In the manufacturing industry, dispatching systems play a crucial role in enhancing production efficiency and optimizing production volume. However, in dynamic production environments, conventional static dispatching methods struggle to adapt to various environmental conditions and constraints, leading to problems such as reduced production volume, delays, and resource wastage. Therefore, there is a need for dynamic dispatching methods that can quickly adapt to changes in the environment. In this study, we aim to develop an agent-based model that considers dynamic situations through interaction between agents. Additionally, we intend to utilize the Q-learning algorithm, which possesses the characteristics of temporal difference (TD) learning, to automatically update and adapt to dynamic situations. This means that Q-learning can effectively consider dynamic environments by sensitively responding to changes in the state space and selecting optimal dispatching rules accordingly. The state space includes information such as inventory and work-in-process levels, order fulfilment status, and machine status, which are used to select the optimal dispatching rules. Furthermore, we aim to minimize total tardiness and the number of setup changes using reinforcement learning. Finally, we will develop a dynamic dispatching system using Q-learning and compare its performance with conventional static dispatching methods.
본 연구에서는 한국산 미기록속인 이마줄불청객파리속(신칭)과 미기록종인 작은눈이마줄불청객파리(신칭)를 처음으로 보고한다. 우리는 이 종이 포식성 거미의 섭식과정에 관여하는 phoretic relationship의 습성을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 이 종의 성충에 대한 기재문과 사진 및 DNA바 코드 서열을 제공한다.
본 연구에서는 한국산 미기록속인 밑들이자루맵시벌속(신칭)과 미기록종인 밑들이짧은자루맵시벌(신칭)을 처음으로 보고한다. 밑들이자루 맵시벌속은 잎벌류에 기생하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 배마디 끝부분이 위쪽으로 굽어져있는 것이 특징이다. 본 논문에는 미기록속, 미기록종의 기 재문과 사진을 제공한다.
2020년 7월 하순에 전남 해남의 무화과 농장에서 Aclees속에 속하는 바구미가 발견되었다. 이 바구미는 무화과곰보바구미(신칭), Aclees taiwanensis Kôno, 1933로 동정되었다. 아마도 아열대 및 열대 아시아가 원산인 이 외래종 바구미는 이탈리아와 프랑스에도 침입되어 무화과나무 에 심각한 피해를 일으키고 있다. 이 논문이 한국에서 보고되는 Aclees속 바구미에 대한 첫 보고이다.
본 연구는 중국 노인들의 생활양식에 대한 분석을 기반으로, 노인들의 욕구에 부합할 수 있는 고령친화 주거단지 환경계획을 그 목적으로 한다. 장시성 상라오시에 거주하는 노인 306명에 대한 설문조사를 통해 여가시간 동안 산책과 대화, 간단한 쇼핑, 경작과 가드닝, 장기두기 등의 활동이 대부분임을 알 수 있었다. 전체 대상지는 입구·경관구역, 생활교류구역, 생태재배구역, 생활주거구역, 야외활동구역 및 완충식재구역으로 구분하였다. 단지 내 차량과 보행동선을 분 리하였으며, 생활교류구역 내에는 만남, 산책, 이벤트 및 판매 등을 위한 공간을 조성하였다. 노 인층의 원예욕구를 반영하여 생태재배구역을 조성하였으며, 무장애 플랜터박스 및 온실을 설 치하였으며, 손자, 손녀들과 함께 할 수 있는 야외활동공간을 조성하였다. 커뮤니티 가로계획과 관련하여 무장애 계획을 수립함과 동시에 우물, 마당 등과 같은 랜드마크 시설을 도입하여 공 간의 식별성을 높혔다. 또한 안전성 확보를 위한 보차분리 및 전통성 도입을 위한 포장설계 등 의 디테일이 추가되었다.
PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to develop an urgent road-repair system and perform a field applicability test, as well as discover the optimum mix design for machine applications compared to the optimum mix design for lab applications.
METHODS: According to reviews of the patent and developed equipment, self-propelled and mix-in-place equipment types are suitable for urgent pavement repair, e.g., potholes and cracks. The machine-application mix design was revised based on the optimum lab-test mix design, and the field application of a spray-injection system was performed on the job site. The mixture from the machine application and lab application was subjected to a wet-track abrasion test and a wheel-tracking test to calibrate the machine application.
RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : This study showed that the binder content could differ for the lab application and the machine application in the same setting. Based on the wet-track abrasion test result, the binder contents of the machine application exceeded the binder contents of the lab application by 1-1.5% on the same setting value. Moreover, the maximum dynamic stability value for the machine application showed 1% lower binder contents than the maximum lab-application value. Collectively, the results of the two different tests showed that the different sizes and operating methods of the machine and lab applications could affect the mix designs. Further studies will be performed to verify the bonding strength and monitor the field application.
입성(入声)이란, 중세 중국어(中古汉语)에서는 평성, 상성, 거성, 입성으로 이루어지는 4성 성조체계의 일부분을 말하며, 현대 중국어(现代汉语)에서는 중세 중국어의 입성에 연원을 두는 ‘성조 범주(调类)’를 가리킨다. 본 논문에서는 광둥 메이센 방언(广东梅县话(커자 방언, 客 家话)), 푸젠 푸칭 방언(福建福清话(민 방언, 闽语)), 베이징 방언(北京话(북방 관화, 北方官 话))의 입성에 대하여 간략히 기술하고, 최적성이론을 통하여 이 세 방언에서 입성의 실현 양상이 왜 달리 나타나는가에 대하여 설명을 시도하였다. 10개의 제약조건 Ident(Place), Ident (Cons), MAX, DEP, Ident(Manner), No-CodaOral, No-CodaCons, No-Coda, No-MonoCoda, No-CodaObs 간의 제약등급관계에 따라, 메이센 방언에서는 중세 중국어의 입성 운미가 유지되었고, 푸칭 방언에서는 3개의 구강 파열음이 모두 성문 파열음으로 수렴되었으며, 베이징 방언에서는 운미가 모음으로 변하거나 탈락되었다
PURPOSES :The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum mix design of the content of 100 % reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for spray injection application with different binder types.METHODS:Literature review revealed that spray injection method is the one of the efficient and economical methods for repairing a small defective area on an asphalt pavement. The Rapid-Setting Polymer modified asphalt mixtures using two types of rapid setting polymers-asphalt emulsion and a quick setting polymer asphalt emulsion-were subjected to the following tests to determine optimum mix designs and for performance comparison: 1) Marshall stability test, 2) Retained stability test, 3) Wet track abrasion test, and 4) Dynamic stability test.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS :Type A, B, and C emulsions were tested with different mix designs using RAP aggregates, to compare the performances and determine the optimum mix design. Performance of mixtures with Type A emulsion exceeded that of mixtures with Type B and C emulsion in all aspects. In particular, Type A binder demonstrated the highest performance for WTAT at low temperature. It demonstrated the practicality of using Type A mixture during the cold season. Furthers studies are to be performed to verify the optimum mix design for machine application. Differences in optimum mix designs for machine application and lab application will be corrected through field tests.
PURPOSES: The objective of this study was to determine the optimum ratio of mix design, for a reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content of 100%, for spray injection application. METHODS: A literature review revealed that spray injection is an efficient and cost-effective application for fixing small defective regions of an asphalt pavement. Rapid-setting polymer-modified asphalt mixtures prepared from two types of rapid-setting polymer asphalt emulsion were subjected to Marshall stability and wet track abrasion tests, in order to identify the optimum mix designs. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : Different mix designs of type A and type B emulsions were prepared using RAP and virgin aggregates, in order to compare the performance and determine the optimum mix design. The performance of mixtures prepared with RAP was superior to that of mixtures containing virgin aggregates. Moreover, for optimum ratio of the design, the binder content prepared from RAP was set to 1~2% lower than that consisting of virgin aggregates. Compared to their Type A counterparts, type B mixtures consisting of a reactive emulsion performed better in the Marshall stability and wet track abrasion tests. The initial results confirmed the advantages associated with using RAP for spray injection applications. Further studies will be performed to verify the difference in the optimum mix design and performance obtained in the lab-scale test and tests conducted at the job site by using the spray injection machine.
The up-to-date small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea have tried to respond flexibly and rapidly to dynamic business environment and to establish efficient production management system based on information technologies. However, most of SMEs have faced with low applicability of the production management system resulting from high costs of introduction and maintenance. In this paper, a production planning and control system, that is S-PMS (production management system for SMEs), is proposed to solve the problem of low applicability and limited human resources. S-PMS enables production managers to efficiently collect and manage master data with the actual target production systems and explores the bottleneck process by means of simulation techniques to improve productivity. Furthermore, it implements rescheduling mechanism in terms of a variety of process routes. In essence, intuitive dispatching rules and integrated data management of S-PMS improve field applicability of production management system. Consequently, S-PMS is expected to be used as an efficient production management system of SMEs in Korea.
