Insect cuticle tanning (pigmentation and sclerotization) is a complex and vital process, which includes hydroxylation of initial amino acid, tyrosine, to DOPA and decarboxylation of DOPA to dopamine. In the pigmentation process, dopamine further undergoes two N-acylation reactions to yield N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD). In the former reaction, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT1) converts dopamine to NADA, and in the later reaction, aspartate 1-decarboxylase (ADC) provides β-alanine, which is conjugated with dopamine catalyzed by NBAD synthase (Ebony) for production of NBAD. In this study, we performed functional genomics of TmAANAT1, TmADC and Tmebony to determine whether they are required for cuticle pigmentation in Tenebrio molitor adults. Loss of function of these genes by RNAi caused the significantly darker body color than that of control animals. Note that, although all phenotypes exhibited dark cuticle pigmentation, RNAi of either TmADC or Tmebony only altered brownish outer region of the cuticle to dark/black. In contrast, RNAi of TmAANAT1 had no effect on the brown hue of the outer cuticle layer, but less or no pigmented inner region of the cuticle became significantly darker than those of control adults. These results suggest that, like that seen in TcAANAT1- or TcADC-deficient Tribolium castaneum adults, NADA produced by a reaction by TmAANAT1 contributes the lighter inner cuticle layer(s), whereas NBAD appears to do the highly pigmented outer cuticle layer(s) of the cuticle of T. molitor adults. This work was supported by NRFs (NRF-2015R1A6A3A04060323 and NRF-2018R1A2B6005106).

Taguchi regarded the concept of quality as ‘total loss to society due to fluctuations in quality characteristics from the time of supplied to the customer.’ The loss function is a representative tool that can quantitatively convert the loss that occurs due to the deviation of the quality characteristic value from the target value. This has been utilized in various studies with the advantage that it can change the social loss caused by fluctuation of quality characteristics to economic cost. The loss function has also been used extensively in the study of producer specification limits. However, in previous studies, only the second order loss function of Taguchi is used. Therefore, various types of losses that can occur in the process can’t be considered. In this study, we divide the types of losses that can occur in the process considering the first and second loss functions and the Spiring’s reflected normal loss function, and perform total inspection before delivering the customer to determine the optimal producer specification limit that minimizes the total cost. Also, we will divide the quality policy for the products beyond the specification limits into two. In addition, we will show the illustration of expected loss cost change of each model according to the change of major condition such as customer specifications and maximum loss cost.

화장품산업에서 보습 효과를 오랫동안 지속시키기 위해 보습제로 히아루론산, 글리세린 등 많은 원료가 개발과 연구되어지고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 보습제 원료가 아닌 계면활성제를 변경함에 따라 피부의 보습 및 경피수분손실량의 변화에 대해 연구 하였다. 특별히 계면활성제의 종류는 천연계면활성제, Lecithin 계면활성제, Polyglyceryl ester계열 계면활성제, PEG계열 계면활성제, PEG계열 W/O 계면활성제 등으로 이 들의 계면활성제의 변화에 따라 피부의 보습 및 경피수분손실량의 변화를 확인하였고, 계면활성제 중에서 Lecithin surfactant를 사용했을 때 가장 우수한 결과 값을 확인 하였다.

In the industrial fields, the process capability index has been using to evaluate the variation of quality in the process. The traditional process capability indices such as Cp, Cpk, Cpm, and C┼pm have been applied in the industrial fields. These traditional process capability indices are mainly applied in the univariate analysis. However, the main streams in the recent industry are the multivariate manufacturing process and the multiple quality characteristics are corrected each other. Therefore, the multivariate statistical method should be used in the process capability analysis. The multivariate process indices need to be enhanced with more useful information and extensive application in the recent industrial fields. Hence, the purpose of the study is to develop a more effective multivariate process index (MCpI ) using the multivariate inverted normal loss function. The multivariate inverted normal loss function has the flexibility for the any type of the symmetrical and asymmetrical loss functions as well as the economic information. Especially, the proposed modeling method for the multivariate inverted normal loss function (MINLF) and the expected loss from MINLF in this paper can be applied to the any type of the symmetrical and asymmetrical loss functions. And this modeling method can be easily expanded from a bivariate case to a multivariate case.

