Taraxaci Herba has long been used in herbal medicine for their choleretic, anti-heumatic and diuretic properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of origin plants of Taraxaci Herba, Taraxacum coreanum Nakai, as an anti-inflammatory agent in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced microglial activation in BV2 cells. NNMBS273, the EtOH extracts of roots T. coreanum was examined for anti-neuronal inflammatory activity as new drug development. The roots of T. coreanum, showed the potent anti-neuroinflammatory effects on LPS-induced inflammation in microglial BV2 cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of NNMBS273, the EtOH extracts of roots T. coreanum was demonstrated by the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including pro-inflammatory enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β). These results suggest that the roots T. coreanum may be a promising candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases related to neuroinflammation.

Glutamate-induced oxidative injury contributes to neuronal degeneration in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and ischemia. Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)-1 acts against oxidants that are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The EtOH extracts of Viola mandshurica (NNMBS274), Viola patrinii (NNMBS275) and Viola papilionacea Pursh (NNMBS276), origin plants of Violae Herba, showed the potent neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Among them, NNMBS275, the extract of V. patrinii possessed the protective effects against glutamate toxicity by inducing the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in the mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. These results suggest that extracts of V. patrinii could be the effective candidates for the treatment of ROS-related neurological diseases. Furthermore, it is suggested that the protective effects of V. patrinii extract due to inducing the expression of HO-1 as an antioxidant/cytoprotective target

This paper is a modest attempt to present a rather simplistic pedigree of sociolinguistics. It first describes the rise of sociolinguistics in the mid-1960s as an established academic discipline. The subsequent sections briefly survey the historial background of sociolinguistics in general, and the historical antecedents of the three main strands/orientations of modern sociolingujistics: the variation study, the ethnography of communication, and the sociology of language. The variation study, being primarily concerned with language variation and language change, finds its ancestry in the early studies in dialectology and historical linguistics. The ethnography of communication derives from anthropological linguistics and the language philosophy of 18th- and 19th-century German thinkers. The history of the sociology of language, which is rather short, stretches back to the earlier studies of language contact, bilingualism, and language policy.

2008년 동아시아 대륙에서 발생기원이 다른 먼지(황사)와 인위적 오염입자의 광역적 이동 사례를 NOAA위성 RGB 합성영상과 지상 입경별 분진(TSP, PM10, PM2.5)의 질량농도 관측으로 분석하였다. 또한 Terra/Aqua 위성 MODIS(Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 센서의 AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)와 FW(Fine aerosol Weighting)를 통해 동아시아 지역에서 발생기원이 다른 대기 에어로졸의 분포와 입자 크기 특성을 분석하였다. 중국 북부와 몽골, 그리고 중국 황토고원에서 모래폭풍이 발생하여 광역적으로 이동하여 청원에 먼지입자(황사)로 영향을 주는 6 개의 사례분석을 실시하였다. 질량농도 TSP중 PM10은 70%, PM2.5는 16%로 조대입자(〉 2.5 μm)의 비율이 큰 것은 사막과 반사막의 자연적 발생원에서 생성되었기 때문이다. 그러나, 모래 폭풍이 이동 과정에서 중국 동부의 산업 지역을 거쳐 유입하는 사례에서는 TSP 중 PM2.5가 23%까지 증가하기도 했다. 중국 동부로부터 황해를 거쳐 한반도로 유입한 5개 다른 사례의 경우, TSP 중 PM10, PM2.5가 각각 82, 65%로 나타났다. 이와 같이 PM2.5의 상대적 비율이 증가한 것은 인위적 오염입자의 영향 때문이다. 동아시아 지역에서 인위적 오염입자의 광역적 이동 사례에 대한 평균 AOD는 0.42±0.17로 황사에 의한 AOD(0.36±0.13)와 비교하여 대기 에어로졸에 대한 비율이 높게 나타났다. 특히, 중국 동부에서 황해, 한반도, 동해에 이르는 광역적 지역에 AOD값이 높게 분포했다. 인위적 오염입자의 사례는 FW가 평균 0.63±0.16로 모래폭풍의 이동 사례의 0.52±0.13 보다 높은 값을 보였다. 이는 대기 에어로졸에 대한 인위적 미세 오염 입자의 기여도가 클 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