Up-to-date business environment for manufacturers is very complex and rapidly changing. In other words, companies are facing a variety of changes, such as diversifying customer requirements, shortening product life cycles, and switching to small quantity batch production. In this situation, the companies are introducing the concept of JIT (just-in-time) to solve the problem of on-time production and on-time delivery for survival. Though many companies have introduced ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems and MRP (material requirement planning) systems, the performance of these systems seems to fall short of expectations. In this paper, the case study on introducing an APS (advanced planning and scheduling) system based on dispatching rules to a machining company and on finding a method to establish an efficient production schedule is presented. The case company has trouble creating an effective production plan and schedule, even though it is equipped with an MRP-based ERP system. The APS system is applied to CNC (computer numerical control) machines, which are key machines of the case company. The overall progress of this research is as follows. First, we collect and analyze the master data on individual products and processes of the case company in order to build a production scheduling model. Second, we perform a pre-allocation simulation based on dispatching rules in order to calculate the priority of each order. Third, we perform a set of production simulations applying the priority value in order to evaluate production lead time and tardiness of pre-defined dispatching rules. Finally, we select the optimal dispatching rule suitable for work situation of the case company. As a result, an improved production schedule leads to an increase in production and reduced production lead time.
본 논문은 소비자학과 경영학에서 소비자 행태분석 및 시장 트렌드를 파악하기 위한 경험적 조사방법론으로 쓰이고 있는 타운워칭(town watching)법을 이용해 떠오르는 여가조성지의 공간적 특성을 파악하고 유입인구의 행태를 분석한 사례연구를 바탕으로 진행되었다. 디자인 전공생들이 타학문의 조사방법론 을 통해 수집한 정보를 분석하고 그 내용을 시각화함으로써 공 감각적 능력을 키우고, 입체적인 사고력과 정보를 디자인하는 능력, 독창적 표현법을 훈련할 수 있었다. 타운 워칭은 마포구 서교동 와우산로 지역 일대를 대상지로 선정하여 23명의 학생 들이 6개의 조로 나뉘어 팀별 5회 이상 현장조사를 실시하였 다. 팀원들이 관찰일지를 작성하고 사진촬영과 인터뷰를 병행 하며 타운워칭의 비교법, 정점법, 탐정법등을 통해 공간의 특성 과 유동인구의 특성을 분석하여 이 지역의 트렌드와 소비자 라 이프스타일을 도출하였다. 공간에 대한 분석 결과를 인포그래 픽(infographic)으로 시각화함으로써 공간을 구성하고 있는 매 장의 구성별, 속성별, 층별, 소비자 그룹별 지도를 창의적으로 제작하였다. 개발된 인포그래픽은 도표형, 2D 그래픽 지도형, 스토리텔링형 총 세 가지 형태로 분류된다. 도표형 인포그래픽 사례 두 가지는 이 지역을 구성하고 있는 매장에 대한 분석 정 보를 가장 객관적이고 사실적으로 전달하고 있다. 업종의 층별 구성상황을 전달하기 위해 건물을 이미지로 제작해 층별 위치 와 업태를 식별하기 쉽게 그래픽으로 표현하였으며 구성 비율 을 파이차트로 나타냈다. 또한 평면적인 지도 형태로 매장의 위치를 정확히 파악한 두 번째 사례 역시 업태를 도식화하여 파이차트로 제공하고 있다. 2D 그래픽 지도형 인포그래픽은 두 가지 형태가 개발되었는데 두 사례 모두 업종의 속성별로 그룹 핑을 했으며 이 지역으로 유입되는 사람들의 목적에 따라 매장 의 속성과 매치시켰다. 스토리텔링형 인포그래픽은 세 가지 형 태로 개발되었다. 특히 문화예술 소비 공간으로 부상하고 있는 지역의 특성을 반영하여 인터랙션의 효과를 넣음으로써 사용자 를 참여시키는 어플리케이션을 개발한 사례와 타깃별로 맞춤형 지도를 제안하고 팔찌형태의 독특한 인터페이스를 고안했다. SNS를 즐기는 젊은 층이 특히 많이 오는 지역으로 이들에 의 해 재생산되는 지역관련 이미지들을 차용해 고정된 이미지의 지도가 아닌, 살아 숨 쉬며 변화를 거듭하는 인터랙티비티가 강조되기도 했다. 스토리텔링형 인포그래픽의 사례 세 가지는 모두 사용자의 참여를 기반으로 소통하며 함께 만들어갈 수 있 는 스토리 재생산의 여지를 남겨두고 제작이 된 것을 알 수 있 다. 그동안 인포그래픽이 정보를 공급하는데 있어 복잡한 내용 을 한 장으로 정리하는데 주력한 도표형, 지도형 등이 많았다 면 앞으로의 인포그래픽은 정보 수용자의 유형별 속성별로 맞 춤형 정보를 제공함으로써 공감을 이끌어낼 수 있어야 한다. 스토리텔링형 인포그래픽이 보다 설득력을 가지며 인터랙션이 있을수록 수용자의 능동성을 높이며 살아있는 정보가 될 수 있 다. 타운워칭의 정보를 보다 효과적으로 전달하고 활용하기 위 해서는 융합디자인 교육에서 참여형 인터랙티브 인포그래픽에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.
