Background: The 75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75) plays a crucial role in regulating the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs), facilitating the transfer of Ca2+ ions, and is essential for lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis in mammalian cells. However, the relationship between GRP75 expression and preimplantation embryonic development in pigs remains unknown. Methods: In this study, we investigated whether GRP75 influences ER–mitochondrial junctions and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels in porcine embryos in vitro . We examined the expression of GRP75 at the zygote, cleavage, and blastocyst stages using immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. Results: GRP75 fluorescence and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the blastocysts than in the zygotes. Western blot analysis revealed a decline in the expression of mitochondrial fusion factors mitofusin 2, GRP75, and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex MICU1 protein at the blastocyst stage. To investigate the effects of GRP75 on blastocyst developmental competence, porcinespecific GRP75-siRNA (25 nM) was microinjected at the zygote stage. The results showed a significant decrease in the development capacity until the blastocyst stage (Control: 31.2 ± 2.0%, N.C. siRNA (25 nM): 29.8 ± 3.1%, vs. GRP75-siRNA (25 nM): 24.1 ± 1.6%; p < 0.05). GRP75 in the mitochondria and ER-localized GRP75 were both significantly reduced in blastocysts of pigs microinjected with GRP75 siRNA. Along with ER–mitochondrial colocalization, the MAM formation ratio was significantly reduced in the GRP75-siRNA group compared with that in the control (Control: 29.3% vs. GRP75- siRNA (25 nM): 15.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the GRP75-derived MAM region is involved in the development of early embryos in porcine blastocysts.

The selection of topics to be included in the long-term program of work is a part of the working methods of the International Law Commission. A good selection of topics provides a good start to the Commission’s work and fulfills its double function of the progressive development and codification of international law. The process of selecting works for the longterm program of work now faces numerous challenges such as the appearance of new areas of international law and the increased engagement of States and international organizations in the preparation of new conventions outside the Commission’s channel. The challenges call for further improvement of criteria for the selection of works to preserve and enhance the quality of the Commission’s work. This article will briefly highlight the process of the selection of works in the Commission’s history and focus on the implementation of criteria for the selection of topics used during various times, and their advantages and limitations.

조영석(趙榮祏, 1686-1761)은 정선(鄭敾, 1676-1759)이 산수화에서 이룩한 예 술적 혁신을 ‘개벽(開闢)’이라고 평가하였다. 정선 이전에 우리나라 산수화의 주류는 중국의 화풍을 수용･변형시킨 것이었다. 정선 이전에도 실경산수화는 그려졌다. 그 러나 이 그림들은 실경감(實景感)이 부족했다. 1711년, 조선시대 회화에 일대 분수령 을 이룬 사건이 일어났는데 이것이 바로 정선의 금강산 여행이다. 그는 이 여행을 마 친 후 <<신묘년풍악도첩(辛卯年楓岳圖帖)>>을 그렸다. 정선이 그의 진경산수화를 통 해 이룩한 거대한 혁신은 무엇이었을까? 정선이 조선시대 산수화에 혁명적인 변화를 이룩할 수 있었던 것은 그가 창의적으로 미점(米點)을 금강산 그림 등 그의 진경산수 화 제작에 활용하였기 때문이다. 미점은 북송시대의 화가인 미불(米芾, 1051-1107) 과 그의 아들인 미우인(米友仁, 1086-1165)이 창안한 회화 기법이다. 미점이 사용된 산수화를 미법(米法)산수화라고 한다. 미점은 구름이 끼고 안개가 자욱한 자연의 습 윤한 모습을 묘사하는데 주로 쓰였다. 그런데 미법산수화는 실경산수화가 아니다. 상 상 속의 구름 낀 산을 그린 것이 미법산수화이다. 정선은 중국의 화가들과 달리 미점 을 실재하는 경치를 그리는데 사용하였다. 즉 그는 미점을 구름과 안개가 낀 산의 습 윤한 모습을 표현하는 데 쓰지 않고 실제 경치를 묘사하는데 사용함으로써 미법산수 화의 성격을 근본적으로 변화시켰다. <<신묘년풍악도첩>> 속 <단발령망금강산>을 보면 단발령을 묘사하는데 많은 미점이 사용되었다. 같은 화첩 속 <장안사>에는 옆으로 긴 점이 나무를 표현하는데 사용되었는데 이 점은 미점의 변형이다. 정선은 미점으로 조선의 산천을 그렸다. 결국 정선의 진경산수화는 ‘미점으로 그려낸 실경산수화’라고 할 수 있다. 조영석이 언급한 ‘개벽’은 정선이 그린 진경산수화의 가장 중요한 특징인 미점의 적극적이고 창의적인 사용에서 비롯되었다. <<신묘년풍악도첩>>은 1711년에 정선이 이룩한 회화 혁명이 무엇인지를 알려주고 있다.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are characterized by having five or more main elements and forming simple solids without forming intermetallic compounds, owing to the high entropy effect. HEAs with these characteristics are being researched as structural materials for extreme environments. Conventional refractory alloys have excellent hightemperature strength and stability; however, problems occur when they are used extensively in a high-temperature environment, leading to reduced fatigue properties due to oxidation or a limited service life. In contrast, refractory entropy alloys, which provide refractory properties to entropy alloys, can address these issues and improve the hightemperature stability of the alloy through phase control when designed based on existing refractory alloy elements. Refractory high-entropy alloys require sufficient milling time while in the process of mechanical alloying because of the brittleness of the added elements. Consequently, the high-energy milling process must be optimized because of the possibility of contamination of the alloyed powder during prolonged milling. In this study, we investigated the hightemperature oxidation behavior of refractory high-entropy alloys while optimizing the milling time.

