘-ㄹ지언정’, ‘-ㄴ들’을 중심으로 통사적 특징을 살펴본다. 본 논문의 목표는 한국어 양보관계 연결어미의 통사적 특징을 정확히 파악하게 할 수 있고, 문법 요소 사용 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

Kim Eun-hye. 2016. “The new feature of prefinal ending ‘-si-’: Inanimate object honorific marker－Focusing on speech comparison of department stores and local markets－”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 91~113. The aim of this study is to research the new function of Korean honorific prefinal ending ‘-si-’ by field survey as well as to emphasize the need to be discussed this circumstance in Korean education. The object of this study ‘-si-’ is the most representative Korean subject honorific marker. It had been only used to person, but is now also used for inanimate object. Especially, it could be found in luxury service industries such as hotel, department store, and restaurant. Therefore, this language variation can be connected with social class. In order to research the new feature of ‘-si-’, Labov(1966)’s methodology which is modified for this study was applied. Then, dialogues between employees and customers from the department store and local market were collected. In addition, this study surveyed to find out Korean native speakers’ awareness about new feature of ‘-si-’. Thus, this research has significance by finding the new features of ‘-si-’ through field surveys and questionnaires as well as making realistic mention about ‘-si-’ in Korean linguistics.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of focus-on-form approach on learning connective ending '-느라고' of Korean language learners. Input enhancement and consciousness raising tasks were applied and compared as an effective way of this grammar instruction among various techniques of focus-on-form approach. The participants in the study are intermediate-level Korean language learners. They were divided into two groups, and teaching activities were provided undertaken based on two different methods. According to the results, significant differences were not found between the two methods, but the upper-level students had higher achievements than the lower-level students. Although no significant difference was found between the input enhancement and consciousness raising tasks, it was found that the focus-on-form approach can be recommended as a way to teach grammar effectively, especially it is effective for upper-level learners.

경기도 이천에서 3개의 알을 산란하여 포란 중인 수리부엉이 둥지를 촬영하였다. 2개의 알에서 새끼가 부화하였으나 1마리는 사라졌고, 2007년 3월 8일 남은 1마리가 사망한 후 어미는 죽은 새끼를 먹었으며, 이튿날 어미는 번식을 포기하고 둥지를 떠났다.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(2). The purpose of this study is to reconsider the existing views on concord of appellation term with a final ending. In general, it has been considered that there is a consistent system to accord 'the object not expressed with pronoun' with 'hashowsheo' form, 'geudui' with 'hayassheo' form, and 'neo' with 'hara' form. There are, however, many examples from actual use which cannot be explained in this framework. Here, the concord of appellation term with final ending in middle Korean is classified into 'conforming model on rule' and 'strategic model of speaker'. The former is sub-classified into 'authoritative type' and 'bonding type', the latter 'appellation type' and 'final ending type'. Considering the fact that the appellation term and the final ending are related to the honorific system, such features as dialogue, personal feelings between interlocutors among others should be included in an analysis. It has been understood that some pronouns are used only with some appellations according to previous research regardless of these facts. The basic approach of this study is to provide an analysis distinctive from prevailing explanations.

This article has an aim to describe a variety of inflections in Korean in accordance with verbs in Chinese, used as predicates in verb predicative sentences and, as the result, to help Korean / Chinese learners as a second Language acquire each other language. Among 205 chosen Chinese sentences, 12 verbs appeared about more than three times repeatedly. Their equivalent expressions in Korean show 2-7 inflections, which are divided into largely ending forms or not-ending forms. The former conforms to “extremely honoring forms(Hapsyo-che)” or “honoring forms(Haeyo-che),” in proportion to listeners’ age; on the other hand, the latter has “connective inflections” and “modifier forms.”In Chinese, a word can be used as various word classes according to word order, although its form is identical. On the other hand, Korean features various case markers and inflections. This typological difference between Chinese and Korean makes slightly difficult for Korean-Chinese learners or Chinese-Korean learners to acquire each other language. Therefore, it is necessary to give them an opportunity to be acquainted with this typological difference, when they learn each other language.

Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2 및 Si분말을 사용하여 고상반응법으로 써어미스터 소결체를 합성하였다. 합성된 소결체의 조식특성을 SEM으로 조사하고, 액체항온조에서 -50~+50˚C 온도영역에서의 측정 결과 β상수가 972~4005K의 값을 갖는 써어미스터 소결체를 얻었다. 이 소결체는 고공기온측정을 위한 라디오존데용 온도센서로 사용될 수 있다.