현대 식품산업에서 소비자의 건강과 식품 품질 유지, 그 리고 인공첨가물에 대한 거부감을 고려하여 천연 유래의 기능성 소재 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 흐름 속에서 조미김은 대한민국을 비롯한 동아시아 국가에서 널 리 소비되는 대표적인 가공 해조류 제품으로 제조 공정 중 식용 유지를 고온으로 가열하는 과정이 필수적이다. 하지 만 300도 이상의 고온 가열 과정은 식용 유지의 산화를 유 발하여 풍미 저하, 저장성 감소 및 궁극적으로 소비자 수 용성 저하로 이어질 수 있다는 문제가 존재한다. 특히 조 미김에서 사용되는 옥수수유, 참기름 및 들기름 등은 불포 화지방산 함량 비율이 높아 산화에 더욱 취약하고 이로 인 하여 그 품질 유지가 조미김 산업에서 중요한 과제로 부상 하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 천연 식물성 원료인 마늘과 녹차로부터 이들의 주정 기반의 추출물을 활용하여 항산화 및 항균 효과를 검증하고 더 나아가 이 추출물들을 조미김용 유지(i.e. 옥수수유)에 첨가하여 산화 안전성에 미 치는 영향을 종합적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 우선 국내산 마늘과 녹차 분말을 25% 에탄올에 침지시킨 후 24시간 동 안 상온에서 교반하여 유효성분을 추출하였고 이를 원심분 리 및 필터를 이용하여 여과 후 감압농축을 거쳐 최종 주 정추출물을 확보하였다. 이렇게 마련된 개별 추출물들은 단 독으로 사용되기도 하였으며, 무엇보다 마늘과 녹차를 여 러 중량비로 혼합하여 복합 추출물로도 사용되었다. 항균 활성 측정을 위하여 총 13종의 식품매개 병원성 세균(Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus 등)을 대상으 로 agar disc diffusion 방법을 적용하였다. 그 결과 마늘 추 출물은 바실러스 세레우스와 황색포도상구균에 대하여 직경 약 12mm 이상의 클리어존(clear zone)을 생성함으로써 강력 한 생육(growth) 억제 효과를 나타내었으며, 녹차 추출물은 일부 황색포도상구균에 대하여 약 9-10mm 크기의 클리어 존 형성에 기여하였다. 특히 마늘과 녹차를 5:5 비율로 혼합 한 복합 추출물의 경우에도 바실러스 세레우스와 황색포도 상구균에 대하여 유의미한(P<0.05) 생육 억제능을 선보였다. 항산화 활성의 경우 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)와(과) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거 능력을 측정하였고 비타민 C를 대조 군으로 설정하였다. 단일 추출물 중에서는 DPPH 기준으로 마늘과 녹차가 각 69.057±14.830% 및 84.556±32.670% 수준 의 라디칼 소거능을 보여주었으며, 특히 이 두 성분을 5:5 비율로 혼합하였을 때 DPPH가 무려 155.158±10.783%까지 상승하여 단일 처리 대비 두 배 이상의 항산화 활성을 나 타내었다. 이러한 항산화 및 항규 활성 결과를 바탕으로 마 늘과 녹차 추출물을 5:5 비율로 혼합한 복합 추출물을 옥 수수유에 1-2%의 농도로 첨가하여 저장온도에 따른 산화 안전성을 평가하였다. 이러한 실험은 25, 35, 50 및 70도의 네 가지 조건에서 32일간 진행되었고 일정 간격마다 산가 (acid value, AV) 및 과산화물가(peroxide value, POV)를 측정하였다. 산가는 저장 중 큰 변동이 없었으나, POV에 서는 뚜렷한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 50도 조건 에서는 대조군이 27일만에 POV를 60 meq/kg을 초과한 반면, 1% 혼합물 첨가군은 29일 및 2% 혼합물 첨가군은 32일이 지나도록 POV가 60 meq/kg을 초과하지 않아 보 존기간을 유의적으로(P<0.05) 연장시키는 것으로 관찰되 었다. 70도 조건에서도 유사한 경향이 나타났는데 대조 군의 경우 14일만에 POV가 150 meq/kg을(를) 초과하였 으나, 2% 혼합물 첨가군은 29일차에도 POV가 210 meq/ kg 이하의 수준을 유지하여 산화 억제 효과가 지속됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 마늘과 녹차의 주정추출물 혼합물은 바실러스 세레우스 및 황색포도상구균과 같은 그람양성 식품매개 병원성 세균에 대하여 강력한 항균력 을 가지며, 특히 DPPH 기준으로 그 항산화 활성은 단일 성분보다 복합 처리가 현저히 우수함을 확인하였다. 조미 김 제조에 사용되는 유지의 산화 안전성 측면에서, 2% 혼합물 첨가는 고온에서도 과산화물 생성을 억제하여 보 존성을 크게 높일 수 있었고, 이는 국내에서 규정된 조 미김용 식용 유지 품질 기준을 만족하는 수준이었다. 이 러한 결과는 천연 유래 복합(마늘+녹차) 주정추출물이 합 성 산화방지제나 항균제 대용으로 사용할 수 있는 천연 소재로서의 활용가능성을 높이며, 궁극적으로 건강지향적 이고 소비자 수용도가 높은 기능성 식품 원료로 발전할 수 있는 과학적 기반을 제공한다.