The developmental biology and morphological characteristics of the immature stages of Hypolimnas bolina were studied in the laboratory using host plant, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. This species has six larval stadia, with an egg period of 2.4 ± 0.54 days, a larval period of 16.8 ± 2.3 days, and a pupal period of 10 ± 1 days. It takes approximately 30 days to mature from egg to adult. Illustrations and descriptions of the various immature stages and their behaviors are provided.

Aluminum alloy-based additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a popular manufacturing process for the fabrication of complex parts in the automotive and aerospace industries. The addition of an inoculant to aluminum alloy powder has been demonstrated to effectively reduce cracking by promoting the formation of equiaxed grains. However, the optimization of the AM process parameters remains challenging owing to their variability. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to predict the crack density of AM-processed Al alloy samples. RSM was performed by setting the process parameters and equiaxed grain ratio, which influence crack propagation, as independent variables and designating crack density as a response variable. The RSM-based quadratic polynomial models for crack-density prediction were found to be highly accurate. The relationship among the process parameters, crack density, and equiaxed grain fraction was also investigated using RSM. The findings of this study highlight the efficacy of RSM as a reliable approach for optimizing the properties of AM-processed parts with limited experimental data. These results can contribute to the development of robust AM processing strategies for the fabrication of highquality Al alloy components for various applications.

A literature study was conducted on the management of the pavilion of the royal tomb in the late Joseon Dynasty, focusing on “Gakneung Suri Deungnok(Records relating to the repair of royal tombs)”. This study analyzed the royal tomb management system, organized the types of damage identified in the building, and examined how the damage status was recorded by type. In the above, the records related to the 1675∼1713 repair of three JeongJaGak(Geonwonneung, Sungneung, and Mokneung), which are registered as state-designated cultural properties, are summarized in three aspects: management system, damage status, and expression words. The results of the study are as follows. First, the royal tomb pavilion was regularly inspected by Observator(觀察使) in spring and autumn, and Surunggwan(守陵官) every 5th, and Servant(守僕) regularly inspected every day and night, and also inspected and reported emergency cases of natural disasters or unexpected damage. Second, the damage status of each building was continuously observed and reported for the continuous maintenance of the buildings in the royal tomb. A total of 75 records of damage to the three royal tombs' pavilion were found to have been most frequently inspected, including 19 cases (25.3%), 14 cases (18.7%), 23 cases (30.7%) of the roof, and 19 cases (25.3%) of the roof. Third, the expression of the damage status is confirmed in various ways, such as separation, separation, burst, damage, excitation, moisture, leakage, and exfoliation. Among them, the main damage records were confirmed due to the separation of the base from the peeling, the furniture, cracks, leaks, leaks in the roof, and the collapse of the roof was able to check the damage records.

본 연구에서 Pemphigus bursarius를 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 이 종의 분포지역, 기주식물, 형태학적 정보를 제공한다.