The maritime regions of Northeast Asia are repositories of rich yet vulnerable underwater cultural heritage (UCH). This shared legacy transcends national boundaries, presenting a complex governance challenge. A comparative analysis of the three states reveals significant divergence in their domestic legal regimes concerning key issues: the definition and scope of protected heritage, the assertion of ownership and jurisdictional rights, approaches to management in disputed maritime zones, and the sensitive status of sunken state vessels. These policy disparities, set against a backdrop of geopolitical tension and an ineffective international legal framework, critically undermine coordinated protection efforts. This article systematically maps these policy differences to argue that the very necessity of trilateral cooperation stems directly from this comparative landscape of divergence. It concludes that establishing a collaborative governance framework is not merely a diplomatic aspiration but a pragmatic imperative for the effective safeguarding of this common regional heritage.

본 연구는 여성학적 관점에서 한국과 독일의 여성상 및 성평등 의식의 역사적 형성 과정을 비교·분석하 는데 있다. 2025년 세계젠더격차지수(GGI)에서 독일은 148개국 중 9위, 한국은 101위로 현저한 격차를 보이며, 이는 단순한 정책 차이가 아닌 역사적 경로와 이념 구조의 차이에서 비롯된다. 젠더 체제 이론 (Walby), 젠더 퍼포머티비티(Butler), 경로의존성(Pierson), 교차성 이론(Crenshaw)을 분석 틀로 적용하였 다. 분석 결과, 유교·기독교 이념 정착 이후 양국 모두 여성 차별이 제도적으로 구조화되었으나, 한국은 17세기 이후 급격한 가부장제 강화와 식민·분단·권위주의 체제로 성평등 정책의 제도화가 지체된 반면, 독일은 1919년 바이마르 헌법 이래 점진적 제도 개혁으로 성평등을 지속적으로 확대하였다. 이를 토대로 부모시간 실질화, 임금 격차 입법, 여성 할당제 확대, 돌봄 노동의 평등 분담, 성인지 정책 패러다임 전환의 5대 정책 제언을 도출하였다.

This study examines the attitude formation process in viewers of AI-based fashion films by focusing on cognitive, affective, and perceptual responses. As generative AI reshapes the production and visual language of fashion media, fashion films are no longer limited to the documentation of physical garments but function as visual media that construct aesthetic experience. Within this context, the study explores how viewers interpret and evaluate AI-generated fashion imagery, with particular attention to the roles of meaning, emotion, and visual perception in shaping attitude. An empirical approach was employed using AI-generated fashion film content as a stimulus. Participants evaluated their cognitive, affective, and perceptual responses to design elements presented in the film. The findings indicate that perceptual factors are statistically significantly associated with attitude, whereas cognitive and affective factors are not. Visual elements such as silhouette, color, material, and detail serve as key cues that facilitate immediate and intuitive judgment. These results suggest that the attitudes of AI-based fashion film viewers are significantly shaped by perceptual judgments of visual elements. The study contributes to the understanding of AI-based fashion films as a form of fashion communication and offers implications for the development of fashion content that emphasizes perceptual clarity, visual coherence, and the effective articulation of design elements.

This study investigated the visualization accuracy and educational applicability of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools in fashion design education by comparing images generated from the same blouse sketch using GPT-based tools, LOOK AI, and Stable Diffusion under identical prompt conditions. Thirty-two professional fashion designers evaluated the generated outputs using a structured 10-item assessment scale, focusing on silhouette accuracy, detail representation, structural clarity, and overall visual completeness. Statistical differences among the tools were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by post-hoc comparisons. The results revealed significant differences (p<.05) in key evaluation criteria: silhouette accuracy, detail implementation, structural interpretability, and overall completeness. LOOK AI excelled in representing structural elements such as seams, pleats, and pattern logic, indicating its strength in design-oriented applications and technical visualization tasks. In contrast, Stable Diffusion received higher ratings for overall visual balance and aesthetic coherence, despite showing relatively lower structural fidelity. GPT-based outputs received lower ratings for structural accuracy but were seen as valuable for promoting critical AI literacy via prompt-based exploration, iterative refinement, and reflective evaluation. These findings suggest that differences among AI tools should not be interpreted in terms of absolute superiority but as distinct educational affordances. Accordingly, this study proposes a three-axis instructional framework that integrates structure-oriented learning, creative visualization, and critical inquiry-based learning.

