본 연구에서는 Na2SO4 폐수 처리를 위한 바이폴라막 전기투석(bipolar membrane electrodialysis, BPED)에 적용하 기 위한 sulfonated poly(phenylence oxide) (SPPO) 기반 강화 양이온교환막(cation-exchange membrane, CEM)을 제조하고 그 성능을 평가하였다. 특히, 다양한 open area, opening size, 두께를 가지는 직조형 지지체를 사용하여, 지지체가 강화막의 물리 적 및 전기화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실험 결과, open area와 opening size가 증가할수록 이오노머의 충진율 이 증가하고 이온 전도 경로가 개선되어 막의 전기적 저항이 감소하고 함수율은 증가하는 경향성을 나타내었다. 한편, OH- 이온은 함수율이 높은 조건에서 막을 통해 더 쉽게 투과하였으며, SO4 2‒ 이온은 지지체의 특성과는 상관없이 전반적으로 낮 은 투과도를 나타내었다. 또한 제조막의 특성과 산/알칼리 조건에서의 내화학성을 종합적으로 고려한 결과, polypropylene (PP)이 가장 적합한 보강재 소재로 판단되었으며, 이를 활용하여 제조한 강화막은 상용막 대비 우수한 인장강도와 구조적 안 정성을 나타내었다. 개발된 강화 CEM을 BPED에 적용한 결과, 상용막 대비 막을 통한 SO4 2‒ 누출이 현저히 억제되어 산/염 기 순도, 전류 효율, 및 에너지 효율이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

제4차 로잔대회가 2024년 9월 인천 송도에서 열렸다. 연구자는 소고를 통해 제4차 로잔대회를 Business As Mission의 관점에서 조명하고 성찰하였다. 제2장에서는 과거 로잔 공식문서에 담긴 일터 선교론을 정리하였고, 제3장에서는 제4차 로잔대회 현장에서 드러난 시장, 일터, 노동, 돈에 관한 담론들을 조명하였다. 제4장에서는 제4차 로잔대회를 기준으로 역대 로잔대회 속 일터 선교론과의 연속성을 살펴보고, 한국교회 BAM 운동을 조명하며 확장성을 논하며, 대회가 주는 교훈으로 한국교회 목회와 선교 현장에 적용하였다. 특히, 제3장 에 담긴 일터 트랙에서 발표된 여섯 개 카테고리 즉 일터와 노동에 대한 성경적 관점, 일터 현장의 크리스천 그 신분과 사역의 기회, 청지기로서의 기업 경영, 크리스천의 사명 - 건강한 부의 창출과 분배, 복음의 불모지에서의 남다른 리더십 그리고 위기 상황 속 비즈니 스를 통한 총체적 변혁 등에 담긴 세부 내용은 한국교회 비즈니스선교 현장가는 물론 목회자와 선교신학자들에게 나름의 도전이요 영감이 될 것이라 기대한다.

