본 논문은 윌리엄 켄트리지(William Kentridge, 1955- )의 ≪프로젝션을 위한 드로잉 Drawings for Projection≫ 연작 (1989-2003)에 관한 연구이다. 켄트리지가 태어난 남아프리카 공화국은 과거에 ‘아파르트헤이트(apartheid)’라는 극단적인 인종차별정책을 시행했던 나라로, 켄트리지의 작업의 주제에는 이로 인한 인한 트라우마가 각인되어 있다. 트라우마는 반복강박을 수반하고, 이러한 반복강박은 현대 예술가들에게 있어서는 아카이브(archive) 형태로 나타나게 된다. 켄트리지 역시 자신의 ≪프로젝션을 위한 드로잉≫ 연작에서 아파르트헤이트라는 트라우마를 팰림프세스트라는 표현 방식을 빌어 ‘아카이브 열병’으로 표현하였다. 켄트리지는 자신의 연작인 ≪프 로젝션을 위한 드로잉≫에서 여러 겹의 흔적들이 쌓여 이루어진 팰림프세스트를 통해 과거의 기억들이 중첩된 장면들을 보여준다. 이러한 중첩은 기억과 망각 사이에 놓여 있는 여전히 현재형인 작업으로, 이는 우리가 어떻게 트라우마를 기억해야 하는지를 제시해주고 있다. 또한 켄트리지의 ≪프로젝션을 위한 드로잉≫ 연작에 나타나는 주된 기법인 팰림프세스트는 이전의 흔적들을 오버래핑(overlapping)시키며 기억을 가시화한다. 그렇기에 그 작업은 과거에도 현재에도 속하지 않으며, 동시에 과거에도 현재에도 속하게 된다. 이는 공간적 몽타주(spatial montage)의 속성으로, 공간적 몽타주는 하나의 시공간 안에 존재론적으로 조화 불가능한 것을 공존하게 하는 것이다. 과거의 흔적들을 간직하고 있 는 켄트리지의 팰림프세스트는 각기 다른 형태들의 공존을 허락하고 과거와 현재의 공존처럼 존재론적으로 가능하지 않은 장면들을 결합시킨다. 켄트리지는 존재론적으로 불가능하고 하나의 주제에 대해 각기 다른 관점을 유지하는 공간적 몽타주를 통해 과거의 역사로 편입되는 완결된 내러티브로서의 트라우마가 아닌 지금 이 순간의 트라우마를 보여주고 있는 것이다. 그러므로 결국, 팰림프세스트라는 매체 표현 방식을 통하여 아카이브 열병과 함께 공간적 몽타주를 보여주고 있는 켄트리지의 ≪프로젝션을 위한 드로잉≫ 연작은 남아프리카 공화국의 아파르트헤이트라는 트라우마를 치유하기 위한 과정이었다고 볼 수 있다.

식물기생성선충으로 인한 피해를 경감시키고 예방하기 위한 방안으로 본 연구는 고추 시설하우스 재배지역의 토양 내 선충 발생 양상과 분포 및 밀도 조사를 하였다. 밀양시 부북면, 무안면 그리고 상남면의 고추 시설재배 32 농가의 56개 하우스로부터 71점의 토양 샘플을 수집하여 고추 재배 연작 연수 및 고추 재배 시기 등에 따른 식물기생선충의 분포와 밀도를 비교 분석하였다. 농가의 방제제 사용으로 인하여 고추 재배 연작 연수와 선충 밀도와의 유의성은 없었다. 선충의 발생 양상은 뿌리혹선충, 참선충, 둥근꼬리선충, 창선충, 위축선충 그리고 부식성선충을 포함한 기타 선충이 검출되었다. 식물기생성 선충들 중 뿌리혹선충의 밀도가 가장 높았다. 밀양시 고추 시설재배지 중 부북면, 무안면, 상남면의 순으로 뿌리혹선충의 밀도가 높은 경향을 나타내었다.

