본 연구에서는 지구과학 교육 연구 논문들을 대상으로 질적 메타 분석을 통해 집단적 PCK (cPCK) 중 ‘특정 과 학 주제(온실 효과, 지구 온난화, 기후변화)에 대한 학생 이해 지식’을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 온실 효과, 지구 온난화, 기후변화에 대한 학생 대체 개념(오개념)과 관련된 지구과학 교육 연구 논문 22편을 선정하여 각각의 정의, 원 인(매커니즘), 그리고 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과를 종합하기 위해 언어 네트워크 분석, 정신모형틀을 적용하 였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다; (1) 온실 효과에 대한 학생들의 개념 이해를 메타 분석한 결과, 온실 효과와 지구 온난 화를 같은 의미로 사용하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 온실 기체의 종류를 제한적으로 알고 있고, 온실 기체의 역할을 이해 하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 온실 효과의 발생을 환경오염이나 오존층의 변화와 관련지어 생각하고, 지표-대기의 열수지 평형과 온실 효과를 관련짓지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. (2) 지구 온난화에 대한 학생들의 개념 이해를 메타 분석한 결과, 지구 온난화를 해수면 상승과 같은 의미로 사용하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 지구 온난화의 발생을 환경오 염, 오존층의 변화, 빙하의 융해와 관련지어 생각하고, 지표-대기의 열수지 평형이 깨져 지구 온난화가 나타나는 것으로 이해하고 있었다. 또한 지구 온난화가 환경에 미치는 영향을 잘못 알고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. (3) 기후변화에 대한 학생들의 개념 이해를 메타 분석한 결과, 기후변화를 지구 온난화, 기상 변화, 기상 이변과 같은 의미로 사용하는 것으 로 분석되었으며, 기후변화의 발생을 대기오염, 오존층의 파괴와 관련지어 생각하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 기후변화 가 우리 생활과 환경에 미치는 영향을 잘못 알고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이에 대한 분석 결과를 언어 네트워크 분석 을 통해 종합한 결과, 집단적 PCK로서 3가지 정신모형(범주적 오해, 기제적 오해, 위계적 오해)을 표현할 수 있었다. 이 와 같은 연구 결과를 바탕으로 지구과학 교사 PCK 개발을 위한 함의를 논의하였다.

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of the forage process on rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions of rye. Rye was grown at the Taeyoung Livestock farm and harvested at the heading stage. The harvested rye (5 kg) was sub-sampled for fresh forage, hay, and silage in triplicates. The sub-sampled rye was freeze-dried or air-dried for fresh forage or rye hay, respectively. For rye silage, the sub-sampled rye forage was ensiled into a 10 L mini bucket silo and stored for 90 days. For 72 h rumen incubation, each forage (0.3 g) was placed into the incubation bottle with the rumen mixture (30 mL) in quadruplicates. After the incubation, total gas was measured and sub-sampled for CO2 and CH4 analyses, and the bottle content was centrifuged for in vitro digestibilities of dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD), and rumen fermentation characteristics. Silage had higher crude protein, crude ash, and acid detergent fiber concentrations than fresh forage and hay but lower non-fiber carbohydrates and relative feed value (p<0.05). And, silage had higher lactic acid bacteria than the other forages but lower pH (p<0.05). After 72 h incubation in the rumen, fresh forage had higher IVDMD and butyrate content than the other forages (p<0.05). However, silage had higher rumen pH and propionate content than the other forages but lower A:P ratio (p<0.05). Regarding greenhouse gases, silage had lowest total gas (mL/g DMD and NDFD) and CH4 (mL/g DMD and NDFD) emissions, while fresh forage had lowest CO2 (mL/g DMD) emission (p<0.05). Therefore, this study concluded that the ensiling process of rye can effectively mitigate greenhouse gas emissions of Hanwoo.

The Korean government has been implementing international development cooperation projects on smart greenhouse for high-valued crops through the Agency of Education, Promotion, and Information Service in Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (EPIS). These projects have been carried out in four Asian countries – the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Indonesia – since 2020. The main objectives of these projects are to enhance agricultural productivity, provide innovative capacity building, and establish effective marketing systems in collaboration with recipient organizations in each country. By focusing on medium- and small-scale farmers who are susceptible to climate shocks, these projects have successfully increased crop yields and the average income of farm households that have adopted advanced greenhouse facilities. This has been achieved through improved planting and marketing strategies for high-valued crops. In summary, these projects are playing a crucial role in the modernization of agriculture through the Vulnerable-Smart Agriculture (VSA) scheme, while also collecting policy data to effectively address climate change vulnerabilities. This is being done through a tripartite mechanism involving research, extension activities, and education, all aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural growth in developing countries.