Background: Forward head posture (FHP) has become increasingly common owing to the widespread use of digital devices and sedentary work environments. This postural deviation leads to muscle imbalances, increased cervical and shoulder tension, and reduced range of motion (ROM). Various exercises and Transfer Electrode Capacitive and Resistive (TECAR) therapy are frequently used to address FHP-related problems. However, direct comparisons of their immediate effects remain limited. Objects: This study aimed to compare the immediate effects of TECAR therapy and self-exercise (SE) on cervical ROM, muscle tone, and rounded shoulder posture in patients with FHP. Methods: Thirty adults with FHP were randomly assigned to either the TECAR therapy group (n = 15) or the SE group (n = 15). Each group received one 20-minute session. The TECAR group underwent capacitive- and resistive-mode treatments applied to the cervical and shoulder regions to promote thermal relaxation. The SE group performed supervised stretching of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), upper trapezius, scalene, and pectoralis major (PM); shoulder shrugs; chin tucks; and isometric neck exercises. Cervical ROM, muscle tone, and acromion-totable distance (ATD) were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using paired and independent t-tests with α = 0.05. Results: Both interventions significantly improved cervical ROM, muscle tone, and ATD (p < 0.05). The TECAR group showed greater improvements in left lateral flexion ROM (p = 0.015), greater reductions in right SCM (p = 0.012) and left PM tone (p = 0.024), and greater correction of right-sided ATD (p = 0.036) than the SE group. Conclusion: TECAR therapy and SE effectively improved cervical mobility, reduced muscle tone, and corrected postural misalignment in patients with FHP. TECAR therapy demonstrated superior short-term effects in promoting muscle relaxation and alignment, supporting its value as an adjunct to exercise-based rehabilitation.

In addition to general vocabulary, the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary also includes some common dialectal terms and dialectal meanings. With continuous revisions, the inclusion of dialectal entries in the dictionary has undergone dynamic evolution: some new entries have been added while others have been removed; some words have shifted from general terms to dialectal terms, and vice versa. These changes attest to the fluidity and development of language. This paper takes the dialectal entries in the 6th and 7th editions of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary as the research objects. Through comparative statistics on the additions, deletions, adjustments, and modifications of dialectal entries between the two editions, it identifies issues in the current inclusion of dialects in the dictionary and proposes specific revision suggestions.

