우리나라는 1990년대 이후 결혼이민자의 증가로 인해서 다문 화가족이 급증하였다. 한국인 남자와 외국인 여자와의 국제결 혼이 급증하면서 우리 사회에서 다문화가족은 다양한 가족의 한 형태로 자리 잡았다. 우리나라 전체 혼인 건수에서 차지하 는 국제결혼의 비율은 2006년 최고치를 기록하고 조금씩 감소 하는 추세를 보이고 있고 2020년 코로나19로 인해 더 많은 감 소세를 보이고 있다. 결혼이주여성인 안정적인 한국 정착에 대 한 중요성은 이주를 위해 국제결혼으로 유입된 결혼이주여성 한국 사회의 한 구성원으로서 권리를 인정받을 수 있어야 하기 때문이다. 한국 정착을 위한 문화 예술 활동에 대한 실태를 분 석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 결혼이주여성은 다양한 문화권에서 좀 더 안정적인 삶 을 위해서 한국으로 이주한 경우로 문화 적응에 대한 스트레스 가 내적 갈등이 이주노동자나 단기 목적으로 한국에 다녀가는 외국인과는 구별된다는 것이다. 언어소통과 문화적인 차이는 그들의 한국 정착에 장애가 되지 않도록 그들의 초기 정착을 위한 언어소통과 한국 사회의 질서 및 생활교육이 우선시 되어 야 한다는 것이다. 이러한 교육을 다양한 문화권에서 온 결혼 이주여성에게 적용 가능한 실질적인 교재 개발이나 교수법의 연구가 되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 결혼이주여성은 한국 정착에 대한 의지가 타 외국인보 다 강하므로 문화 예술 활동에 임하는 자세는 적극적이나 그들 을 둘러싸고 있는 가족과 주변 환경이 자유로운 활동에 제한을 두는 것을 없애기 위해서 가족이나 그들을 둘러싸고 있는 지역 사회 및 매체까지도 다문화에 대한 인식 교육이 필요하다. 언 어적 비언어적인 표현을 통해서 결혼이주여성을 바라보는 시선 이 여타 선주민을 대하는 것과 다르지 않도록 지속적이고 구체 회 된 교육 진행이 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다. 셋째, 결혼이주여성이 경험한 선주민과의 활동은 다문화 수 용성을 높이고 그로 인해 그들이 보다 안정적인 한국 정착에 긍정적인 사례의 통계를 알 수 있다. 다문화에 대한 수용성 지 수를 높이는 계획을 세우고 인식개선 교육과 더불어 선주민과 함께 할 수 있는 문화 예술 활동에 대한 연구와 지원이 이루어 져야 할 것이다.

This study explores the positive effect of cross-cultural activities on social healing and healthy aging. While the life expectancy has increased, the healthy years of older adults have yet decreased. Among elderlies especially those who experienced war-related adversities in their early ages, have limited access to positive cross-cultural activities. The theories of social-connectedness suggest that both perceived social support and objective connectedness to the society promote healthy aging. It is necessary to develop a culturally contextualized approach for their healthy aging while considering individual traits. The present study tries to contextualize the post-adversity and resilience in social network observed among Jeju legacy. With that contextual identification, promoting cross-cultural competence among elderlies is expected to yield positive gain in their aging process. The organized transcultural activities for Korean American elderlies in the U.S. exemplify how cross-cultural interactions promote inclusive social interaction and social healing at grass-root levels.

Scholars, policymakers, and cultural organizations have studied cultural tourism destinations (e.g., historical, artistic, or lifestyle/heritage offerings) from different perspectives since the late 1990s. However, the current tourism literature contains gaps can be further narrowed by studying cultural tourism destinations from tourists’ perspectives. To narrow the gaps in the literature, this study adapted the M-R model to examine the influence of experimental value variables (i.e., service staff excellence, aesthetic, playfulness, and consumer return on investment) on tourists’ satisfaction. Additionally, it investigates how on-site activity involvement moderates the relationship between tourists’ satisfaction and their sense of belonging. Drawing on a survey of over 500 Taiwanese tourists, our findings reveal that service staff excellence, aesthetics, and playfulness influence tourist’ satisfaction, which in turn, can affect their sense of belonging. Furthermore, sense of belong can positively affect tourists’ behavioral intentions, which is measured by their intentions to revisited and recommend. As for the moderating effect of on-site activity involvement, this research find it can positively moderate the relationship between satisfaction and sense of belonging. Several implications of the study are identified, and avenues for future research are suggested.