This study was conducted to prepare a plan for the controlling indoor microclimate environment using natural ventilation for the single-span plastic greenhouses, which account for about 83.8% of the total area of horticultural greenhouses in South Korea. The changes of indoor air temperature and relative humidity according to the side opening height were experimentally compared and analyzed in the experimental greenhouse. As the side opening height was changed to 30, 70, and 110cm, the indoor and outdoor temperature differences were found to be 14.0, 10.1, and 7.7℃, respectively. The indoor and outdoor relative humidity differences were found to be -15.7, -12.5, and -11.1%, respectively. These results were verified for statistical significance by ANOVA. When the variable breadth of the outdoor temperature was 6.9℃, the indoor temperature breadths were 14.5, 12.3, and 9.0℃, and when the outdoor relative humidity breadth was 24%, the indoor relative humidity breadths were 31.2, 28.0, and 23.8%, respectively. It was analyzed that as the side opening height is increased, the indoor temperature and relative humidity become similar to the outdoor environment. This is because the air is mixed by active indoor-outdoor air movement of greenhouses with natural ventilation. The results indicated that the proper opening and closing of side openings is necessary for the stable indoor microclimate environment control of plastic greenhouses.

PURPOSES : We propose a framework to evaluate the reliability of integrating homogeneous or heterogeneous mobility data to produce the various data required for greenhouse gas emission estimation. METHODS : The mobility data used in the framework were collected at a fixed time from a specific point and were based on raster data. In general, the traffic volume for all traffic measurement points over 24 h can be considered raster data. In the future, the proposed framework can be applied to specific road points or road sections, depending on the presence or absence of raster data. RESULTS : The activity data required to calculate greenhouse gas emissions were derived from the mobility data analysis. With recent developments in information, communication, and artificial intelligence technologies, mobility data collected from different sources with the same collection purpose can be integrated to increase the reliability and accuracy of previously unknown or inaccurate information. CONCLUSIONS : This study will help assess the reliability of mobility data fusion as it is collected on the road, and will ultimately lead to more accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions.

스마트팜으로 알려진 지능형 온실환경 제어(스마트제어)가 겨울철 장미 ‘비스트’의 절화품질에 미치는 영향을 기존의 농 가 수동제어(수동제어)와 비교하여 조사하였다. 그 결과 지능 형 스마트제어가 온실환경인 기온, 배지온도, 상대습도를 겨 울철 절화 장미 생산에 적합하게 유지시켰다. 반면, 수동제어 는 적정한 환기와 상대습도 관리에 다소 불리하였고, 결과적 으로 겨울철 과습으로 흔히 발생하는 잿빛곰팡이 발병이 증가 했으며 절화수명이 단축되었다. 절화의 생체량, 길이, 수명 등 절화품질 역시 스마트제어를 통해 상대적으로 개선되었다. 이 번 연구를 통해 스마트제어 방식이 시설환경관리 측면에서 겨 울철 고품질 절화 장미 생산에 유리하다는 것을 확인하였다.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to improve the effect of increasing the number of urban railway users when public transportation accessibility is improved by using village buses. METHODS : Using the case of Daejeon City, this study utilized the greenhouse gas reduction benefit among the benefits of the investment evaluation guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport to demonstrate the effect of introducing village buses, a flexible means of transportation, to transportation-disadvantaged areas and improving accessibility, thereby inducing a change to urban railways. and were quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS : The number of users expected to switch to urban rail was 9,964 in 2020 and 9,220 in 2025. Thus, the greenhouse gas reduction effect is predicted to decrease annually by 34,554 t (2020) and 31,973 t (2025). CONCLUSIONS : Among the demand management techniques, reducing the use rate of passenger cars is one of the most important. For this policy, it is most effective to provide an alternative means of transportation.