In order for the probe to perform ocean exploration and survey research, it is necessary to adjust the position of the ship as desired by dynamic positioning system. The dynamic positioning system of T/S NARA is applied to K-POS dynamic positioning system of Kongsberg, which makes maintaining the ship's position, changing position and heading control possible. T/S NARA is not capable of dynamic positioning if one or more propulsive forces are lost with DP Level One. However, it is predicted that dynamic positioning can be achieved even at the time of missing one thrust in a good sea condition. Therefore, we want to analyze the effect of each propulsion on the performance of dynamic position system. When one of the bow thruster and azimuth thrusters lost their propulsion, maintaining the ship's position, changing position and heading control performance were compared and analyzed. If the situation occurred disable from using the bow thruster, they can not maintain ship's position. Azimuth thruster was influential for the ship's position control and bow thruster was influential in heading control. The excellent dynamic positioning performance can be achieved, considering the propulsion power that will have a impact on each situation in the future.

We assessed the effects of combining bio-char with straw residue mulching on the loss of soil soluble nutrients and citrus yield in sloping land. The two-year study showed that straw residue mulching (ST) and bio-char application combined with straw residue (ST+BC) can significantly reduce soil soluble nutrient loss when compared with the control treatment (CK). The comparative volume of the soil surface runoff after each of the treatments was as follows: CK > ST > ST + BC. Compared with the CK, the runoff volume of the ST was reduced by 13.6 % and 8.5 % in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Compared with the CK, combining bio-char with the ST application reduced the loss of soluble nitrogen and improved the soil total nitrogen content reaching a significant level in 2015. It dramatically increased the soil organic matter content over the two year period (36.3% in 2014, 50.6% in 2015) as well as the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) (16.6% in 2014 and 39.3% in 2015). Straw mulching combined with bio-char showed a trend for increasing the citrus yield.

The mature silkworms of Bombyx mori L. have recently been regarded as a potential health supplement due to gaining their edibility for humans via a newly-developed steaming method by the Rural Development Administration in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a larval powder of steamed mature silkworms (SMSP) on hair growth/loss in vivo in mice. Topically applied SMSP showed potent hair growth promoting activity. SMSP-treated mice showed increase in hair weight significantly compared with control mice which were not treated with SMSP. Orally administered SMSP also showed hair growth promoting activity, which was lower than that when applied topically. By elucidating the hair loss preventing activity of SMSP, this study will be helpful to increase incomes for sericultural farm households in Korea.

본 연구에서는 풍환경에 따른 열손실을 분석하는데 있어 필요한 풍속 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 주요 11개 해안지역 중 온실밀집지역을 선정하여 기상환경 및 온실 방위를 조사 분석하였다. 대상지역은 난방온실 재배면적과 풍환경 기준으로 선정하였고 온실밀집지역은 50,000m2 이상인 지역을 대상으로 하였다. 11곳의 기상자료 중 기온,풍속, 풍향을 대상으로 30년간 자료를 수집하여 분석하였고 기온은 최저, 평균, 최고 기온을 나누고 풍속 및 풍향 기준은 기상청 분석 기준을 적용하였다. 온실의 배치방향은 형태가 대칭인 점을 감안하여 0~180o 범위로 자료를 수집하였다. 또한, 각 지역마다 풍향이 있으며 온실길이방향을 기준으로 하였을 때 적용되는 풍향은 달라질 수 있으며 이를 상대풍향으로 지칭하고 중복되는 점을 고려하여 0~90o 범위로 자료를 수집하였다. 11개 지역의 기온은 중부지방에 있는 보령, 영광 지역과 남부지방에 있는 9개 지역의 기온차이가 구분되었다. 중부해안 대상지역은 1월 최저기온은 약 3~4oC 정도 온 도가 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었고 평균기온은 약 3oC 정도 높았으며 월별 기온 중 최저기온을 선정할 때에 1 월 기온을 고려해야 되는 것으로 판단된다. 대상지역의 주풍향에 대한 월별 차이는 크게 발생하지 않았으며 풍향 분포에 따라 지역별로 서해안측, 서해 및 남해 경계 해안측, 남해안측으로 구분되어졌다. 풍속은 영광을 제외 한 10개 지역은 월간 풍속 포차이가 크게 발생하지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 대상지역의 온실의 방향은 길이방향 기준으로 분석하였으며 보령과 영광, 남해 지역은 60%이상 집중되어 있는 방향이 존재하였고 해남, 통영 지역은 약 90% 집중되어있는 방향이 존재하였으며 이는 경지정리로 인하여 방향이 편향되어있는 지역이 존재하는 것으로 판단된다.