무농약 시설재배 오이에서 잎, 꽃 및 과실을 가해하던 응애를 채집하여 동정한 결과 오이긴털가루응애(Tyrophagus neiswanderi)로 동정되었 다. 오이긴털가루응애는 분류학상 응애목(Acarina) 가루응애과(Astigmata)에 속하며 형태적으로는 유백색의 계란형을 띄고 체장은 490.1㎛, 체 폭은 288.1㎛의 매우 작은 응애이다. 오이긴털가루응애는 잎, 꽃, 과실에 모두 발생하여 피해를 주었다. 피해증상은 정식 초기 유묘의 경우 신초가 수축되면서 연노란색으로 탈색이 되고, 심하면 신초가 멎는 피해가 나타난다. 또한 오이가 생육을 하는 과정에서 잎이 피해를 받으면 처음에는 오이 잎에 흰색의 반점이 나타나고 시간이 경과함에 따라 반점에 구멍이 나고 찢어진다. 꽃에서도 흰색 반점과 찢어지는 증상이 나타난다. 과실에서는 어린 과실일 때 피해를 받으면 과실의 비대가 저해되거나 기형과가 나타나며, 과실이 비대하더라도 코르크증상으로 인해 상품성이 떨어지게 된다.
This paper considers an inbound ordering and outbound dispatching problem for multi-products and multi-vehicles in a third-party distribution center. The demands are dynamic over a discrete and finite time horizon, and replenishing orders are shipped in various transportation modes and the freight cost is proportional to the number of vehicles used. Any mixture of products is loaded onto any type of vehicles. The objective of the study is to simultaneously determine the inbound lot-sizes, the outbound dispatching sizes, and the types and numbers of vehicles used to minimize total costs, which consist of inventory holding cost and freight cost. Delivery time window is one of the general dispatching policies between a third-party distribution center and customers in practice. In the policy, each demand of product for a customer must be delivered within the time window without penalty cost. We derive mixed integer programming models for the dispatching policy with delivery time windows and on-time delivery dispatching policy, respectively and analyze the effect on a dispatching policy with delivery time windows by comparing with on-time delivery dispatching policy using various computational experiments.
It was first recorded that Elasmus japonicus Ashmead had occurred from three Polistes nests in Busan city, Wanju-gun, and Pyeongchang-gun of South Korea. The 2 females and 14 males were collected from the nest of Polistes rothneyi koreanus in Busan city (N35°17′57.71″ E129°06′33.24″), 12 females and 2 males from P. djakonovi in Wanju-gun (N35°47′35.05″ E127°15′30.48″), 18 females and 3 males from P. snelleni in Pyeongchang-gun (N37°39′7.84″ E128°35′15.81″). P. rothneyi koreanus and P. djakonovi were first recorded as new hosts.
To date, two Elasmus species, E. nephantidis and E. viridiceps, have been reported from South Korea. In this study, we provide diagnosis, description, and photos of female and photos of male of E. japonicus.