The present study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of Maclura tricuspidata root (MTroot) extracts against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The chloroform (CHCl3) fraction obtained from organic solvent partitioning of the MTroot ethanol extract was subfractionated using open-column chromatography on silica gel. Among the subfractions obtained, subfraction 3 (Fra-3) obtained in 1:1 (v/v) n-hexan:ethyl acetate solvent system exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity. Accordingly, the chemical composition was analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. In addition, the antibacterial activity of Fra-3 against S. mutans was assessed at each stage of extraction. While the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the CHCl3, EtOAc, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions against S. mutans were above 15, 120, 120, and 120 μg/mL, respectively, the MICs of the subfractions obtained from silica gel open-column chromatography using different n-hexane:ethyl acetate ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were 3.0, 1.5, and 25.0 μg/mL, respectively. Fra-3 was tentatively found to contain 38 major compounds, including kuwanon C, kuwanon E, cudratricusxanthone L, morusin C, cycloartocarpesin, kuwanon A, mulberrofuranol, and moracin U, which accounted for 66.7% of the total ion response. Collectively, these findings suggest that kuwanon C, kuwanon E, and cudratricusxanthone L present in MTroots may serve as novel therapeutic targets to prevent dental caries caused by S. mutans.

This study was conducted to investigate the potential use of Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate as a natural antimicrobial agent. The fruiting body and spent mushroom substrate of C. militaris were extracted into 80% ethanol, and the antimicrobial activity was compared. Both extracts (1 mg/disc) exhibited clear antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the agar diffusion assay. The MIC values of the fruiting body and spent substrate extracts against P. aeruginosa were determined to be 0.4 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml, respectively, indicating a bacteriostatic action. The inhibitory effects of the C. militarisspent mushroom substrate extract on biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa were determined by biofilm biomass staining and qRT-PCR analysis. The biofilm biomass and cell growth of P. aeruginosa in the cultures treated with 0.2–2.0 mg/ml of extracts were significantly decreasedin a concentration-dependent manner. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the lasI and lasR gene expression associated to quorum sensing (QS) in the cultures treated with 0.2–2.0 mg/ml of extracts were suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that extracts from C. militaris spent mushroom substrate can be used as an antimicrobial agent derived from natural materials, as demonstrated by the bacteriostatic action and inhibition of biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are novel nanocarbon materials and widely used nanoparticles. They have gradually gained popularity in various fields due to their abundance, inexpensive cost, small size, ease of engineering, and distinct properties. To determine the antibacterial activity of metal-doped CQDs (metal-CQDs) containing Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Co, we chose Staphylococcus aureus as a representative Gram-positive strain and Escherichia coli as a representative Gram-negative bacterial strain. Paper disc diffusion tests were conducted for the qualitative results, and a cell growth curve was drawn for quantitative results. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and IC50 were measured from cell growth curves. As a result, all of the metal-CQDs showed toxicity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, Gram-negative bacteria was vulnerable to metal-CQDs than Gram-positive bacteria. The toxicity differed concerning the type of metal-CQDs; Mn-CQDs exhibited the highest efficacy. Hence, this study suggested that CQDs can be used as new nanoparticles for antibiotics.

Helicobacter pylori are known as a causative agent of gastritis, gastric duodenum and peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer, and multiple drug use is associated with various side effects in patients. The discovery of antibacterial substances against H. pylori from Korean resource plants is an important substitute for antibiotics. 52 species of Korean resource plants were collected and extracted with 50% ethanol, and antibacterial activity against H. pylori was measured using the disk diffusion method. The toxicity of plant extracts to human gastric adenocarcinoma(AGS) cells was measured by MTT assay, and the level of IL-8 secreted when gastric epithelial cells were inoculated with H. pylori was measured. As a result of measuring the antibacterial activity of H. pylori, antibacterial activity was confirmed in 38 plant extracts. The plant species with the strongest antibacterial activity were Chrysanthemum indicum, Rheum rhabarbarum, Patrinia scabiosaefolia and Petasites japonicus. C. indicum was not cytotoxic to H. pyroli-infected AGS cells and showed anti-inflammatory effects. This study's results can be used to develop healthy, functional foods and medical materials.