Breast cancer is of enormous concern worldwide and linked with age, sex, hormonal factors, and family history. The treatment of early breast cancer includes treating the disease locally with surgery, radiation therapy, or both and treating microscopic systemic disease with either one or a combination of chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, or biologic therapy. Doxorubicin is a well-known anthracycline antibiotic and antineoplastic drug usually administered to breast cancer patients. However, there have been some reports suggesting that doxorubicin causes side effects such as cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, breast cancer patients on doxorubicin treatment are commonly prescribed steroid suppression therapy. In addition, it has been previously reported that lack of estrogen elevates cardiotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated whether the steroid suppression therapy might influence the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. We hypothesized that the presence of a steroid hormone, particularly estrogen, is closely related to doxorubicin action. To investigate the effect of estrogen, mice were divided into four groups: control group, doxorubicin-treated group, ovariectomized group, and ovariectomized plus doxorubicin-treated group. We observed upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene and downregulation of apoptotic genes in the groups treated with doxorubicin, particularly in the ovariectomized plus doxorubicin-treated group. This suggests that administration of doxorubicin under a non-steroid condition can excessively damage the heart. In summary, combination treatment of hormonal and doxorubicin therapy for breast or many different types of cancer patients must be prescribed with requisite precautions.

Today, conventional CVT equipped vehicle controls engine torque and gear ratio by using engine torque map and shifting map. But this control process is difficult to optimize the fuel economy when the driving mode is changed arbitrary. In this study, I propose the real-time CVT control with considering the power loss of transmission system to improve vehicle fuel economy and drivability. The driving performance and fuel economy of the proposed control logic is analyzed by backward simulation and the validity of new control logic is verified.

This research is to numerically perform the optimal design of the shutter valves in the two-stroke engine by analyzing flow resistance with four different design shapes. Shutter valves were numerically analysed for four different industry-design based cases using ANSYS FLUENT V.14. At the result, it was found that the most design-effective case was case 4 with dimensions of 4.5 cm radius and 26 cm length of cylinder with a sphere of 6 cm radius in the valve. Pressure loss of three cases is between 0.70% and 6.48% when compared to case 1. However, 0.16% of pressure loss increased as the rotational speed of valve increased with 1 rad/s. Thus, at lower rotational speed, the case 4 was possibly optimal shape design due to the lowest pressure loss.

Weight loss that influences quality and farmer incomes is affected by the storage environment of agricultural products. The interior of storage should be maintained at high humidity to prevent the weight loss of products which contain a lot of moisture. The research had constantly proceeded with change in the heat exchanger surface areas, humidity systems, and weight loss forecast to maintain high humidity within storage. Relative humidity that exerts an effect weight loss of crop is influenced by storage temperature, leak state, and volume of product. When weight loss is predicted, different conditions of these factors are derived. In case of CA storage, ways of forecasting the weight loss become easier compared to cold storage due to sealed storage with external environment during storage period. In this study, apples were stored in purge-type CA storage and weight loss has been predicted by using operating characteristics and environmental conditions. As a result, humidity variation in the storage fluctuates with the operation of the unit-cooler. Furthermore, unit-cooler operation factor is influenced by outside temperature and respiration heat. Prediction value of weight loss according to temperature and humidity has been most accurately predicted. Prediction value through defrosting water measured shows unit-cooler work quality. K-value needs verification to calculate the VPD method.

유류와 위험 유해물질(Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 이하 HNS)을 포함하는 위험물질의 해상운송 중에 발생하는 사고가 증가하고 있어, 이러한 위험물질 해양사고를 방지할 수 있는 예방대책을 마련해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 국내에서 발생하는 위험물질 해양사고 자료(2002~2014)를 수집하여 인명 및 환경 위험도를 분석하였으며, 사고원인 규명 및 적절한 예방대책이 필요한 우선 안전관 리분야를 파악하고자 하였다. 인명위험도는 선박 수리 및 탱커세정(tank cleaning) 작업과정에서 발생하는 폭발 및 인명사고 중 질식 등 이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 환경위험도는 충돌, 좌초 등에 의한 유출사고로 인해 발생하였다. 또한 비포장 상태의 위험화물을 선박에 적재 중 취급부주의로 인하여 유출사고가 일어났다. 다수의 사고는 적합한 안전장비 미착용, 취급 부주의 등 인적오류로 인한 사고로 서 관리·감독을 강화하고, 주기적인 교육·훈련을 통하여 사고 저감이 가능하다. 위험물질 해양사고를 예방하기 위해서는 물질 자체 고 유의 특성상 유해성과 위험성을 지닌 위험물질(유류와 HNS)에 대한 안전관리를 더욱 강화해야 한다.