“Mission ist die Auslegung der von der Kirchen gefuehrten Taten”. Das bedeutet: die von der Kirche gefuehrten Taten sind Mission, aber alle Taten der Kirche koennten nicht als Mission bestaetigt werden. Das heisst, es gab Mission, die in der Kirchegeschichte falsch oder ungerecht gefuehrt worden sind, obwohl man eigentlich keine boese Absicht gehabt haette. Es wird dadurch ein falsches Bild von der Mission entstanden. Das ist eine Gefahr fuer Kirche und dere Mission. Was koennte ein Missionstheologer tun, um dies Gegafahr zu vermildern oder sogar beseitigen. Es koennte durch die Bibel und dein richtjge Tradition der Mission korrigiert werden. Aus dieser Ueberlegung moechte ich hier ein beispienhaftes Missionstat in der koreanischen Kirche und dessen biblischer Begrundung herauszustellen versuchen. Das ist eine Missionsgeschichte von William Benton Scranton, der erste Missionar der methodistischen Kirche in Korea. Das ist eine biblische Untersuchung vom Gleichnis vom barmherzigen Samariter (Lk 10, 2537). Scranton ist ein ArztMissionar, der sich seine Arbeit als “ein good samaritan hospital projekt” bezeichnet hat. Das Ergebnis dieser Missionsarbeit gibt der koreanischen Kirche ein erstaunliches Bild. die drei wichtigen Gemeinde: Ahyun Gemeine, Sangdong Gemeinde und Dongdaemun Gemeinde, deren Anfang Scranton aus einer “Apotheke” fuer die armen, kranken und zum Tode verschobene Untereschichten gemacht hat. Problem ist es, dass die koreaniche Kirche (Methodisten!) eine solche gute Tradition von Scranton heut zu Tage nicht mehr besezt zu haben und sogar nicht mehr daran interessiert zu haben erscheint. Diese Arbeit versucht deshalb die Missionsgeschichte von W.B. Scranton darzustellen und eine Auslegung vom Gleichnis vom barmherzigen Samariter (Lk 10, 2537) zu machen. Dies soll dahin zufuehren, dass die Kirche und deren Mission von der richtigen Tradition vom Gotteswort und Missionstaten sich bewusst sein sollen und dazu gerechte Richtlinien verschaffen sollen. Die Arbeit beschaeftigt sich besonders an einen Begriff von “ChingChingu Mission”. Das ist ein missionstheologischer Begriff, der eine Auslegung vom Gleichnis vom barmherzigen Samariter entstanden ist. Es geht bei der Mission darum, dass eine richtge Mission, die bei dem eine Mission treibende Missionar ein ewiges Leben verschenkt weren soll, liegt an folgendes: Ein Urteil von der richtig gefuehrte Mission liegt nicht daran, was der Mission treibende Person sich selbst behauptet, sondern daran, was der Mission betroffene Person besagt. Das heisst. das von einer Schriftgelehrter befragte ewige Leben wird gegeben dem barmherzigen Samaritaer, der durch den von den Raeubern ueberfallenen Menschen als sein Freund besagt worden ist, aber nicht dem Schriftgelehrter, der sich selbst als ein Freund fuer die von den Raeubern ueberfallenen Menschen behauftet.
 ,  , An outbreak of Ricania sp. occurred in the Kurye, Jeonnam area in 2011. This outbreak damaged many kinds of fruit trees such as Cornus, Persimmon and Chestnut. This experiment was conducted to survey the occurrence ecology of Ricania sp. such as host plants, oviposition characters, morphological characters and life cycle, as well as to select environmental friendly control agents. Ricaina sp. host plants included 51 species such as 32 xylophytes, and 19 herbaceous plants. Ricaina sp. preferred Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Castanea crenata, Eucommia ulmoides, Styrax japonicus for oviposition. Adults laid eggs on new inner twigs with 28.8 eggs per egg-ass. Egg size was 1.24 mm(length), 0.55 mm(width) in an oval shape. Nymphs molted four times. Every nymph stage had an × shape of yellow or white beeswax around the anus. Overwintered eggs of Ricania sp. hatched from the mid May to early June. Nymphal periods were from mid May to mid August and adults appeared from mid July but spawning began in mid August. Ricania sp. damaged new twigs by oviposition and retarded growth by sucking nutrients and producing a sooty mold. Sophora and natural plant extracts were effective environmentally friendly agricultural materials used to control the nymph and adult Ricania sp. Mortality was 〉80%.