본 연구의 목적은 컨테이너 육묘 시스템을 활용한 참외 접목 묘의 안정적인 생산 가능성을 평가하는 것이었다. 이를 위해, 컨테이너 육묘 시스템과 고온 조건의 플라스틱 온실에서 육묘 한 접수와 대목, 접목묘의 생육을 비교 분석하였다. 접목활착 후 육묘 환경에 따른 참외 접목묘의 생육과 묘소질을 0일, 4일, 7일, 11일, 14일째에 비교하였다. 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 는 주야간 온도를 25/20°C, 상대습도를 70%로 설정하여 재 배기간 동안 안정적으로 유지하였으며, 플라스틱 온실 내의 주야간 평균온도는 28.1/15.4°C로 주야간 온도차(DIF)가 더 크게 나타났다. 조사기간 동안 참외 접목묘의 초장은 플라스 틱 온실 육묘 처리구에서 컨테이너 육묘 시스템 처리구보다 더 길게 나타났다. 참외 접목묘 조직의 충실도는 지상부 건물 중을 초장으로 나누어 계산하였다. 육묘장에서 접목한 묘는 접목 후 7－10일 경과하여 활착이 완료되고 초장이 10cm 내 외일 때 출하하여 정식에 이용되게 된다. 본 연구에서 접목활 착 후 7일째에 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 재배된 묘의 충실도 는 44.9±2.64mg/cm으로 나타났으며, 플라스틱 온실 육묘 처 리구에서는 24.4±1.56mg/cm로 나타났다. SPAD 평균은 플 라스틱 온실 육묘에서 30.5, 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 41.1 로 측정되었다. 이러한 결과는 컨테이너 육묘 시스템의 활용 이 고온기 또는 저일조 시기와 같은 육묘 환경에서도 고품질 모종을 안정적으로 생산할 수 있는 것을 확인하였고, 인공광 을 이용한 육묘 시스템의 활용 범위가 앞으로 더 확대될 것으 로 기대된다.

This study examined the power consumption of angling boats during entry, departure, and fishing operations using a black box-type storage device. Through this analysis, it determined the energy consumption and carbon emissions of small fishing boats used for catching the largehead hairtail. The energy consumption and carbon emissions were calculated using formulas provided by the Korea Energy Agency, which incorporated updated emission coefficients from 2022. The findings revealed that the average power consumption of small fishing boats for the largehead hairtail was 546.3 kWh, with a total energy consumption of 0.1164 TOE and carbon emissions of 24.057 CO2. The average energy consumption was calculated at 0.0006 TOE per kilogram, and the carbon emissions were determined to be 0.135 CO2/kg.

Korea's facility horticultural heating costs account for a high proportion. Therefore, it is the most important factor to consider in greenhouse construction. It is important to assess the heating load of greenhouses. But there is not much data from the weather station. This study determined the heating load for each segmented area using the spatial correction method. The heating degeneration calculated from standard weather data (AHDH and BHDH) and total weather data (CHDH and DHDH) is consistent. However, there was a big difference between AHDH and DHDH. Therefore, the updated heating load data for each region is needed. Each of the four types of set temperatures (8℃, 12℃, 16℃, 20℃) was provided, and the heating temperature setpoint (℃) for each region of 168 cities and counties was presented. As a result of the analysis, the reliability of about 99% was confirmed in most of the regions suggested in this study. By using the calculated heating load for each region, it is possible to predict and utilize energy consumption and management costs.

담배가루이(Bemisia tabaci)는 광식성 해충으로 토마토황화잎말림바이러스(Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus; TYLCV), 카사바갈색줄무늬병 (Cassava Brown Streak Disease; CBSD)를 매개하는 해충이다. 담배가루이 방제를 위해 화학적 방제가 주로 시행되지만 저항성으로 인한 한계로 인 해 종합적해충방제를 위한 고정정확도를 이용한 표본조사법(Fixed precision sampling plan)을 개발하였다. 표본추출은 토마토 식물이 50 cm 높이의 레일 위에 위치한 배지를 이용해 재배되고 있어 배지로부터 130 cm 이상(지상에서 180 cm 이상)을 상단, 70 cm~100 cm (지상에서 120 cm~150 cm)를 중단, 50 cm 이하(지상에서 100 cm 이하)를 하단으로 나누어 각 위치별 토마토 7엽의 잎 뒷면에서 관찰된 담배가루이 노숙 유충 마리 수를 조사 하였다. 담배가루이 노숙유충은 이동성이 거의 없어 알에서 우화한 뒤 고착화하여 용과 성충 단계를 거치기 때문에 중단, 하단에 밀도가 높았다. 공간분 포분석은 Taylor’s power law (TPL)를 이용하여 도출된 TPL의 회귀계수를 통해 분석하였고, TPL 계수의 차이는 공분산분석(ANCOVA)하여 차이 가 없어 자료를 통합(pooling)하여 계산된 새로운 TPL 계수를 이용하여 표본추출정지선과 방제의사결정법을 개발하였다. 개발된 표본추출법의 적합 성을 판단하기 위해 분석에 사용하지 않은 독립된 자료를 이용하여 Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan (RVSP) 프로그램으로 평가하였다.