손 위생 제품이 다양화됨과 동시에 각 활용 방법에 따 라 그 효능을 평가하는 여러 시험 방법들이 보고되고 있 다. 하지만 평가 방법에 따라 각 제품의 항균 효능은 다 르게 나타나며, 이로 인해 제품의 실제적인 효능을 확인 하는 데에 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 손 위생 제품의 효능 평가방법 비교에 초점을 둔 연구는 매우 제한적이며, 특 히 돼지피부를 이용한 ex vivo에 대한 연구는 극히 드물 다. 이에 본 연구는 손 위생 제품 중 리브온 소독제와 워 시오프 세정제에 대해 각각의 항균 평가 방법을 종합적으 로 비교했고, ex vivo 시험에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 파악하여 연구 단계에서 효율적인 ex vivo 시험의 신뢰성 을 향상시키고자 하였다. in vitro 시험으로써 액체 현탁을 기반으로 하는 time-kill 시험을 진행했고, in vivo 시험은 최소 20명의 참여자를 대상으로 진행되었다. ex vivo 시험 은 규격화된 돼지 피부를 이용하여 in vivo 시험과 동일한 방법으로 진행하면서 소독제의 최적 처리량과 세정제 사 용 시 첨가되는 물의 양을 제안했다. 시험에 사용된 손 소 독제는 in vitro 시험에서 모두 5 log 이상의 세균 감소율 을 보인 반면, ex vivo와 in vivo에서는 훨씬 낮은 살균 활 성을 보였으며, 특히 알코올 함량이 낮은 손 소독제에서 는 1 log 미만의 살균 활성을 나타냈다. 반면에 손 세정 제의 in vitro 시험 결과, 대장균에 대해서는 1 log 이하의 낮은 항균력을 보였으나, ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 결과에 서는 이보다 높은 항균력을 유사하게 나타냈다. 본 연구 에서는 ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 방법이 리브온과 워시오 프 타입 제품의 두가지 다른 항균 메커니즘을 반영할 수 있음을 확인했다. 이로 인해 최적의 조건으로 설정된 ex vivo 시험은 빠르고 정확한 항균 평가법이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

A mono-type glycerine fatty acid ester compound was chemically synthesized using medium-chain fatty acids with antibacterial activity, and the physicochemical quality and antibacterial activity of the synthesized glycerine medium-chain fatty acid ester compound were measured. At a reaction molar ratio of MCT(medium chain triglyceride) to glycerine of 1:2.5, 48.15% mono ester was produced. The physicochemical analysis of the synthesized glycerine fatty acid ester compound showed an acid content of 0.38~0.60%, which tended to increase slightly as the glycerine molar ratio increased. The saponification value decreased as the synthesized molar ratio of glycerine increased from 218 to 284. The number of bacteria was measured to confirm the degree of antibacterial activity of glycerine medium-chain fatty acid esters against food poisoning bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi. The number of bacteria significantly decreased as the MCT:glycerine molar ratio increased. In particular, the antibacterial effect between the treatment groups was the highest when at an MCT:glycerine molar ratio of 1:2.5.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and analysed its fermentation ability in triticale powder at different moisture levels. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of fermented silage extract against cattle pathogens was also studied. The isolated strains were P. pentosaceus (TC48) and L. brevis (TC50) that confirmed based on biochemical and 16srRNA sequences methods. Extract from LAB fermented silage showed higher antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameters: 18~24.2 mm) against E. coli P. aeruoginosa, S. aureus and E. Fecalis than the non-inoculated silage extract. TC48 and TC52 strains exhibited high tolerance to artificial gastric, duodenal and intestinal fluids. In summary, lactic acid bacteria mediated fermentation of triticale silage extract showed great antibacterial activity with significant probiotic characteristics might be an effective and safe way to provide new strategies for reducing the incidence of pathogenic bacteria associated diseases in animals.