China was a feudal country for about 2,000 years when a number of uprising by peasants took place endlessly because of exploitation by bureaucrats. Those peasants requested reforms in land distribution system that would raise their social position and bring financial profits to them. The Chinese population was about 80 million in the Han period. It was slowly increased to 120 million which was maintained in the T'ang, Song, Win and Ming periods. But the population was explosively increased to 430 million in the Ching period. or this reason, lots of peasants moved to inland, mountainous places where they faced resistance from natives who had been farming there for generations. Cheongbang' was a private organization that was initially formed in the Ching period by seamen who worked at a large canal in the southern part of China. It was later integrated with Hongbang into 'Chenghongbang'. After the Xinhai Revolution, Cheonghongbang didn't intervene in political incidents any more. But some members of the organization formed another organization, or 'Banghoe' as one of the most representative crime bodies in the modern history of China. Leaders of Cheonghongbang who had been the puppets of the Chinese National Party were later moved to Taiwan along with the party, took refuge to Hong Kong and Macao or hided themselves in the Chinese emigrants of southeastern Asian countries. And there, they formed a pan-Asian crime organization, that is, 'Triad' or 'Samhaphoe'. The other members of Cheonghongbang who were left in the mainland China return to the life of ordinary people after submitting a written oath not to involve in crimes in accordance with the anti-crime guidelines of the Democratic People's Republic of China which was founded in 1949. As Deng Xiaoping implemented policies for national reforms and opening, pseudo-underworld society crime organizations began to gradually emerge in the southeastern coastal cities of the country. Since then, about 30 years have passed. Now, the organizations exist in all regions and business fields of China. They are maintaining mutual cooperative relationships with the security police. The organization is offering bribes to the police. In return, the police is aiding the crime bodies to be firmly established and continuously developed.

본 연구는 신학 전공 대학생들과 과학 교육 전공 대학생들과의 비교를 통하여 신학 전공 대학생들의 우주와 생명의 기원에 관련된 관점과 과학에 대한 인식을 알아보며, 신학 전공 대학생들을 대상으로 개설한 현대 과학의 이해와 관련된 과목을 한 학기 수강한 이후에 일어나는 관점의 변화를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 신학 전공 대학생 26명과 과학교육 전공 대학생 19명이 설문에 참여하였다. 신학 전공 대학생들의 경우, 수강 전 젊은 지구 창조론과 오랜 지구 창조론을 합하여 42%, 유신론적 진화론을 지지하는 응답자는 42%로 나타났으며 생물학적 진화론을 지지하는 응답자는 단 한 명도 없었다. 이에 반해, 과학교육을 전공하는 대학생들 대부분의 진화론을 지지하고 있었으며 극단적인 입장의 창조론을 지지하는 응답자는 없는 것으로 드러났다. 또한 창조론을 지지하는 대부분의 응답자는 과학이 창조주의 업적을 기술하는 도구라고 생각하는 경우가 많았고, 과학적 진화론을 지지하는 응답자는 과학이 자연 세계에 대한 논리적이고 기술적인 체계라는 견해를 가지고 있었다. 신학 전공 대학생들이 현대 과학에 대한 이해와 관련한 과목을 수강한 이후, 젊은 지구 창조론과 같은 극단적 관점을 지지하는 경우가 23%에서 4%로 감소하였으며, 유신론적 진화론의 관점은 다소 증가하였다. 이는 신학 전공 대학생들의 과학 관련 과목 수강이 신학 전공의 바탕에서 과학적 진화론을 이해하려는 실마리를 제공한다고 볼 수 있다.

