This study aimed to suggest a suitable collar pattern by visually evaluating the appearance of the amount of collar drape by the starting position of the lapel line of a double-breasted tailored jacket using a 3d virtual fitting program. It created an avatar based on the mean size of women in their 20s (the 8th Size Korea) using clo network (double fastening: 10cm, collar width: 4.5cm, collar stand: 3cm, and lapel width: 8.5cm). The starting of the lapel twist line was waistline level, the 1/2 level of bustline and waistline, or bustline level, and collar laying amount was 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, or 7.5cm. It was evaluated by garment construction experts using 5, 6, and 4 items on the front, sides, and back, respectively. Descriptive statistics, F-test, Duncantest, and reliability analysis were conducted using SPSS 22. When collar laying amount was 6.5cm, it was best rated regardless of the starting point. Under waist line, when collar laying amount was 6.5cm, it was best rated regardless of the starting point. When collar laying amount was large, the collar’s outline length increased, resulting in unnecessary wrinkles from the neckline to the lapel, affecting the overall collar appearance. When collar laying amount was the smallest, the collar was lifted and the width was narrowed, exposing the seam connecting the collar and neckline. The length of the collar’s outline varied depending on collar laying amount, which was important to make the outline sit comfortably on the body.

본 연구에서는 연동온실의 골조로 인한 내부 광 분포를 검토 하기 위하여 위치별(중앙부 및 측면부) 일사량을 실측하고, 오 전(08:30－12:30)과 오후(12:35－16:30)로 시간대를 구분 하여 일사량, 광 투과율 및 일 적산일사량을 분석하였다. 또한 토마토의 생육 및 수확량을 위치별로 비교하였다. 오전일 때 중앙부와 측면부의 일사량은 각각 275.2W·m-2, 314.9W·m-2 이고, 오후일 때는 각각 278.1W·m-2, 313.9W·m-2로 측면부 보다 중앙부가 오전은 12.6%, 오후는 11.4% 낮았고, 광 투과 율과 일 적산일사량도 중앙부가 낮게 나타났다. 생육 특성에 있어서는 첫 번째 조사의 엽장과 엽폭을 제외하고는 조사 종 료일까지 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 토마토의 최종 주당 평균 수확량은 재배 위치에 따라 중앙부 4,828g, 측면부 4,851g으 로 유의미한 차이는 없었고, 중앙부가 0.5% 적게 나타났다. 토 마토의 광보상점은 60W·m-2이고 광포화점은 281W·m-2로 중앙부의 시간대별 일사량은 광보상점보다는 높고, 광포화점 보다는 낮으나 그 차이가 크지 않아 온실 내 위치에 따른 생육 및 수확량의 차이가 미미한 것으로 판단하였다. 향후 이 검토 결과를 포함하여 온실을 설계할 때 광 환경을 고려한 설계를위해 온실의 설치 방향, 위치 및 지붕 경사도 등에 따른 온실 내 광 분포 분석이 필요하다.

Background: Stroke patients have reduced trunk control compared to normal people. The ability to control the trunk of a stroke patient is important for gait and balance. However, there is still a lack of research methods for the characteristics of stroke control in stroke patients. Objects: The aim of this research was to determine whether trunk position sense has any relation with balance and gait. Methods: This study assessed trunk performance by measuring position sense. Trunk position sense was assessed using the David back concept to determine trunk repositioning error in 20 stroke patients and 20 healthy subjects. Four trunk movements (flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation) were tested for repositioning error and the measurement was carried out 6 times per move; these parameters were used to compare the mean values obtained. Subjects with stroke were also evaluated with clinical measures of balance and gait. Results: There were significant differences in trunk repositioning error between the stroke group and the control group in flexion, lateral flexion to the affected side, lateral flexion to the unaffected side, rotation to the affected side, and rotation to the unaffected side. Mean flexion error: post-stroke: 7.95 ± 6.76 degrees, control: 3.32 ± 2.27; mean lateral flexion error to the affected side: 6.13 ± 3.79, to the unaffected side: 5.32 ± 3.15, control: 3.57 ± 1.92; mean rotation error to the affected side: 8.25 ± 3.09, to the unaffected side: 9.24 ± 3.94, control: 5.41 ± 1.82. There was an only significant negative correlation between the repositioning error of lateral flexion and the Berg balance scale score to the affected side (–0.483) and to the unaffected side (–0.497). A strong correlation between balance and gait was found. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that stroke patients exhibit greater trunk repositioning error than age-matched controls on all planes of movement except for extension. And lateral flexion has correlation with balance and gait.