This thesis is a study on dualism in Cy Twombly(1928-2011)’s series of Lepanto. Twombly made his debut with his scribble-like works in the 1950s when Abstract Expressionism enjoyed its golden age. In the New York art world where American Type Modernism was prevalent, Twombly was not permitted, and thus he had been a forgotten artist for a long time. After the advent of postmodernism, however, Twombly has been “rediscovered” continuously and become one of the most expensive artists. Hostility and hospitality, between these, does Twombly’s dualism exist. The subject of the series of Lepanto, the Battle of Lepanto, was the naval battle in which a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Spain, the Republic of Venice and the Papacy, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in 1571. Because the pivotal point of power between the East and the West had changed due to this event, the Battle of Lepanto has been considered as the crucial turning point of conflicts between the East and the West. Traditionally many Western artists have painted the Battle of Lepanto as a grand painting showing off the glorious triumph. However, it is the scrawl-like traces that Twombly’s series of Lepanto displays. Therefore, it can be said that not as representing the monumental event as it is, but as doodling it lightly, Twombly intended to break down the traditional binarism ― the East and the West, by extension, triumph and defeat, life and death. In the series of Lepanto, the galleys signify masculinity and the sea implies femininity according to Roman Jakobson’s rule of metaphor and metonymy. The masculinity and the femininity in Twombly’s series of Lepanto have a horizontal characteristic, different from Abstract Expressionism’s vertical dualism. Twombly’s series of Lepanto is included in the genre of a war painting, and like other war paintings, there are a large number of death in the series of Lepanto. Despite such a serious subject, however, sensuality exists in Twombly’s series of Lepanto. It is ascribed that extreme pain comes down to sensuality of death in the end. Life is a detour on the road to death and death is a process for life. pain and pleasure are one and the same. As a consequence, it can be deemed that the dualism in Twombly’s series of Lepanto is not for the confrontation, but for the union of opposites.

남성성은 고정된 실체가 아니라 시대적 변화에 따라 구성되는 구성물이다. 이런 전제 하에서 이 연구는 <연산군> 연작이 역사적․사회적 콘텍스트와 상호작용하는 가운데 구성해 낸 남성주체의 특징에 대해 고찰할 것이다. 연산은 모성 상실을 극복하기 위해 분노에 기반으로 한 신체적 지각의 확장하고자 한다. 이를 위해 여성육체의 과잉 소비와 물리적 폭력을 통한 아비/국가 부정의 전략이 주체구성을 위해 사용된다. 그러나 이와 같은 남성주체의 전략은 실패할 수밖에 없는데 연산이 원했던 개인성으로 충만한 주체는 전통적 상징질서로부터의 진정한 탈주를 통해서만 획득될 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 연산이 기획한 주체 구성은 파 국에 이르고 아버지/국가와의 화해를 통해서 질서 안으로 통합된다. 그러나 연산에 게서 암시적이나마 새로운 남성주체 구성의 가능성을 찾을 수 있는 지점이 있다. 가부장적 질서에 대한 그의 저항은 사회에 완전히 동일화되지 않은 개인의 요구와 사회적 요구 사이의 다양하고도 영원한 투쟁의 전형을 축조했다는 평가도 가능할 것이다.

옥수수연작 피해방지를 위해 레드클로버 등을 대상작으로 도입하여 그 효과를 기대하였다. 특히 옥수수 연작지에 발생하는 난지형 잡초인 Fall panicum(FP)를 대상으로 옥수수/호밀연작 정도와 토양 습윤 정도에 따른 발생량을 조사하였다. 옥수수 재배와 동시에 대상 경작한 작물은 레드클로버(RC), 알팔파(A), 목초혼파(G/ R)이었다. 2년 동안 대상작물 재배 후 마지막 3년차에 옥수수 재배로 다시 환원하였는데 옥수수 연작지와 옥수수 단작에서의 얻어

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can’t overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector’s personal taste or but also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin’s argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public’s quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics’ articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

Background: Some phenolics detected in the soil may inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng (Panax ginseng). This study investigated the effect of irrigation and ginseng root residue addition on the soil microbial community and root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng. Methods and Results: Each 20 ℓ pot was filled with soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens, and irrigated daily with 2 ℓ of water for one month. After the irrigation treatment, ginseng fine root powder was mixed with the irrigated soil at a rate of 20 g per pot. In descending order, NO3 −, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) decreased due to irrigation. In descending order, NO3 −, EC, Ex. K, and available P2O5 increased with the additon of ginseng powder to the soil. The abundance of Trichoderma crassum decreased with irrigation, but increased again with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Haematonectria haematococca increased with irrigation, but decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., which cause ginseng root rot, increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae increased with irrigation. The abundance of Streptomyces lavendulae decreased, and that of Arthrobacter spp. increased, with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Conclusions: Ginseng root residues in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