The theories of Korean Public Art originated by the artists who were against dictatorship and they associated with democratic politicians. They criticized the Fine art that were supported by the dictatorship and gave their efforts for restoration of ‘resistance paintings(against dictatorship)’, ‘proletarian painting’, ‘realism painting’. In addition, they participated new social ideology(democracy) movement and demonstrated for their rights in arts. These became the main kernel the public art theory was initiated. The public artists splitted into several different parts and participated in the democratic social movement as well as the art movement for freedom. They opened various art exhibitions within different genre, diverse space for various art section such as an exhibition hall, a factories, a university, or a congregation square. Furthermore, the public art theorists published their divergent views through newspaper/broadcasting or unauthorized printed materials. Most of the public artist and the theorists kept their relationship strongly until 1985, the time when ‘ National Arts Association’ started. In 1983 and 1984, they were clearly separated into two parts; artists(move only in art museums) and activists(move in public spaces like school, convention square etc). Their ideological separation also took out national problems. The division; professional artists and armatures, became the social issue as a social stratification matter. And in creating method, there are also other conflicts; critical realism, and public realism as well as western painting and traditional one. These kinds of separation and conflicts made different Public artists associations, under divergent names; ‘Reality and Speak’(R&S), ‘KwangJu Art Association’, ‘Durung’, ‘Dang(Land)’, and ‘Local Youth Students Association’. In addition, their ideology and pursuit toward art movements were very difference. However, the differences and conflicts weakened When the oppression of democratic education from new dictatorship(Pres. Jun, Doo Hwan) came out. In August. 1985 the government opened to the public so called, 'The draft of School stabilization law'(Hankwon Anjung Bup) to control the teachers' rights and that initiated bigger street demonstration and conflicts between police and educators. In November.1985, assembly meeting of National Arts Association in democracy opened as ‘ONE’ combined organization. In this presentation, I'd like to summarize the stream of art movement until 1984, and clarify the main art theories that lead the Public Art Movements in 1980s. The main theories in 1980s are crucial because they become the origin of public art theories. This presentation started with O,youn's ｢Hyunsil Dong In the first declaration｣ and explained the absent of practice in 1970s. In addition, Won, Dong Suk 's theory was mentioned as all over struggles in theories before 1980s. GA and R&S 's founding declarations in 1970s were the start of public art theorists' activities and this article reported the activities after the declarations. First, realism base on the consciousness of reality. Second, practice art democratization based on the ideology. Third, the subject of public art movement based on understanding people's social stratification structure. Fourth, the matters of national forms and creative ways in arts based on showing reality. Fifth, the strong points in arts that the practitioners accepted. About the public art theories around 1984, I discussed the dividing point of public art theories that were shown in ‘generation theory’, ‘organization theory’, and ‘popularization theory’ by the practitioners. The public realism theory that subjects the contradiction of reality and point out the limits of critical realism not only showing the new creative ways but also giving the feeling of solidarity to the public art activist groups. After that, public art movements expressed ‘Dismentlement of Capitalism’ and ‘Public revolution’. In addition, the direction of public art movements were established strongly. There were various opinions and views during the start and formation of the public art theories. The foundation of theorists activities derived from the practitioners who had the concept based on stratification and nationalism. The strong trend of group division spreaded out by practitioners who opened art work together in factories, universities, squares and rural areas. Now many lively active practitioners are gone to the other field not related with arts, and others join into professional art field not public art one with unknown reason. The theorists have the same situation with the practitioners. It means to me that theory always have to be based on the practice.

Angiogenesis is a process with a coordinated sequence of endothelial cell division, selective degradation of vascular basement membranes, and surrounding extracellular matrix with migration of theses cells that result in a new capillary growth from preexisting vessels. These processes are controlled by numerous different molecules. Among these, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen with a potent ability to induce microvessel permeability and angiogenesis. In this study, tissue samples of odontogenic keratocyst(10 cases), ameloblastoma(10 cases), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor(10 cases), calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor(10 cases), ameloblastic carcinoma(2 cases) were obtained, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial 5μm thick sections were cut from paraffin blocks. And the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of VEGF about the cyst & tumor were observed & obtaned the results from this study. We presume that the growth of cyst is depends on not a differentiation but an epithelium & connective tissue. But, in odontogenic tumor, we presumed that the growth of tumor is influenced on inflammation & surrounding stimulus & vascular growth and supply. Therefore, it should be suggested that study on the growth of tumor and vascularity must be carrying out in this immunohistochemical study.