본 연구는 보성강 유역에 위치한 호수들에서 식물플랑크톤 군집의 시공간적 차이를 비교하고 이러한 군집 구조의 차이에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 확인하고자 2014년 3월부터 2017년 11월까지 분기별 조사를 시행하였다. 조사 결과, 보성호는 다른 호수들에 비해 식물플랑크톤의 다양성이 풍부하고 밀도 역시 높은 수준으로 확인되어 시공간적으로 큰 차이를 보였다. 또한 3월 조사에서 확인된 식물플랑크톤 군집은 다른 조사시기와 우점종을 포함한 규조류와 녹조류의 군집에서 구분되는 특성을 나타냈다. Indicator species analysis를 통해 확인된 각 그룹 간 지표종을 확인한 결과, 계절에 따른 식물플랑크톤 천이와 영양 농도에 따른 다양성 및 밀도 변화를 반영한 것으로 산출되어 호수들의 식물플랑크톤 군집이 시공간적으로 구분되었음을 나타냈다. Non-metric multidimensional scaling을 통해 보성강 유역 내 호수들의 식물플랑크톤 군집 구조에 있어 Secchi depth, 수온, 전기전도도, DO 등이 중요한 요인임을 확인하였고, 영양염을 포함한 다양한 환경요인과 함께 식물플랑크톤 군집 차이에 영향을 끼친 것으로 분석되었다.

Background: The Microsoft Kinect which is a low-cost gaming device has been studied as a promise clinical gait analysis tool having satisfactory reliability and validity. However, its accuracy is only guaranteed when it is properly positioned in front of a subject. Objects: The purpose of this study was to identify the error when the Kinect was positioned at a 45˚ angle to the longitudinal walking plane compare with those when the Kinect was positioned in front of a subject. Methods: Sixteen healthy adults performed two testing sessions consisting of walking toward and 45˚ obliquely the Kinect. Spatiotemporal outcome measures related to stride length, stride time, step length, step time and walking speed were examined. To assess the error between Kinect and 3D motion analysis systems, mean absolute errors (MAE) were determined and compared. Conclusion: Based on our study experience, positioning the Kinect directly in front of the person walking towards it provides the optimal spatiotemporal data. Therefore, we concluded that the Kinect should be placed carefully and adequately in clinical settings.