본 연구는 윤흥길의 연작소설 ｢아홉 켤레의 구두로 남은 사내｣에서 인물시점과 감정이입의 방식으로 이루어진 리얼리즘 소설의 미학을 살펴보았다. 이 작품은 인물시점을 사용하여 감정이입을 통해 소설세계에 참여하고 세계에 대한 이해를 심화시켜 주었다. 이러한 진행은 초점화자와 연관 되어 있는 일련의 과정들로서 인물시점과 더불어 하나의 감정이입의 미학이 만들어짐을 알 수 있었다. 감정이입은 하층민인 타자와의 관계에서 윤리적 순간에 이르게 함으로써 사회적 모순에 대응하게 만들었다. 특히, 인물과 독자 사이의 감정이입이 이루어지는 윤리적인 순간이 가장 중요하였다. 여기서는 감정이입을 통한 작품의 참여가 핵심적이며 이는 리얼리즘 소설교육의 일반적인 의사소통 관계를 특징짓는 것이었다. 그리하여 감정이입 미학의 소설교육은 학습독자를 중심으로 한 초점화자와 학습독자 사이의 관계, 인물과 학습독자 사이의 관계, 사회현실과 학습독자의 관계를 상정하여 소설교육의 구체적인 방안을 살펴볼 수 있었다.

Background: Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results: The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. After May fumigation, the sowing date of maize was delayed by 15 days and thus its dry weight was decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, NO3, P2O5, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and the ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different between treatment of May and September, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusions: Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by the amendment of mineral composition and microorganism in fumigated soil.

Background : The continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale is a serious problem for the cultivation practices, which is an unelucidated subject. This study is concerned mainly with rhizosphere microbiome and meteological factors on the cause of physiological damage in the continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : Microbial population and community dynamics was evaluated with metagenomic DNA by IonTorrent PGM. Results of HPLC profiling revealed that metabolic components of symbiotic interaction with Cnidium officinale was not detected in cultivated soils. Proteobacteria groups such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia of rhizosphere soil in continuous cropped fields mainly decreased compared to the first cropped soil. Principle component analysis of bacterial community showed a significantly differentiated vector between first cropping field and continuous cropped fields. Although growth characteristics including height, leaf length, leaf diameter amd stem diameter etc., was not different with continuous cultivation year until mid-July, physiological damage was dramatically started from late July. Yield of Rhizoma in continuous cropped fields significantly decreased compared to first cropped field. Evapotranspiration of Cnidium officinale with lysimeter for summer season was evaluated. It showed high relationship between solar radiation and evapotranspiration with R2 = 0.7778 and 41% of solar radiation converted into evapotranspiration during 16 days. This result imply that evapotranspiration is mainly controlled by radiation energy in clear days. Water and heat cycle through evapotranspiration is suppose to be one of the important factors related with physiological disorder of Cnidium officinale. Conclusion : This result imply that physiological damage resulted from continuous cropping is involved in decrease of Proteobacteria at rhizosphere soils under stressed conditions.

Background: The application of crop rotation systems may reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases by releasing allelochemicals and by subsequent microbial decomposition. Methods and Results: For reduction of ginseng root rot by the crop rotation system, after harvesting 6-year-old ginseng, fresh ginseng was grown along with continuous cultivation of sweet potato, peanut, and bellflower. Growth of 2-year-old ginseng was significantly inhibited in the continuous cultivation than in the first cultivation. Sweet potato, peanut and bellflower cultivations assisted in obtaining normal yields of ginseng in the first year after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng. Salt concentration, potassium and sodium contents were gradually decreased, and, organic matter was gradually increased through cirp rotation. Phosphate, calcium and magnesium contents were not altered. The density of the root rot fungus was gradually decreased by the increase in crop rotation; however it was decreased distinctly in the first year compared to the second and third year. The severity of root rot disease tended to decrease gradually by the increase of crop rotation. Conclusions: Short-term crop rotation for three years promoted the growth of ginseng, however root rot infection was not inhibited significantly, although it was somewhat effective in lowering the density of the root rot pathogen.