The concept of eonmunilchi (the unification of the speech and writing) reminds us of the unification of written and spoken language. However, from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, two problems were intervened in the argument of eonmunilchi. One is about the use of certain characters, and the other is regarding the styles that are used to complete the sentences. But this paper treats the problem of styles of the sentence level, not the problem of characters. In Korea, it is often said that the typical example of unification of written and spoken language at the level of sentences is the replacement of '-deora (-더라)' with '-eotta (-었다),' However, in modern Korean, '-deora' is mostly used in the spoken language whereas '-eotta' is rarely used in the spoken language. If '-eotta,' a typical example of ending expression of eonmunilchi is not related to the spoken language, then what is the fundamental meaning and effect of eonmunilchi? The basic effect of eonmunilchi occurs when it is difficult to suppose the relationship of speaker/writer and hearer/reader or even the context itself where a locution takes place. In other words, erasing the trace of speaker or writer in the text so that the sentence itself could carry out its own meaning is regarded as the effect of eonmunilchi.

This paper is to examine Yun Chi-ho’s public theology in terms of Diakonia mission. Though the separation of politics and church is emphasized in the public area, the religious view of politicians and public servants actually plays an important role of deciding political issues and transforming social life. As a case study, I explore the characteristics of Yun's Diakonia mission by analyzing his diaries. First, before his conversion to Christianity, Yun served as servant at the Ministry of Foreign Affair. He tried to reform society by introducing Western educational and medical system into Korea. His political exile helped himself to experience Western civilization in China and the USA. Under the new worldview of Christianity, Yun realized the importance of education for the future of Korea. Second, after his overseas study and visit to Europe, Yun became the leader of the Independence Club to reform Korean government from the absolute monarchy into a constitutional one. King Gojong dissolved the party and appointed Yun as a local government officer. He encouraged his people to organize the systematic resistance against the injustice of Japanese settlers in Wonsan. He criticized the unlawful deed of Catholic missionary and mad him recalled home. He believed that a Korean servant of Confucian government should act partially to religious issues and that a particular religion, even Christianity, must not have any absolute position in Korea. Third, Yun didn't overlook the racial and cultural arrogance of Western missionaries. His perspective of mission has been formed under the influence of other religions. He owed the corruption and impoverishment of Korea to the egoism and classism of Confucianism. Putting the gradual transformation over the sudden conversion, Yun argued that the motive of conversion should be based on the fear of God, not on the freedom from the oppression of corrupt officers. He proposed the new directions of Korean mission in the 20th century: ① the cooperation and union of churches for mission, ② the concentrated mission in Songdon, ③ the importance of vocational education, ④ the education of women, and ⑤ the contextual mission strategy. Fourth, Yun's Diakonia mission focused on the need of Korean people rather that that of missionaries. His pen name means “a serving old man”, who contributed to the formation and development of Christian education in Korea. Yun's visit to Hawaii also reminds us of his vision for the independence based on the moral and economic development. In conclusion, reflecting on the legacy of Yun Chi-ho, I suggest three viable agenda for the 21st century mission: ① Diakonia mission under lay leadership, ② the cooperation of churches and the dialogue among religions, and ③ the paradigm shift toward the solidarity between missionary churches and indigenous churches.

제주도 서부해역에 분포하는 퇴적물의 기원지를 밝히기 위해 이곳 표층퇴적물의 지화학적 조성을 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 중국의 황하와 양자강 그리고 한국의 강 퇴적물과 비교 연구하였다. 연구지역 퇴적물의 평균입도는 3.6∼8.5φ 범위의 조립질실트 퇴적상으로 구성되며 탄산염 함량은 0.92∼9.75%(평균 3.65%)범위를 갖는다. 총유기탄소와 총질소(TN)의 비율(평균 9.4)에서 연구지역의 유기물은 육성 기원보다 해양성 기원이 상대적으로 우세하였다. 주성분 원소들의 공간분포에서 Fe/Al, Mn/Al, Ti/Al의 함량비는 양자강 하구역과 가까운 남서쪽 지역에서 높은 농도를 보여 양자 기원 물질이 연구지역으로 유입되고 있음을 추론케한다. 연구지역 퇴적물의 Sc/Al 대 Cr/Th, Th/Sc 대 Nb/co, Ti/Nb 대 Th/Sc의 지화학적 구분지수는 황하와 양자강가원 퇴적물을 구분해 주는 유용한 지화학적 지시자로 제시될 수 있었다. 연구지역의 서쪽에 분포하는 대부분의 퇴적물은 황하기원 퇴적물과 유사한 특징을 보였고 양자강 하구역과 가까운 남서쪽 지역의 퇴적물은 양자강기원 퇴적물과 유사성을 보였으며, 북동쪽 지역에 분포하는 퇴적물 시료는 다른 지역 퇴적물 보다 높은 비 값을 보여, 따라서 제주도 서부해역은 복합기원 퇴적물이 집적되고 있음을 의미한다.