목 적：MRI Upper Extremity(elbow, forearm) 촬영 시 피사체가 bore center에서 벗어나는 정도가 클 수 밖에 없다. 일반적으로 bore의 isocenter에서 촬영하는 것이 자기장의 균일도가 높아 영상의 SNR이 높 을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 Upper extremity 촬영 시 isocenter에서 벗어나는 정도에 따라 테이블을 기 준으로 피사체의 수직 위치변화에 따른 MRI영상의 SNR을 비교해 평가하고자한다. 대상 및 방법：원기둥모양의 water phantom을 MRI bore의 가장자리에서 1)테이블에 붙여서, 2) 테이블에서 11cm 올려서, 촬영하였다. 장비는 Siemens사 Verio 3T장비를 이용하였다. Flexible Large Coil을 사 용하여 T2 TSE sequence를 TR = 4560ms, TE = 76ms, slice thickness = 3mm, FOV = 120mm의 파라미터로 두 경우 모두 일치시켜서 촬영하였다. 결과의 공정함을 가하기 위해 prescan은 자동으로 수행하게 하였다. 영상을 평가하는 방법으로 두 영상의 중앙지점, 가장자리지점 12개 지점의 SNR을 측정 하여 정량적 평가를 하였다. 두 영상간의 SNR 차이가 통계적으로 유의미한지 확인하기 위해 Microsoft Excel의 paired t-test를 이용하였고, 이 때 유의성을 판단하는 기준은 p<0.05으로 하였다. 추가적으로 실제 flip angle이 피사체에 어떻게 들어갔는지를 확인하기 위해 double angle method를 이용하여 B1 mapping을 하였다. B1 map을 얻기 위한 촬영방법은 똑같은 위치에서 Flash sequence를 사용하여 TR = 1000 ms, TE = 3ms, flip angle 45도의 파라미터로 촬영하고, 같은 조건에서 flip angle 90도로 영상을 얻었다. 45도로 얻은 영상과 90도로 얻은 영상을 통해 double angle method를 이용하여 B1 map을 구한 후, B1의 균일성을 평가하였다. 결 과：정량적 평가를 통해 영상의 SNR 측정지점 12개 지점에 대한 검정을 한 결과 통계적으로 유의하게 테이 블에서 11cm를 올려서 촬영한 경우에 SNR이 더 높았다 (p<0.05). B1 map 촬영결과는 11cm를 올려서 촬영한 영상이 실제 가해지는 flip angle이 정상적으로 들어가고, 테이블에 붙여서 촬영한 영상은 더 높 은 flip angle이 들어간 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 T2 TSE를 촬영 시 테이블에 붙여서 촬영한 영상은 excitation및 refocusing RF의 flip angle이 의도대로 들어가지 못해 SNR이 떨어졌을 것임을 추측해볼 수 있다. 결 론：일반적으로 MRI 촬영 시 bore center에서 촬영하지만 Upper Extremity 검사 시 bore의 가장자리로 갈 수 밖에 없다. 3T장비에서 flexible coil을 이용하여 elbow, forearm등의 검사를 할 때 테이블에서 올려 검사 하게 되면 원하는 flip angle이 정상적으로 들어가서 SNR이 높은 영상을 얻을 수 있을 것 이라고 사료된다. 만약, 피사체를 올리기 어려운 경우라면 transmit gain이 제대로 조정이 되었는지 확 인해 볼 필요가 있다.

This paper provided the information related to the removal of 2,4,6-tribromophenol using in-situ and stable liquid ferrates(VI). This research’s goal was to observe the differences of oxidation power between in-situ liquid ferrate(VI) and stable liquid ferrate(VI). The in-situ liquid ferrate(VI) (FeO4 2-) has been successfully produced with the concentration 42,000 ppm (Fe) after 11 minutes of reaction time. The stable liquid ferrate(VI) was also successfully produced following the modification method by Sharma with the produced concentrations 7,000 ppm. The stable liquid ferrate(VI) was stable for 44 days and slightly decreased afterwards. This research has been carried out using 2,4,6-tribromophenol as the representative compound. Both of ferrates(VI) have the highest oxidation capability at the neutral condition. Furthermore, the stable liquid ferrate(VI) has higher oxidation power than the in-situ liquid ferrate(VI).

The present study was carried out to deduce optimum harvesting time based on fruit traits that were examined with fruits hanging the higher part (HP, higher than or equal to 2m height from the ground) and lower part (LP, lower than or equal to 1.5m height from the ground) on ‘Niitaka’ tree. The fruits of HP compared to of LP tended to be heavy and showed significantly higher soluble solid contents (SSC), hardness and gravity at each of the harvest time. On the basis f the discrepancies of the fruit traits between HP and LP, harvest time for the fruits of LP are acquired to be delayed for raising fruit weight and SSC. Due to the substantial probability of flesh pithiness based on the dramatic decrease of fruit gravity, it is necessary that the fruits of LP distributed just after harvesting or stored for short-term period.