어선은 다른 어선들과 근접 운항하는 경우가 많아 선회 반경이 작고 빠른 방향 전환이 가능해야 한다. 어선은 또한 파도와 조류 의 영향을 많이 받기에 순간적인 조종이 필요한 경우가 많다. 해양교통안전정보시스템에 따르면 10톤 미만의 소형 선박에 대한 사고는 전 체 사고의 69%에 해당하며 접촉, 충돌, 좌초가 주요인인 사고는 낮은 조종성능으로 인한 사고이다. 이에 소형 어선에 대한 조종성능 평가가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 4.99톤급 소형 어선을 대상선으로 선정하여 CFD 기반 수치해석 프로그램인 STAR-CCM+을 활용하여 주요 제원 변 화에 따른 조종성능 시뮬레이션을 구축하였다. 조종 성능 평가로는 ∘ /∘ zig-zag test, ∘ /∘ zig-zag test, ∘ portside turning test를 진행 하였다. zig-zag test에서는 L/B가 우세한 선형들이 B/D가 우세한 선형들과 Overshoot angle에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만 빠른 변침 속도 를 보였다. 반대로 Turning test에서는 B/D가 우세한 선형들이 L/B가 우세한 선형들보다 비교적 작은 선회 반경을 보였다. 이를 바탕으로 4.99톤급 어선의 초기설계 단계에서 조종성능을 고려한 주요 제원을 선정할 수 있는 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) 관련 경화성 담관염과 원발성 담즙성 담관염의 중복은 매우 드문 임상 양상으로, 이로 인한 비대상성 간경변증으로의 진행은 극히 예외적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 증례는 두 질환이 병존하며 스테로이드 포함한 치료 에도 불구하고 반복적인 담관염과 담도 협착, 지속적인 IgG4 상승이 관찰되었고, 결국 간섬유화와 복수를 동반한 비대상성 간경변증으로 진행한 사례이다. 기존 문헌에서도 IgG4 관련 질환과 원발성 담즙성 담관염의 중복 또는 다른 장기 침범 사례가 보고된 바 있으나 ursodeoxycholic acid와 면역 치료 병합에 반응하였고 일부에서만 불완전한 치료 반응과 진행성 경과를 보였다. 이러한 중복 사례에서는 간경변 진행 가능성을 신중히 고려해야 하며, 재발성 IgG4 관련 경화성 담관염의 경우 rituximab이 치료 대안이 될 수 있으나, 중복 질환에서의 유효성은 아직 확립되지 않아 최종적으로 간이식까지 고려해야함을 증례로서 보고하는 바이다.

Though Farnesiferol C (FC) derived from Ferula asafoetida is known to have antiangiogenic and apoptotic effect in gastric, breast, nonsmall lung cancers, the underlying antitumor mechanism of FC is not fully understood so far. Hence, in the current study, apoptotic mechanism of FC was explored in colon cancers in association with carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less 2 (CNOT2)/c-Myc signaling. Herein FC significantly increased cytotoxicity and reduced the number of colonies in HCT116 cells more effectively than in SW480 cells, though FC enhanced sub-G1 cell population in HCT116 and SW480 cells compared to untreated control. Consistently, FC activated the cleavages of Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and Bax and attenuated the expression of pro-PARP and Cyclin D1 in HCT116 cells better than SW480 cells. Also, FC significantly reduced the expression of CNOT2 and c-Myc. Also, FC reduced of c-Myc stability in HCT116 cells by cycloheximide assay. Notably, CNOT2 depletion reduced the expression of c-Myc, while c-Myc depletion also attenuated the expression of CNOT2 in HCT116 cells, implying the crosstalk between CNOT2 and c-Myc. Furthermore, overexpression of c-Myc or CNOT2 promoted the expression of pro-PARP in HCT116 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that FC induces apoptosis via inhibition of CNOT2 and c-Myc in colon cancers for a potent anticancer candidate for further agriculture cultivation in Korea.

Background: Aquatic exercise utilizing hot springs helps individuals with nonspecific knee pain by reducing joint stress and providing a safe environment for movement. It can improve muscle strength and balance, enhancing overall functional mobility. Objects: This study aims to examine the muscle strength of knee flexion, knee extension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion, as well as to investigate static and dynamic balance in middleaged females after performing hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. Methods: Twenty-two middle-aged females participated in the study. The participants performed hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. The hot spring aquatic exercise consisted of aquatic walking, aquatic stretching, aquatic side step, aquatic forward reach, aquatic squat, leg lift, and aquatic arm and leg rotation. Muscle strength was measured using microFET2, while static balance was assessed through the one-leg stance test, and dynamic balance was evaluated using the Y-balance test. This study utilized the paired t-test for statistical analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The muscle strength of bilateral knee flexion showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05), and the muscle strength of bilateral knee extension also improved significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant increase was observed in the muscle strength of bilateral dorsiflexion (p < 0.05). The one-leg stance test performed while supporting on the right leg showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dynamic balance measurements performed while supporting on both the right and left legs demonstrated significant improvements in both legs when compared before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In individuals with nonspecific knee pain, a 4-week hot spring aquatic exercise program can contribute to the improvement of lower extremity strength, as well as static and dynamic balance ability.