This study was conducted to identify the optimal root zone temperature for paprika cultivation, with an aim to increase the heating and cooling energy efficiency and prepare for extreme weather conditions. The greenhouse air temperature was maintained at 20oC and 25oC during the daytime (12 hours) and at 18oC during the nighttime (12 hours). The plant height did not show any significant differences between the treatment with air temperature and root zone temperature. The root length was highest under an air temperature of 25oC with root zone temperatures of 25oC and 30oC, and it was the lowest at 15oC. The leaf number was the highest when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The leaf area increased with higher root zone temperatures, but considering the compactness of the seedlings, a root zone temperature of 25oC was found to be the most effective. The fresh and dry weight of the shoot increased with higher root zone temperatures at an air temperature of 25oC, while the fresh and dry weight of the roots tended to be higher when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The compactness was most effective when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 20oC and 25oCC across all air temperatures. Based on the above results, adjusting the root zone temperature to 25oC at an air temperature of 25oC was found to be effective for the early growth of Paprika. The results of this study suggest that not only can growth be promoted through the regulation of root zone temperature, but it also contribute to the establishment of root zone temperature control technology, which can prevent an excessive drop and rise in the root zone temperature.

The present study estimated rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions of different forages. Alfalfa, timothy, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, and rice straw as the main forage sources for Hanwoo were used in the present study. Crude protein was highest in alfalfa but lowest in rice straw (p<0.05). Ether extract was higher in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass than in the other forages (p<0.05). Crude ash was highest in rice straw but lowest in tall fescue (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber was highest in tall fescue but lowest in alfalfa (p<0.05). Acid detergent fiber was highest in Italian ryegrass and rice straw but lowest in alfalfa (p<0.05). In vitro digestibilities of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) were highest in timothy but lowest in rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen pH was highest (p<0.05) in alfalfa, while ammonia-N was higher (p<0.05) in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass than in the other forages. Total volatile fatty acid was highest (p<0.05) in timothy, while acetate and propionate were highest (p<0.05) in alfalfa and rice straw, respectively. Acetate to propionate ratio was higher (p<0.05) in alfalfa, timothy, and Italian ryegrass than in rice straw. Rice straw had lowest total gas (mL) (p<0.05) but highest its per DMD and NDFD. Rice straw had higher (p<0.05) CO2 (per DMD and NDFD) compared to alfalfa (per DMD and NDFD), timothy (per DMD and NDFD), tall fescue (per NDFD), and Italian ryegrass (per DMD). Again, rice straw had higher (p<0.05) CH4 (per DMD and NDFD) compared to timothy (per DMD and NDFD) and tall fescue (per NDFD). Therefore, this study indicates that timothy has a higher nutrient digestibility and volatile fatty acid in the rumen leading to a reduction of greenhouse gas emission.

The grassland section of the greenhouse gas inventory has limitations due to a lack of review and verification of biomass compared to organic carbon in soil while grassland is considered one of the carbon storages in terrestrial ecosystems. Considering the situation at internal and external where the calculation of greenhouse gas inventory is being upgraded to a method with higher scientific accuracy, research on standards and methods for calculating carbon accumulation of grassland biomass is required. The purpose of this study was to identify international trends in the calculation method of the grassland biomass sector that meets the Tier 2 method and to conduct a review of variables applicable to the Republic of Korea. Identify the estimation methods and access levels for grassland biomass through the National Inventory Report in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and type the main implications derived from overseas cases. And, a field survey was conducted on 28 grasslands in the Republic of Korea to analyse the applicability of major issues. Four major international issues regarding grassland biomass were identified. 1) country-specific coefficients by land use; 2) calculations on woody plants; 3) loss and recovery due to wildfire; 4) amount of change by human activities. As a result of field surveys and analysis of activity data available domestically, it was found that there was a significant difference in the amount of carbon in biomass according to use type classification and climate zone-soil type classification. Therefore, in order to create an inventory of grassland biomass at the Tier 2 level, a policy and institutional system for making activity data should develop country-specific coefficients for climate zones and soil types.