Background:Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) rely on their upper limbs for body-lifting activity (BLA). While studies have examined the electromyography (EMG) and kinematics of the shoulder joints during BLA, no studies have considered foot position during BLA.Objects:This study compared the effects of different foot positions during BLA on the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion in individuals with SCI.Methods:The study enrolled 13 mens with motor-complete paraplegic SCI, ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) A or B. All subjects performed BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest and on the floor independently. Surface EMG was used to collect data from the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii. The peak plantar pressure was measured using pedar-X and the knee flexion angle with Image J. Borg’s rating perceived exertion scale was used to measure the physical activity intensity level. The paired t-test was used to compare the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion between the two feet positions during BLA.Results:The activity of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii and rating perceived exertion decreased significantly and the peak plantar pressure and knee flexion angle increased significantly when performing BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest compared with on the floor (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that individuals with SCI may perform BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest for weight-relief lifting to decrease the shoulder muscle activities and the rating perceived exertion and to increase the peak plantar pressure and the knee flexion angle.

This study attempts to investigate the impact of pollution by VOCs at schools located around Shihwa national industrial complex. Schools around the Shihwa national industrial complex were divided into two categories based on location, with five schools located near the industrial complex and five schools located near housing development. Samples of the indoor air and the outdoor air were collected from each classified school and analyzed to evaluate the impact of the industrial complex on each school through a comparison and to find the correlation between them. In combination with this, this study attempted to conduct comparative evaluations of the schools in which there might be relatively higher indoor air pollution since new construction and extension or remodelling had recently been carried out with other schools. The samples collected from 10 places in total were analyzed, using GC/MS. TVOCs, and individual component of VOCs, were detected in the schools near shihwa national industrial complex at higher levels than in the schools nearby housing development. TVOCs were detected at the schools in the industrial complex st levels of 166.5 μg/m3, that is, about 1.5 times higher than the level detected at the schools outside the industrial complex. TVOCs were found in the indoor air of the schools that had been extended or remodelled less than 3 years ago at levels of 188.8 μg/m3, while in schools where more than 3 years had passed since extention or remodelling they were found at levels of 97.5 μg/m3, meaning they were about 1.9 times higher in schools in the first 3 years.

The purpose of this study was to apply the joint mobilization technique to the level of segments with pain and to the level of segments with hypomobility respectively and compare the immediate effects of the joint mobilization technique on the pain, the active cervical range of motion (ROM), and treatment satisfaction of patients with acute mechanical neck pain. After the baseline assessment, forty-two patients were randomized into two groups: a painful group (n1=21) that received joint mobilization at the most painful cervical spine level and a hypomobile group (n2=21) that received joint mobilization at the most hypomobile cervical level. The patients received an intervention that applied unilateral posterior-anterior gliding for 5 minutes and two repetitions of 10 times of active extension motion with distraction. In the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the painful group and the hypomobile group were improved significantly in all pain variables (p<.001), while the painful group was improved significantly in the active cervical flexion (p<.001), extension (p<.001), left side-bending (p<.01), right side-bending (p=.001), left rotation (p<.001), and right rotation (p<.001). The hypomobile group was significantly improved in active cervical flexion (p=.001), extension (p<.001), left side-bending (p<.05), right side-bending (p=.001), left rotation (p=.001), and right rotation (p<.01) after intervention. In the Mann-Whitney U test, there was no significant difference in any of the dependent variables after the intervention between the two groups, but the painful group was slightly superior to the hypomobile group in all variables except for the right lateral flexion ROM and treatment satisfaction. These outcomes suggest that the cervical joint mobilization may be applied to either the level of painful segments or the hypomobile segments for the treatment of patients with acute mechanical neck pain.