Eu-doped SrAl2O4 is a promising thermoluminescent and mechanoluminescent material with high brightness and stability, making it suitable for various luminescent devices. In this study, SrAl2O4:Eu was synthesized using a solid-state reaction method, and the effects of reducing atmosphere and high-temperature synthesis conditions on its luminescence properties were systematically analyzed. The luminescence characteristics of SrAl2O4:Eu were found to be highly sensitive to synthesis temperature, atmosphere, and Eu doping concentration, and optimal conditions were determined. A comparison of SrAl2O4:Eu synthesized at 1,300 °C under air and reducing atmospheres revealed that the reducing atmosphere plays a critical role in stabilizing Eu2+ ions, forming a single-phase SrAl2O4, and establishing luminescence centers. Notably, SrAl2O4:Eu synthesized at 1,600 °C in a reducing atmosphere achieved a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 43 % and a maximum luminance of 2,030 Cd/m2, showing significant improvement in luminescence efficiency compared to samples synthesized at 1,300 °C. When Eu doping concentrations were adjusted from 1 % to 20 %, the highest luminescence performance was observed at 10 % doping, while excessive doping (20 %) increased non-radiative recombination pathways, and no further improvement in luminescence efficiency was observed. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Photoluminescence (PL) analyses elucidated the effects of synthesis conditions on the structural stability and luminescence properties of SrAl2O4:Eu, and the optimal reducing atmosphere and high-temperature synthesis conditions are proposed. This study provides a synthesis strategy for enhancing the luminescence properties of Eu-doped SrAl2O4 and lays the groundwork for the development of highperformance thermoluminescent and mechanoluminescent materials.

This study used an in-house beta version code, developed on the Microsoft® Excel platform and based on the Regulatory Guide 1.109 model, for radiation dose calculations. The results were compared with those of NRCDose3 Code Version 1.1.4. Although most results were compatible, five significant discrepancies were identified. First, potential errors in the effective dose for 3H inhalation and ingestion were due to inadequate incorporation of dose coefficients based on chemical forms or absorption types in the GASPAR module. Second, potential errors in 14C effective doses resulted from incorrect application of age-specific consumption values and dose coefficients. Third, potential errors for 131I inhalation doses occurred due to inadequate consideration of dose coefficients for chemical form or absorption type in the GASPAR. Fourth, potential errors in equivalent dose for radionuclides (e.g., 60Co and 131I) were caused by inconsistencies in the ordering of organs or tissues in dose coefficients and output files. Fifth, in the LADTAP module, when “Salt water” was selected and the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 72 was applied, liquid effluent doses were incorrectly output for only three age groups instead of six. This study analyzes these errors and proposes interim corrective measures to ensure accuracy pending software revisions.

Ceramic materials have become essential due to their high durability, chemical stability, and excellent thermal stability in various advanced industries such as aerospace, automotive, and semiconductor. However, high-performance ceramic materials face limitations in commercialization due to the high cost of raw materials and complex manufacturing processes. Aluminum borate (Al₁₈B₄O₃₃) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its superior mechanical strength and thermal stability, despite its simple manufacturing process and low production cost. In this study, we propose a method for producing Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ spherical powder with increased uniformity and high flowability by controlling the particle size of B₂O₃. The content ratio of the manufactured Al18B4O33 spherical powder was Al2O3: B2O3 = 87:13, and it exhibited a 17% reduction in the Hausner ratio (1.04) and a 29% decrease in the angle of repose (23.9°) compared to pre-milling conditions, demonstrating excellent flowability.

Natural products have recently emerged as promising candidates for anticancer therapeutics. However, research on their use as adjuvants to existing chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains limited. This study investigated the potential of METO, a methanol extract derived from Thuja orientalis, to induce apoptosis and its underlying mechanisms in the OSCC cell line HSC4. The results demonstrated that METO induces apoptosis in HSC4 cells, which is likely mediated through the activation of the ERK and JNK pathways, both of which were observed to be activated in METO-treated cells. Additionally, METO-induced apoptosis appears to involve signaling pathways associated with SOCS3 and p53. These findings highlight that METO exhibits strong anticancer activity in OSCC cells and suggest its potential as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for OSCC treatment.