다문화 현안은 세계화로 인해 파급된 현상으로 우리 사회가 경험하고 있는 다양한 사회 현상 속에서 풀어야 할 과제이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이에 대응하는 우리의 시각은 다문화 사회가 자신의 삶에 미칠 영향력이나 자신 의 관심과 의미와 연결해서 해석하지 못하고 있어서 마치 외국인들을 위한 아니면 외국과 연관된 사람들만의 사 회라는 인식이 만연되어 있다. 이 연구는 다문화 사회가 안고 있는 과제에 대처할 수 있는 교육을 다문화 감수성 교육이라고 규정하였다. 그 리고 세계시민으로 살아갈 미래 사회의 주인공인 청소년을 대상으로 청소년의 인지적, 정서적, 행동적 특성을 고 려한 다문화 감수성 교육 프로그램을 개발하고자 하였다. 체험 중심의 동아리 활동을 통하여 다문화 이해와 체험 활동 및 교류 활동을 통하여 다양한 문화를 수용하면서 조화롭게 살아가는 공감과 소통의 능력을 신장하고자 하 였다. 또한 다양한 문화를 소유한 사회와 다양한 인종이 서로의 다름을 인정하고 세계시민으로 살아가는 다문화 감수성을 함양하여 미래사회의 인재를 기르고자 하였다. 체험 중심의 동아리 활동으로 다문화 감수성 함양을 위한 프로그램을 개발, 적용하면서 다문화에 대한 학생들 의 인식의 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 우선 다른 문화에 대한 거부감을 극복하는 과정이 의미 있었다고 할 수 있 겠다. 차별과 편견을 극복하는 것을 시작으로 자신과 타인에 대한 긍정적인 정체성을 회복하고 함께 살아가는 세 계 시민으로서 개방과 통합의 자세를 갖게 되는 변화를 경험하였다. 특히 글로벌 규범을 바탕으로 글로벌 의식이 성장하고 소통과 협력의 역량을 개발하여 자신이 몸담고 살아가는 세상의 문제에 참여하고 세계 시민의 태도를 실천하는 성장 과정을 경험하였다.

With traditional boundaries among culture, technology, finance, politics, and ecology are disappearing (Friedman, 1999), the need of businesses to deliver unusual experiences to the consumers have increased in order to survive and thrive. With consumer’s need diversifying and getting more complex, capturing receiver’s attention is becoming the key issue for brands (Jung & Shin, 2010). Resultantly, the traditional operators are feeling the necessity to co-operate with those in other fields to obtain differentiation. Hence, even without one consensus meaning existing, the emphasis on the word 'convergence' is consistently growing. Its popularity of use reflects the era we live in, where boundaries are fading and unaccustomed ideas are brought together (Lord & Velez, 2013). However, despite its importance increasing, researches on convergence marketing are very limited. Most of the studies focus only on qualitative research, especially on case studies or defining conceptual definition of term convergence. Thus, not much is known of how consumers perceive this new way of approach. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to first, understand how the consumers perceive marketing of technology and marketing of culture, and second, how the convergence of these two influence on brand perception. The concept of convergence holds meaning in all sorts of fields from telecommunications, computer sciences, mathematics, logic, to economics, sociology, accounting and others (Lord & Velez, 2013). Although it seems that the word convergence is more or only related to the information technology discourse, however in large, although it is true that it was mainly based on the advance of information technology, the concept of convergence is frequently used both in the media industry and the other academic fields. From media industry, it denotes the ongoing restructuring of media companies as well as to describe the various intersections between media technologies, industries, content and audiences. Yet, in academic fields, in the same context of convergence several other terms are frequently used in the literatures, for example as alliance, partnership, sponsorship, and collaboration (Appelgren, 2004) which is all based on the same ‘coming together’ yet differs in specific goal. The convergence marketing that emerged from the intensified competition among brands co-operates with those in other fields in order to create differentiating point. The convergence in fashion industry is found with two main streams of technology convergence and cultural convergence (Wi, 2013). In line with the fact that convergence in everyday life bases from the improvement of technology, the application of technology in fashion industry is also found throughout the production process, from design to production and distribution. Unlike 2000s where fast fashion changed the fashion system, the impact of technology seems to be the largest in the turn of 2010 (Choo et al., 2012; Ko, Kim, & Lee, 2009). As the convergence of marketing and IT can create rich, technologically enabled digital experiences that engage, delight, and serve the consumer, now it plays a part as a source of innovation (Lord & Velez, 2013). Accordingly, with pioneering advantages that technology appliance can deliver, many luxury brands have adopted new technology in its marketing strategies, including QR code in the magazine ad, hologram technique replacing the plastic mannequin, motion reacting interactive show window are to name a few. Similarly, culture for marketing is found with consumers pursuing more and more cultural and intellectual activities with the improvement of the standard of living. As concept of art exemplified from the marketing standpoint evoke general connotations of sophistication, culture, luxury and prestige (Martorella, 1996), many luxury brands are applying cultural contents to improve brand images (Hagtvedt & Patrick, 2008). In sum, to satisfy consumers’ diverse need, brands are trying to incorporate not only using the novel digital devices, but also conveying the cultural contents to provide emotional stimulus. Thus, this study focuses on the marketing communication using convergence of technology and culture that aims to gain consumers’ evaluation. This study applies complex model of Technology acceptance model to Pleasure-arousal-dominance theory to better understand how consumers perceived and adopt the new type of marketing strategy. TAM is a widely employed in various studies to predict users’ behavior intentions (Hsu & Lu, 2004). Technology