본고는 빅데이터 시대의 새로운 연구 방법론으로 부상한 AI 기반 토픽모델링 (BERTopic)을 고고학 연구동향 분석에 적용하고, 그 실체적 효용성과 한계를 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2006년부터 2013년까지 한국 청동기시대 석기 관련 연구 논 문 75편을 대상으로 텍스트 마이닝을 수행하였다. 기존의 빅데이터 기반 연구동향 분석이 거시적 경향성 파악에 치중하여 개별 연구의 논리적 맥락을 소거하는 한계를 극복하고자, 본고는 전문가의 정성적 검토가 가능한 규모로 데이터셋을 통제(Controlled Dataset)하여 AI 분석 결과의 미시적 정합성을 정밀하게 검증하였다. 이후 그 결과를 동일시기의 연구 성과를 정량·정성적으로 고찰한 연구사적 논문 결과(손준호 2013)와 직접 비교·분석을 진 행하였다. 텍스트 분석 결과, AI는 방대한 문헌 속에서 ‘형식·편년 중심’과 ‘생산·생계 중심’이라는 거시적 연구 지형을 신속하게 파악하고, 텍스트 이면에 잠재된 방법론적 맥락(자연과학적 분석 등)을 수치로 입증하는 데 탁월한 효용을 보였다. 그러나 미시적 분석 단계에서는 비 판적 논조를 파악하지 못하는 ‘문맥 소거’, 이질적인 시공간 데이터를 기계적으로 결합하 는 ‘사실 왜곡’, 그리고 연구의 질적 경중을 가리지 못하는 ‘가치 평가 부재’라는 결정적 한계를 드러냈다. 이에 필자는 AI의 연산 능력을 맹신하는 태도를 경계하고, 연구자의 경험적 통찰이 AI 의 기계적 객관성을 보완하는 ‘전문가 매개(Expert-Mediated) 통합 분석 모델’을 제안하 였다. 이는 AI에게 1차적인 데이터 처리와 지도 작성을 맡기되, 사실 검증(Fact Verification), 논리적 맥락의 복원(Contextual Calibration), 연구사적 가치 부여 (Qualitative Valuation)의 최종 권한은 인간 연구자가 수행해야 함을 의미한다. 결론적 으로 디지털 고고학의 미래는 데이터의 양적 팽창에 함몰되지 않고, 연구자의 전문적 식견 을 통해 데이터에 학술적 생명력을 불어넣는 방향으로 나아가야 함을 역설하였다.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of decompression followed by enucleation in treating large odontogenic lesions of the mandible and to compare the clinical, radiographic, and histopathological characteristics between odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and unicystic ameloblastoma. Case 1 involved an 18-year-old male with a 3.5cm odontogenic keratocyst in the left mandible, treated with decompression followed by enucleation. At 27 months follow-up, no recurrence was observed with favorable bone regeneration. Case 2 involved a 22-year-old male with a 5.5cm cystic lesion in the left mandible, treated with the same staged approach. Final histopathological diagnosis revealed ameloblastoma with cystic space lined by odontogenic epithelium with fibrous connective tissue wall and intraluminal extending tumor showing plexiform pattern. At 37 months follow-up, no recurrence was noted with preservation of adjacent teeth. Decompression followed by enucleation is an effective conservative treatment for large mandibular odontogenic lesions, preserving vital anatomical structures. Although OKC and ameloblastoma share similar clinical and radiographic features, definitive histopathological diagnosis and long-term follow-up are essential.

이 연구는 교정행정 인공지능 도입에 따른 수용자 기본권 침해 가능성을 규명하고 입법적 대응 방안을 모색한다. 이를 위해 유럽의 교정 인공지능 규범 체계를 분석하 고, 독일･스웨덴 사례를 통해 데이터 주권 약화, 사법적 방어권 무력화, 알고리즘 낙인 문제 등을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 현행 인공지능기본법과 형집행법령의 개선 방향을 제안한다. 첫째, 교정 인공지능을 고위험 영역으로 지정하고, 교정 특화 윤리강령을 제정해야 한다. 둘째, 수용자의 설명청구권을 명문화하고 설명책임 의무의 주체를 교도소장 등으로 특정한다. 셋째, 기본권 영향평가를 제도화하여 데이터 편향 을 차단한다. 넷째, 인공지능 평가 결과를 보조적 판단자료로 한정하는 인간감독 원칙 을 실질화한다. 다섯째, 국가 중심 보안 기반체계와 다학적 감시기구를 통해 기술적 무결성과 데이터주권을 확보한다.

This study compares two representative sundial makers from the mid-latitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres—the Kang family of late Joseon Korea and James Stewart (1852–1933) of New Zealand—to analyze how their sociocultural backgrounds influenced the structure and function of their sundials. Through a combined analysis of historical literature and surviving artifacts, the research examines both the design principles and the symbolic meanings embodied in these instruments. The findings reveal that the Kang family’s sundials embodied Joseon’s traditional calendrical system and Confucian intellectual heritage, symbolizing state authority and familial status, while also serving practical purposes rooted in a people-centered political philosophy by conveying scientific temporal knowledge to the populace. In contrast, Stewart’s sundials, grounded in the educational and public-oriented traditions of Britain, incorporated international and pedagogical features such as major cities’ time differences in the world, zodiac signs, and time correction table for local time, and were designed for installation in exhibition spaces and gardens to encourage public engagement and promote the dissemination of scientific knowledge. This comparative study demonstrates that sundials functioned not merely as instruments for timekeeping but as scientific and cultural heritage shaped by social institutions and cultural values. Furthermore, it suggests that the study of sundials can be extended beyond the technical history of science to encompass broader cultural and global-historical perspectives.