황해와 북동중국해에는 중국의 황하와 양쯔강 그리고 한국의 강들로부터 많은 양의 부유물질이 공급되어 대륙붕 해역에 여러 개의 니질 퇴적체가 발달하고 있으나, 이들 퇴적체에서 두 기원을 설명할 수 있는 퇴적-지화학적 요인은 아직까지 명확하게 제시되고 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 한국과 중국 기원 강 퇴적물의 주성분 원소의 함량 특성을 비교 연구하고, 그 결과를 토대로 황해와 북동중국해 퇴적물에 적용 가능한 기원지 추적자를 제시하였다. 본 연구를 위해 총 102개의 강과 연안 퇴적물에 대한 주성분 원소(Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Na, Ti)들의 함량을 유도결합플라즈마 분석기를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 이와 함께 입도효과를 최소화하기위해 원시료를 실트(60∼20μm)와 점토 구간(<20μm)으로 분리하여 주성분 원소 함량과 스트론튬 동위원소 비(87Sr/86Sr)를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 새로운 방법의 입도보정을 통한 Fe/Al과 Mg/Al 함량 비는 매우 유용한 잠재적 추적자로 제시되며, 이러한 결과는 입자 분리된 실트와 점토 퇴적물에서 더욱 뚜렷하다. 또한 실트 구간의 퇴적물에서 한국 기원의 87Sr/86Sr 비는 0.7229∼0.7253(평균 0.7243) 범위로 중국 기원 퇴적물(0.7169∼0.7189, 평균 0.7179)과 뚜렷한 차이를 보여, 황해와 북동중국해에서 한국과 중국 기원의 퇴적물을 구분할 수 있는 중요한 지화학적 성분으로 평가된다. 이러한 잠재적 추적자들에 근거할 때, 한국 서남해에 발달하고 있는 니질 퇴적대의 전퇴적물은 한국과 중국의 혼합 기원으로 해석되나, 실트와 점토 구간의 퇴적물로 나누어 볼 때 그기원이 각각 다르게 나타났다. 즉, 점토 퇴적물은 한국과 중국의 혼합 기원으로, 실트 퇴적물은 한국 기원이 우세한 것으로 해석된다.

Ameloblastic carcinoma is an ameloblastoma wi th histological malignant transformation with 01' without metastatic di sease_ We report an ameloblastic carcinoma ex ameloblastoma of right mandibular body in 7 -year-old girl with a heterogeneo us hi stologic components_ The tumor s howed so lid s heets composed of atypical kerati nized squamous cells. small ovoid cell s. and s pind le cells in addi tion to a bit of beni gn ameloblastoma component_ Immunohis tochemically, the squ amous cells were strongly cytokemtin posi ti ve/vimentin negati ve and the small ovoid and spindle ce lls were weakJy cytokeratin positi ve/v imentin pos it ive_

본 연구는 경상남도 사천시 삼천포 항을 중심으로 인근의 40개의 조사정점을 선정하여 해수와 저질토에서 해양종속영양세균, E. coli, 그리고 Salmonella와 Shigella의 분포를 2003년 7월부터 12월가지 3차에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 본 연구의 조사기간(2003년 7~12월)중 삼천포만 인근해역의 조사정점에서 해양 종속영양세균의 분포는 1.7±0.9×103~2.4±0.9×105