The purpose of this study was to compare the joint position sense at the knee joint at 3 different surface conditions by using the active knee joint angle reproduction test in the standing position. Twenty healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) age 20~29 years were recruited for this study. The knee joint position senses were assessed at three different surface conditions: on the floor (stable condition), TOGU (soft condition), and seat fit (unstable condition) in a closed kinetic chain. Testing orders were selected randomly. The absolute angle error was defined as the absolute difference between target angles (30°～45° knee flexion) and subject perceived angle of the knee flexion. One way ANOVA was used to compare the absolute angle of error among 3 different conditions. The Independent t-test was used to compare the absolute angle of error between male and female. The error angles were significantly different among surface conditions (1.3°±1.2° for the floor, 2.1°±0.9° for the TOGU, and 4.4°±1.8° for the seat fit, p<.05). There was no significant difference in error angle between male and female. In conclusion, the joint position sense of the knee joint in the closed kinetic chain decreased at unstable surface conditions. The result of this study indicates that surface conditions should be considered when assessing and training the joint position sense of the knee joint in clinical setting.

As a part of HMS(Human-Machine System), the car is very important thing in common life. It is also a significant part to study on the controllers of car that is intentively related with all sensibilities during driving. There are lots of controllers on seating buck of the car. However, there are few study on the sensibility analysis of them. Most of all, the foot controller could be easily overlooked because it could be invisible. This study was based on relationship that the controllers fitted to the driving posture in the drivers' sensibility difference of two transmission modes, automatic and manual transmission. The results show the driver's preference driving posture and sensibility in two kinds of transmission cars. Consequently, it should be designed the seating buck for two different types respectively to be taken comfort driving posture and improve the safety for drivers. Also, it could reduce the fatigue and discomfort in the task of driving. The design of the controllers strongly effects on the drivers' response time. hereby this study was accessed to the sensibility of Korean with analyzing the relationship, quantitative data, and sensibility difference between two kinds of transmission cars.

2013 년도 1 월부터 12 월까지 1 년간 복부/골반 추적 검사를 시행한 환자 중 1년간 2회 이상 검사한 환자 10 명에 대해 팔의 위치에 따른 방사선 선량과 image quality 를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 팔을 올리고 표준 자세로 검사한 그룹 을 A, 팔을 내리고 검사한 그룹을 B 로 분류하였다. 첫 번째 선량비교에서 A 그룹은 B 그룹에 비해 평균 mAs 량이 11.4 % 적게 조사되었으며 CTDI 값도 11.3 % 작게 나타났다. 두 번째 영상의 화질 비교를 위한 histogram 은 A 그룹 과 B 그룹 모두 max 값은 비슷하게 측정되었지만 mean 값과 SD 값에서 큰 차이를 나타내 B 그룹이 A 그룹에 비해 선량을 더 주었지만 팔의 위치에 따라 선량 부족 현상이 나타났다. 최적의 영상을 획득하기 위하여 복잡한 알고리즘의 개발과 고사양의 장비도입 이전에 CT 검사 시 검사자가 적극적으로 팔을 올려서 검사하는 노력만으로 적은 피폭선량 과 양질의 의료영상을 환자에게 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

This study intended to analyze an influence of the structure elements on the optimal location for one-outrigger system in tall building by using MIDAS-Gen. In this investigation, the analysis parameters were the outrigger position and the stiffness of main structure elements such as shear walls, outrigger systems, exterior columns connected in outrigger system and frames not to be connected in outrigger system. For the objective of finding out the optimal location for one-outrigger system in high-rise building, we studied the lateral displacement in top level of 80 stories building. The results of this study indicated that the outrigger location and the stiffness of main structure elements such as shear walls, outrigger systems, exterior columns connected in outrigger system and frames not to be connected in outrigger system had an influence on the optimal location of one-outrigger system. In addition, it is showed that the research results can be very useful in obtaining the structure design data for looking for the optimal location of one-outrigger system in high-rise building.