Super P (SP) is a conductive carbon black that significantly enhances the electrical conductivity of various types of electrodes, making it a widely preferred conductive agent in lithium-ion batteries. By contrast, activated carbon (AC), originally used in capacitors due to its porous structure, is expected to contribute to electrochemical performance through its enhanced interaction with lithium ions. First, the physical properties of both materials were analyzed through various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the increase in electrochemical properties through the combination of SP and AC. Furthermore, the microstructure and electrical properties of the LiFePO4 (LFP) electrode were analyzed, to determine the impact on battery performance. With a 1.15 M LiPF6 in an ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC) electrolyte, the results indicated that SP-only electrodes exhibited the highest conductivity and lowest surface resistance, making them the most effective at maintaining stable electrochemical performance. In contrast, electrodes with only AC showed higher resistance, demonstrating that SP remains superior in improving LFP electrode conductivity, ultimately optimizing lithium-ion battery performance.

For metal-free carbocatalysts, heteroatom doping and hierarchically porous structure are the significant factors to improve their catalytic performances. Herein, N-, P-co-doped hierarchically porous carbon fiber (NPC–2–800) was prepared by pyrolyzing bamboo pulp in combination with ( NH4)2HPO4 and activator K2CO3. It was found that ( NH4)2HPO4 not only provides N and P atoms, but also significantly affect the morphology and pore structure of the porous carbon. An appropriate dosage of ( NH4)2HPO4 facilitates the formation of hierarchically porous carbon fiber in NPC-2–800. Whereas, the carbon fragments with only micropores were obtained in absence of ( NH4)2HPO4. The hierarchical porosity and the co-doping of N and P atoms in the NPC-2–800 contribute to its outstanding catalytic performances in the 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction assisted by NaBH4. The NPC-2–800 exhibits an attractive turnover frequency (TOF) value of 4.29 × 10– 4 mmol mg− 1 min− 1, a low activation energy (Ea) of 24.76 kJ/mol, and an acceptable recyclability for 7 cycles without obvious decrease in activity. Kinetics analyses suggest that the 4-NP reduction proceeds through the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. In addition, the NPC-2–800 can also efficiently catalyze the 2-NP and 3-NP reduction. Moreover, in the real water body, the NPC-2–800 also showed superior catalytic activity to catalyze 4-NP reduction. This study provides an efficient catalyst for pollutant conversion and elimination as well as guidelines for designing versatile carbon-based catalysts.

Solar energy has been recognized as an alternative energy source that can help address fuel depletion and climate change issues. As a renewable energy alternative to fossil fuels, it is an eco-friendly and unlimited energy source. Among solar cells, thin film Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) is currently being actively studied as an alternative to heavily commercialized Cu (In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells, which rely upon costly and scarce indium and gallium. Currently, the highest efficiency achieved by CZTSSe cells is 14.9 %, lower than the CIGS record of 23.35 %. When applied to devices, CZTSSe thin films perform poorly compared to other materials due to problems including lattice defects, conduction band offset, secondary phase information, and narrow stable phase regions, so improving their performance is essential. Research into ways of improving performance by doping with Germanium and Cadmium is underway. Specifically, Ge can be doped into CZTSSe, replacing Sn to reduce pinholes and bulk recombination. Additionally, partially replacing Zn with Cd can facilitate grain growth and suppress secondary phase formation. In this study, we analyzed the device’s performance after doping Ge into CZTSSe thin film using evaporation, and doping Cd using chemical bath deposition. The Ge doped thin film showed a larger bandgap than the undoped reference thin film, achieving the highest Voc of 494 mV in the device. The Cd doped thin film showed a smaller bandgap than the undoped reference thin film, with the highest Jsc of 36.9 mA/cm2. As a result, the thin film solar cells achieved a power conversion efficiency of 10.84 %, representing a 20 % improvement in power conversion efficiency compared to the undoped reference device.