PURPOSES : This study is aimed to economic analysis of the ferronickel slag pavement method carried out to suggest the necessity of developing ferronickel slag pavement technology. METHODS : A life cycle cost analysis of the application of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method and the cutting + overlay pavement method was performed to compare the economic indicators and greenhouse gas emissions for each pavement method. RESULTS : As a result of the analysis, regardless of the Ferronickel Slag mixing rate, if the common performance of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method is the same or superior to the existing pavement method, it is more economical than the existing pavement method. Furthermore, the lower the maintenance cost of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method, the higher the economic feasibility due to the high Ferronickel Slag mixing rate. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced from at least 9% to up to 53% through the application of the Ferronickel Slag pavement method, except for some scenario analysis results. CONCLUSIONS : This study provided that the Ferronickel Slag pavement method was superior to the existing pavement method in terms of economic and environmental aspects. Therefore, it was found that the objective justification of developing road pavement technology using Ferronickel Slag was secured.

이 연구는 1세대 스마트 온실의 재배환경 데이터와 장미 절 화의 품질 특성 데이터를 수집하고 그 요인들 간의 상관 관계 를 분석하여 절화수명 예측 및 최적 환경 조성의 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해, 토경재배(SC) 및 암면배지경 양액재배(RWH) 하우스 각 1개소를 선정하여 1년간 기온, 상 대습도(RH) 및 수증기압차(VPD), 일적산광량(DLI), 근권온도 등의 환경 데이터와 매월 말 수확된 장미 ‘Miss Holland’ 절 화의 품질 특성 데이터를 수집하였으며, 이 데이터와 절화수 명과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 절화수명은 10월과 11월을 제외하고는 SC 하우스에서 RWH 하우스보다 더 길었다. 절 화수명과 환경 및 생육 특성 간의 상관관계 분석에서 SC 하우 스의 상관계수는 RWH 하우스보다 조금 더 높았으며, 절화수 명 예측을 위한 요소들도 두 하우스 간에 차이가 있었다. SC 하우스의 절화수명 Y=0.848X1+0.366X2-0.591X3+2.224X4- 0.171X5+0.47X6+0.321X7+9.836X8-110.219(X1-X8: 최고 RH, RH 일교차, DLI, pH, Hunter’s b value, EC, 절화 장, 잎 두께; R2=0.544)로 예측되었고, RWH 하우스의 절화수명 Y=-1.291X1+52.026X2-0.094X3+0.448X4-3.84X5+0.624X6 - 8.528X7+28.45(X1-X7: 경경, 야간 VPD, 최고 근권온도, 최 저 근권온도, 기온 일교차, RH 일교차, 최고 VPD; R2=0.5243) 로 예측되었다. 이 두 모델식으로부터 SC 하우스에서는 RH, EC 및 pH가, 그리고 RWH 하우스에서는 근권 온도가 절화수명에 더 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 따라서 각 재배 방법에 따라 장미의 절화수명에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 효율적으로 관리할 필요가 있다.

Tomatoes in greenhouse are a widely cultivated horticultural crop worldwide, accounting for high production and production value. When greenhouse ventilation is minimized during low temperature periods, CO2 enrichment is often used to increase tomato photosynthetic rate and yield. Plant-induced electrical signal (PIES) can be used as a technology to monitor changes in the biological response of crops due to environmental changes by using the principle of measuring the resistance value, or impedance, within the crop. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between tomato growth data, vital response, and PIES resulting from CO2 enrichment in greenhouse tomatoes. The growth of tomato treated with CO2 enrichment in the morning was significantly better in all items except stem diameter compared to the control, and PIES values were also higher. The growth of tomato continuously applied with CO2 was better in the treatment groups than control, and there was no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis. However, PIES and SPAD values were higher in the CO2 treatment group than control. CO2 enrichment have a direct relationship with PIES, growth increased, and transpiration increased due to the increased leaf area, resulting in increased water absorption, which appears to be reflected in PIES, which measures vascular impedance. Through this, this study suggests that PIES can be used to monitor crops due to environmental changes, and that PIES is a useful method for non-destructively and continuously monitoring changes of crops.