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as plants. Incorporating into soil as green manures are effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated green manure into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. Sorghum sudanense, Helianthus annuus, and Helianthus tuberosus were relatively high in dry matter production. Without incorporating green manure into soil, NO3, EC (electric conductivity) and K were decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. When green manure was incorporated to soil, P2O5 and NO3, were reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The survived root ratio of 2-year-old ginseng were significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3% in Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus, respectively, In addition, there was a significant increase in Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius. The survived root ratio of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with soil pH and a negative correlation with NO3, and EC. Conclusion: Cultivation of Chrysanthemum family mainly using rhizome and root as green manure was effective for root rot disease of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial, and damage occurs due to various diseases and pests. As a result, yield decreases and quality deteriorates. In particular, it is impossible to be repeatedly cultivated due to root rot, soil-borne disease. For this, in order to control root rot and repeatedly cultivate ginseng by using soil fumigation from virgin soil, this experiment was conducted. Methods and Results : This experiment was performed in ginseng farm field, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam province. And total area was 3ha. And the experiment was conducted in soil where apple trees had been grown. Apple trees were rooted up in 2006. And soil was fumigated in May 2007. With regard to soil fumigant, soil was treated with Basamid of 40kg/10a. After soil fumigation, 5 ton/10a of cattle manure fermented for 1 year was put in the soil in June, and then the soil was cared for by being plowed and rotary-tilled as occasion. Ginseng seeds were sowed in the soil cared for in October 2007. And 4-year-old ginseng was harvested in 2011. The soil from which ginseng was harvested was fumigated by the same method in May 2012, and then ginseng seeds were sowed in 1.5ha in October 2012 and in 1.5ha in October 2013. In October 2013, 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng was harvested. And ginseng growth characteristics and root rot incidence was examined. It was shown that 4-year-old ginseng yield after the fumigation of virgin soil was nearly 2 times as high as that of conventional virgin soil cultivation. And root rot didn't occur. After that time, the soil was fumigated again. And when ginseng was cultivated, 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng yield was 650kg and 960kg per 10a. And it was shown that root rot incidence was 1.3% and 15.3% in 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng respectively. Conclusion : This study showed the results where ginseng can be cultivated repeatedly if soil was fumigated again after ginseng was harvested following the soil fumigation from virgin soil so as to control the ginseng root rot and cultivate ginseng repeatedly.

Background : The area of ginseng cultivation has nearly exhausted in the main ginseng growing area in Korea but virgin fields need for ginseng cultivation due to continuous cropping injury. To count for the decrease of the virgin fields of ginseng cultivation, technical improvement to increase, or maintain the amount of harvest are necessary in ginseng cultivation. The Ginseng Rain-sheltered Shade House is one of the efficient cultivation techniques as reducing the damages caused by natural disaster such as blight, high temperature & humidity, dry, and heavy rain & snow. However a soil description needs to be developed to reduce the period of re-cultivation because ginseng has to be cultivated at the only one ginseng rain-sheltered house without soil or cultivation change. Methods and Results : This study was carried out in the ginseng rain-sheltered house where ginseng had cultivated and harvested one time. Each section of Cultivation of sudan grass+flooding, rice straw+flooding, and flooding was covered with vinyl and then, all areas were solarized through the summer season. The soil temperature was inspected at 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, and 20cm below ground. As a result, the soil temperature of the place with vinyl covered and solarized was approached to 40℃ regularly during the period of high temperature in July and August. After the solarization, the inspection result of Cylindrocarpon destructans spore density checked by Real time PCR was that C. destructans spores were not found at the place where sudan glass+flooding and rice straw+flooding were used. However, the detected number of C. destructans spores in the inspection condition was roughly 9 at the soil samples from the fields which were flooded and solarized, and 33 at those from the repeatedly cultivated fields. The evaluations of aerial part growth by measurements were good in the following order: Sudan grass+flooding, rice straw+flooding, and flooding. Conclusion : The purpose of this study was to reduce the period of ginseng re-cultivation in a ginseng rain-sheltered shade house. The incidence rate of the pathogens distantly decreased by the treatments of sudan glass + flooding, rice straw+flooding, and solarization.

Background : Ginseng root rot caused by soil-borne pathogens, Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani, is a major factors of replanting failure in ginseng cultivation. Some of the phenolic compounds detected in the soil of commercially cultivated American ginseng could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of American ginseng. Our study is to investigate the causes of replanting failure of ginseng by overhead flooding treatment and soil incorporation of ginseng fine root in soil infected with root rot pathogens. Methods and Results : To make soil occurring continuous cropping injury, 2-year-old ginseng infected with Cylindrocarpon destructans replanted in soil cultivated ginseng for 5 years. Treatment are as follows: 1) control, 2) water of 2ℓ was irrigate infected soil of 20ℓ, 3) ginseng fine root of 20g was mixed with infected soil of 20ℓ. Soil pH was increased, while other inorganic components were significantly reduced by overhead flooding treatment. Soil incorporation of ginseng fine root decreased soil pH, but increased EC, NO3, P2O5 and K, meanwhile, did not affected changes in organic matter, calcium, magnesium, sodium. Irrigation treatment in soil occurring replanted failure promoted distinctly above-ground growth of ginseng, and inhibited the occurrence of root rot because inorganic nutrient like NO3, P2O5 and K were decreased to optimal levels, and the density of soil pathogens could be reduced. Growth of ginseng was not inhibited, while root rot was promoted by soil incorporation of ginseng fine root. Conclusion : Irrigation treatment was effective in promoting the growth of ginseng and inhibited root rot distinctly. Ginseng fine root remaining in the soil after ginseng harvest did not affect the above-ground growth of ginseng, while promoted the occurrence of root rot.

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, NO3, and P2O5 content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.