This paper aims to discuss the semantic types of subordinate compound words between Korean and Chinese. First, we discussed the concept of subordinate compound words, then analyzes the concept and the location of the head words in the subordinate compound words. We know that Korean is the head-final language, for the head of is at right. On the contrary, the location of the head of Chinese compound words is not fixed. There are many left-head word structure of compound words in Chinese nouns, verbs and adjectives. By analyzing the semantical structure of the compound words, most of the words are the right-head structure in both korean and Chinese. There are many left-head semantic structure of subordinate compound nouns, verbs and adjectives. By contrast, there are a little left-head semantic structure of subordinate compound verbs and adjectives. There are many same points in right-head semantic structure of subordinate compound. In chapter 4, By analyzing the specific words, we studied the semantic types of subordinate compound nouns, verbs and adjectives between Korean and Chinese. Finally, we came to the conclusion of this paper. We wish this paper will contribute to comparative Study between Korean and Chinese.

흉부 CT와 같이 조직 대조도 차이가 큰 부위의 CT 검사도 환자의 팔의 위치에 따른 아티팩트 발생과 화질저하, 과다피폭 등을 방지하기 위하여 환자의 손을 머리 위로 올리고 검사를 시행하고 있다. 흉부 CT와 같이 조직 대조도 차이가 큰 부위의 검사에서 환자 팔의 위치에 따라 화질저하, 과다피폭 등이 발생한다. 2012년 서울의 K 대학병원 흉부 CT 검사는 1,642건이었다. 이중 118건이 팔을 올리지 않고 흉부 CT검사를 시행하였다. 정상적으로 팔을 올리고 검사한 그룹은 총 DLP 값의 평균이 275 mGy․cm로 나타났으며 팔을 올리지 않고 검사한 그룹의 총 DLP값 평균은 312.46 mGy․cm로 나타났다. 동일 환자의 경우 후향적 조사에서 적극적으로 팔을 올리고 검사한 경우 총 DLP 값이 267.5 mGy․cm로 조사되었고 팔을 올리지 않고 검사한 경우 총 DLP 값이 307.5 mGy․cm로 나타났다. 흉부 CT 검사에서 검사자가 적극적으로 팔을 올리지 않고 검사하면 인체의 가장 두꺼운 부위인 어깨부위를 통과한 X-ray 광자의 부족으로 인해 선형 아티팩트가 발생하였다. 흉부 CT 검사시 적극적으로 팔을 올려서 검사하는 노력으로 적은 피폭선량과 양질의 의료영상을 환자에게 제공할 수 있는 선량 최적화의 방법이 될 것이다.

파노라마와 CBCT 같은 회전하는 방사선 발생장치에서 방사선작업종사자와 보호자의 적절한 피폭 방어 대책을 알아보고자 위치에 따른 방사선 조사선량을 비교 분석하였다. 사용된 장치로는 파노라마 DP-90-P PAX-500(Vatech, Korea)와 CBCT DCT-90-P IMPLAGRAPHY Dental CT system (Vatech, Korea)을 사용하였다. 조사선량 측정기는 Ion chamber model 2026과 Reader기 20X5-60E를 사용하였다. 촬영조건은 임상에서 사용하는 인자와 동일하게 설정하였다. 실험결과 파노라마는 검사가 처음 시작하는 A지점이 81R 으로 가장 높게 나왔고, 검사가끝나는 D점이 53R 으로 가장 낮게 나왔다. CBCT의 경우는 검사가 끝나는 D지점이 1,021R 으로 가장 높게 나왔고, 검사가 시작하는 A지점이 809.67R 으로 가장 높게 측정되었다. 부득이하게 보호자나 방사선작업종사자가 환자를 잡고 검사해야 할 경우에는 피폭선량이 가장 많은 지점을 피해서 X선관이 회전하기 시작하는 지점과 끝나는 지점의 가운데 위치해야 할 것이다. 그리고 장비의 특성상 기계의 반대편이며, 환자의 측면에서 지지하는 것보다 후방에서 지지하는 것이 가장 안전할 것이고, 적절한 방호기구를 착용해야 할 것이다.