acceptance model suggested by Davis (1989) is agreed as the theoretical background useful to explain individual adoption behavior with the introduction of such relatively new medium like this make users to experience new ways (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Yet, in the model application stage, it was suggested that TAM model focuses only on the judgment of the system of technology and lacks the ability to explain other potentially important factors that can influence on users’ acceptance process. Thus, similar to the other previous researches, this study also linked the emotion response to the existing technology acceptance model (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997; Venkatesh, 2000). This was due to the fact that the usage of technology is extending throughout the industry, and emotional factors are found to work as an important factor in such work. Many other approaches have been made in order to explain the emotional side of the adoption, yet in this study, pleasure-arousal-dominance theory which is often used to explain in marketing communication discourse and is supported in application for experiential aspect (Holbrook & Batra, 1987). Pleasure-arousal-dominance theory (PAD; Mehrabian & Russell (1974)) suggested by Mehrabian & Russell (1974) explains the three basic emotion status to mediate approach-avoidance behaviors in any environment based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response(S-O-R) paradigm. It explains that individual’s emotional status is aroused by the mediating environment (Donovan, Rossiter, Marcoolyn, & Nesdale, 1994). Yet, interpreting the recent studies arguing that in consumption related emotions situation, dominance is not necessary (Donovan et al., 1994), this study was adopted as a two-dimensional construct that can impact the user’s behavior intention. In sum, this study applies perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, pleasure, and arousal as the determinants of adoption. In addition, not simply examining the adoption process of the convergence marketing, but this study relates to the actual effect on consumers’ brand evaluation. The appliance of TAM as the part of individual dimension variable was found in recent studies that investigated the effect of adverting with interactive medium (Han & Park, 2010; Shim, 2009). Previous literatures have suggested the perceived usefulness significantly influences on the attitude toward the retailer that provides such experience (Lee et al, 2006). Especially, such studies were made within the e-commerce conditions, such as investigation of consumer behavior towards a non-profit organization’s virtual store (Chen et al, 2002), influence of perceived usefulness positively influencing on attitude towards the online retailer and intentions to use from such retailer (Vijayasarathy, 2004), and determinants of adoption (usefulness, ease of use, and enjoyment) on the attitude toward the online retailer (Lee et al, 2006). On this account, brand attitude, and purchase intention was examined. In this study, survey method in order to investigate how consumers perceive the convergence marketing in the marketing communication context, and further, how they evaluated the brand performing convergence marketing. Preliminary study was first proceed to understand how marketing of technology and marketing of culture is recognized by consumers, and further, manipulate each stimuli. The adoption process was investigated using technology acceptance model combined with pleasure-arousal-dominance theory, as a part of the individual variables. With mediating effect of consumer characteristics found to be important in convergence marketing (Kim, 2007), personal innovativeness, art involvement, and need for uniqueness was applied to see the mediating effect. Therefore, a survey was conducted to see the differences in the degree of convergence. The preliminary research with 183 samples indicated that convergence marketing method was preferred over the dedicated marketing of technology or culture. Thus, the experimental design that was designed in a form of 2 by 2 between subjects factorial design with factors of innovation of technology and classiness of culture, the 513 samples collected a total of 485 samples being used. The analysis indicated that as the convergence traits of novelty and classic increase, determinant of intentions were strongly generated, followed by the increasing intention to accept, continued to building positive brand attitude and purchase intention. Yet, in specific, novelty trait had direct influences on making emotional feeling, including pleasure and arousal, rather than on generating cognitive reaction. It was the classic trait that had relationship in between cognitive and emotional reaction. Additionally, it was also found that in case of emotional feeling were evoked, pleasure and arousal, it influenced on building positive brand attitude continued to purchase intention even if adoption intention was not made. Moreover, when adoption intention was made, the direct influence on positive brand attitude was found to be significant. Meanwhile, determinants of adoption were found to have the significant influence on adoption intention and on brand attitude. The positive influence of determinants of adoption on adoption intention is in line with a number of researches on ETAM. When perceived to be higher, all resulted in higher adoption intention (Tzou et al., 2009). In