β-mannanase from Trichoderma reesei was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. The molecular weight was determined to be 54 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomannan was hydrolyzed by the purified β-mannanase, and then the hydrolysates were separated by Bio-Gel P2 chromatography. The main hydrolysates were composed of D.P. (degree of polymerization) 2, 3, and 4, 6 galactomanno-oligosaccharides. To investigate the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomanno- oligosaccharides on in vitro growth of L. plantarum, were cultivated individually on a modified-MRS medium containing carbon sources such as low- and high-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharide. Lactobacillus plantarum grew 1.8-fold after treatment with high- and low-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharides, compared to 1.3-fold for those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography and determined to be 122 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. The bacteriocin activated doubly more effectively after treatment with galactosmanno-oligosaccharides compared to those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibitory compound lost activity when heated to temperatures greater than 30oC and when inhibited to pH changes that lowered the pH below 4 or raised it above 5. Furthermore, its effects were inhibited by treatment with proteolytic enzymes.

This study is Antimicrobial activity for bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Production of lactacin B was pH dependent, with maximum activity detected in broth cultures maintained pH 6. As a result of the antimicrobial activity against p. acnes in the pH culture, the clear zone was the largest at pH 6 and persisted for a long time.

This research was conducted to elucidate the optimum conditions for the antibacterial activity of konjak jelly using the evolutionary operation-factorial design technique. In the first set of experiments, concentration of a coagulation agent, soaking liquid, and temperature of water were set to 0.4%, 0.6×10－2 N, and 65℃ as a central point, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was acquired at E21, in which the number of bacteria was 1.25 log cfu/g. Because the code of changes in the main effect was (-), it could be decided that the central point of the first set was not the optimum point. Although antibacterial activity in the second set was improved, the values of the main effect were higher than that of changes in the mean effect. The central point of third set was concentration of coagulation agent 0.8%, concentration of soaking liquid 1.0×10－2 N, and temperature of water 65℃. It was found that the antibacterial activity of central point in the third set was highest among all the tested set. Further, all the necessary conditions were appropriate to reach the optimum condition. The antibacterial activity of the central point in third set was more than 1,000 times higher than that of E11, in first set.

Licorice and rosemary contain a number of natural phenolic compounds which have a strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ulleungdo stonecrop (US, scientific name: Sedum takesimense Nakai), indigenous island, is also known as a good antibiotic agent and skin whitening agent and is regarded as a promising materials in cosmetics field. Although the antibacterial activity of each material have been reported, little is known about the effect of using them together. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect on antibacterial activity when licorice and rosemary extract and US were used together. Since licorice and rosemary are lipid soluble materials and US is water soluble material, oil in water (O/W) emulsion system was used for this study. To manufacture O/W emulsions containing three kinds materials, first licorice and rosemary extracts and US was dispersed in soy bean oil and phosphate buffer (pH7) respectively. Decaglyceryl laurate was used as an emulsifier. There was slight decrease (-0.09~-0.46 Δlog) in the number of bacteria when O/W emulsion containing 300ppm of each licorice and rosemary extracts was mixed into B.subtilis. However, adding US (2,700ppm) into aqueous phase caused the rapid decrease in the amount of bacteria to -1.71 ~ -2.96 Δlog which were much higher decrement than US only in normal emulsion (-1.64 Δlog). In particular, there was a noticeable synergistic effect when rosemary extract and US was used together. The results obtained from this study could provide useful information for utilizing licorice and rosemary extracts and US as functional materials in the food and cosmetic areas.

In Korea, the production of edible mushrooms was estimated to be 614,224 ton a year. In addition, yield of L. edodes (Shiitake mushroom) was estimated to be about 37,000 ton a year. The shiitake mushroom (Phyogo mushroom in Korea) has mainly been cultivated on tree logs. However, recently, bag cultivation using sawdust is rapidly increasing yearly due to its high yield and easily process and currently, the sawdust cultivation of Phyogo mushroom is approaching to almost 50% of the cultivation in Korea. The mushroom growers faced on disposal problem of the SMS and required the available measures to recycle it without environmental hazard. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is the post-harvest substrate and retains a variety of bioactive substances such as extracellular enzymes, antibiotics, secondary metabolites and carbohydrates produced during mycelium and fruiting body formation. Approximately, 5 kg of mushroom substrate are needed to produce 1 kg of mushroom, and consequently about 25 million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is produced each year in Korea. Because this massive amount of SMS is unsuitable for reuse in mushroom production, it is either used as garden fertilizer or deposited in landfills, which pollutes the environment. SMS can also be considered as an easily available source of active compounds to protect plants from fungal and bacterial infections, helping alleviate the waste disposal problem in the mushroom industry and creating an eco- friendly method to reduce plant pathogens. We describe extraction of lignocellulytic enzymes and antibacterial substance from SMSs of different edible mushrooms and their potential applications.