terms of brand attitude, it was found that only the emotional variables of pleasure and arousal that had direct influence to have marketing effectance, which coincides with the result of Childers et al. (2001). This study indicates that compared to the perceived usefulness and ease of use, enjoyment was a stronger driver to predict the attitude. In sum, the result implies that convergence marketing can work to satisfy both the cognition dimension as well as the emotional facet. When drivers of determinants of adoption is generated, it strongly influence on the adoption intention. Yet, in order to have the marketing communication effect on brand attitude and purchase intention, it is necessary to consider the emotional aspect, either pleasure or arousal. Such relationship is not only related to the cultural contents, but technology itself can now deliver emotional feelings to the consumers. Thus, the marketing director should focus on the usage of technology to involve emotional facets. In addition, all individual characteristics were found to be significantly moderating. Result of the effect of personal innovativeness implies that those of highly innovated tends to not only have strongly influence on adoption intention, but also had significant effect of advertising effect compared to the less innovated groups. The moderating effects of art involvement turned out that those highly involved in art, novelty did not matter much compared to the less involved group. In case of need for uniqueness, the significant relationship of perceived pleasure on brand attitude was found, yet unlike expected, those low in need for uniqueness had significantly stronger adoption intention. Thus, this can be perceived as due to the marketing activity targeting the mass audience, lacking the attractiveness towards those in higher need for uniqueness. Thus, in order to attract both those in high and low need of uniqueness, delivering both usefulness as well as pleasure is important. The result of this study contributes to understanding on status and recent trend of convergence marketing activities. Further, it is meaningful in that it is in line with the recent studies of applying TAM in combination with PAD theory as well as within the context of marketing communication. Thus, the result of this study is expected to be helpful in understanding the new hybrid consumers and give suggests useful information for establishing future brand communication plans. Yet, to further understand the interpretation process of consumer studies that incorporate variables suggested from the interview should be incorporated in the study.

본 연구는 문화예술학습활동의 참여도가 개인의 삶의 만족도와 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향과 함께 자기효능감과 개방성의 조절효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 울산광역시 지역축제 참가자와 문화원문화교실 수강생 240명에게 설문자료를 배포하여 이 중 유효한 설문지 227부(94.6%)를 활용하였다. 연구문제로는 첫째, 문화예술학습활동을 관람활동과 체험활동으로 분류하여 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 분 석하였으며, 둘째, 문화예술학습활동이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 이들의 관계에서 자기효능감과 개방성의 조절효과에 대해서 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문화예술학습활동 참여도는 개인의 삶의 만족도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 문화예술학습활동의 참여도는 개인의 심리적 안녕감에도 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난다. 셋째, 자기효능감과 개방성의 조절효과에 대한 분석결과를 살펴보면, 자기효능감은 문화예술학습활동과 삶의 만족도 및 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계에서 모두 조절효과가 발견되었으며, 개방성에 대한 조절효과는 문화예술학습활동과 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계에서만 발견되었다.

이 연구는 무용을 통한 기업의 문화마케팅 활동이 해당기업의 이미지 및 지각된 품질, 충성도 에 영향을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 연구대상은 경기도 지역에 소재한 4년제 대학교에 재학 중인 대학생들을 모집단으로 설정하였으며 최종분석에는 200개의 자료가 활용되었다. 조사도구는 설문지를 사용하였으며 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하여 사용하였 다. 또한 가설검증은 AMOS를 이용한 확인적요인분석(confirmatory factor analysis; CFA)과 구조방 정식모형분석(structural equation model; SEM)을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문 화마케팅 활동 참여 기업의 기업이미지는 지각된 품질에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 문화마 케팅 활동 참여 기업의 기업이미지는 충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 문화마케팅 활동 참여 기업의 지각된 품질은 충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 넷째, 문화마케팅 활동 참여 기 업의 기업이미지는 지각된 품질을 통해서 충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 이러한 결과는 기 업이 문화마케팅 활동에 참여할 경우 대중에게 호의적인 기업이미지를 각인시키고 해당기업에 대한 상표나 제품에 대해 신뢰를 가질 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 더 나아가 문화마케팅 활동이 해당기업에 대한 충성도를 높이게 됨으로서 기업경영활동에 득이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The cultural characteristics and antibacterial activities of Cordyceps militaris and Paecilomyces tenuipes were compared. The mycelial growth was the highest on MCM (Mushroom Complete Medium) for C. militaris and on YMA (Yeast Malt Agar) for P. tenuipes. But the mycelial density on MMM (Mushroom Minimal Medium) was lower than other on media. The optimum mycelial growth was observed at 25℃. C. militaris was low mycelial growth when it was transferred over 5 times generation. The carbon source for the optimum mycelial growth was fructose of monosaccharide, maltose of disaccharide and dextrin of polysaccharide. The calcium nitrate of organonitrogen was found the best mycelial growth on C. militaris, while the sodium nitrate observed to be well for mycelial growth on P. tenuipes. The ammonium tartrate was observed to be the best among the inorganonitrogen used for mycelial growth. Antibacterial activities were found out just C. militaris against Bacillus cereus of Gram (+).

본 연구의 목적은 독서 활동이 학령전기 다문화 가정 아동의 KSL 발달에 미치는 효과를 체계적으로 살펴보는 데 있다. 이를 위해 총 15편의 연구에서 35개의 효과크기를 추출하여 독서 활동이 어휘력, 언어 이해능력, 언어 표현능력, 담화능력에 미치는 효과에 대해 메타분석을 수행하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 독서 활동의 전체 효과크기는 1.204로 큰 효과크기를 가진다고 나타났다. 둘째, 독서 활동이 어휘력 향상에 미치는 효과크기는 .764로 중간 효과크기를 가진다고 나타났으며, 언어 이해능 력(1.118), 언어 표현능력(1.114), 담화능력(1.118)에는 큰 효과크기를 가진다고 분석되었다. 이를 통해 독서 활동은 학령전기 다문화 가정 아동의 KSL 발달에 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 국악을 통한 말놀이 활동이 다문화가정 유아의 음운인식능력과 어휘력에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 대상은 경기도 안산시에 소재하고 있는 A초등학교병설유치원 만 5세 3명, 만 4세 3명의 다문화가정 유아였다. 국악을 통한 말놀이 활동을 1주일에 2회씩, 16주 동안 총 32회 실시하였고, 매주 생활주제에 맞춰 국악곡을 선정한 후 1차시는 국악 익히기, 2차시는 국악 부르기와 말놀이 활동을 하였다. 연구 결과, 국악을 통한 말놀이 활동은 다문화가정 유아의 음운인식능력과 어휘력 신장에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여 다문화가정 유아의 음운인식능력과 어휘력 증진 측면에서 국악을 통한 말놀이 활동의 가치를 발견하고 유아교육 현장에서 다문화가정 유아의 언어능력 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있는 교육활동을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CGD3 was used as a starter for fermentation of amaranth and cultural characteristics and biological activities of amaranth were investigated. The viable cells in fermented amaranth was 4.54~8.01 log CFU/mL during 96 hr of fermentation period. Protease activities of amaranth showed the highest by 36.7 unit/mL after 72 hr of fermentation. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of amaranth increased with fermentation time while its total sugar content decreased. The total protein content was the highest in amaranth fermented for 96 hr (0.25 mg/g). The DPPH scavenging activities, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and reducing power of amaranth were highest in amaranth fermented for 72 hr, showing 84.46%, 551.91 μM, and 2.74, respectively. ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) and α-Glucosidase inhibition rates increased with fermentation time and showed the highest after 72 hr.

In the present study, we investigated the plant growth characteristics and biological activity of four asparagus cultivars grown using two cultural methods and tested the possibility of domestic open field. The number of shoots, buds, roots, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, and total dry weight of the four asparagus cultivars grown in a plastic house were higher than those of the same cultivars grown in an open field. Of the cultivars grown in the open field, Jersey Giant had greater shoot number than the other cultivars. In plastic house cultivation, the number of buds in Jersey Supreme was greater than the other cultivars. The total flavonoid content of the Jersey Giant was greater than the other cultivars, but cultural method was unaffected. The total polyphenol contents in asparagus cultivars grown in the plastic house were higher than those of cultivars grown in the open field. The total polyphenol content of the Jersey Giant grown the plastic house was significantly higher than those of other cultivars. Antioxidant activity such as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) did not differ significantly with cultural methods and among the cultivars. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of asparagus cultivars grown in the open field was higher than that of cultivars grown in the greenhouse; the highest APX activity was detected in UC157. Thus, greenhouse cultivation is expected to improve plant growth characteristics and biological activities of asparagus cultivars; each cultural method should be considered when selecting a suitable cultivar for high yield and high bioactive compound content.