본 연구는 2003년 산림청 산불 공식 통계 기록 이후 서해안 지역에서 발생한 최대 규모의 산불인 2023년 충청남도 홍성 산불을 사례로, 대형 산불과 환경 특성 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 산불 피해 지역과 피해 강도 분석에는 Sentinel-2 위성 영상을 활용하였으며, 산불피해에 영향을 주는 환경특성으로 도로 밀도, 해발고, 식생 유형을 살펴보았다. 결과적 으로, 오스트리아 산림도로 기준에 따른 도로 밀도는 134.7m/ha로 산림 전역에 도로가 밀집해 있었고, 도로에 가까울수 록 피해 면적이 커지는 경향이 확인되었다. 반면, 해발고는 뚜렷한 상관관계가 없었는데, 이는 연구 대상지가 대부분 낮은 구릉지대에 위치한 데 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 산불 피해와 가장 밀접한 연관을 보인 요인은 식생 유형으로, 소나무 단순림으로 이루어진 침엽수림의 피해 면적이 전체의 80.1%를 차지하였고, 피해 강도 역시 가장 높았다. 한국의 소나무림은 활엽수림으로의 자연 천이가 빠르게 진행되는 경향이 있으므로, 산불 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 이러한 천이 과정을 저해하지 않는 관리 방식이 효과적일 것으로 보인다. 더불어, 산불 대책으로 현재 추진 중인 산림도로 확대 사업은 산불 피해 경감에 실질적인 도움이 되지 않는 것으로 분석되었다.

Current seismic fragility functions for buildings were developed by defining damage state threshold based on story drift concerning foreign references and using the capacity spectrum method based on spectral displacement. In this study, insufficient details and dependence on the core location of piloti-type buildings were not reflected in the fragility function because it was developed before the Pohang earthquake. In order to develop an improved one for piloti-type buildings, several types of core were selected, damage state threshold was determined based on the capacity of structural members, and three-dimensional analyses were utilized. As a result, seismic fragility functions based on spectral acceleration were developed for various core locations and different shear strengths of the column stirrup. The fragility of piloti-type buildings significantly varied according to core location, an additional single wall, and whether the contribution of column stirrup was included or not. To estimate fragility more reasonably, it is necessary to prepare the parameters to reflect actual state well.

The Ministry of the Interior and Safety in Korea developed seismic fragility function for various building types in 2009. Damage states for most building types were determined by structural analyses of sample models and foreign references because actual cases damaged by earthquakes rarely exist in Korea. Low-rise, piloti-type buildings showed severe damage by brittle failure in columns due to insufficient stirrup details in the 2017 Pohang earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to improve damage state criteria for piloti-type buildings by consulting actual outcomes from the earthquake. An analytical approach was conducted by developing analysis models of sample buildings reflecting insufficient stirrup details of columns to accomplish the purpose. The result showed that current spectral displacements of damage states for piloti-type buildings might be too large to estimate actual fragility. When the brittle behavior observed in the earthquake is reflected in the analysis model, one-fourth through one-sixth of current spectral displacements of damage states may be appropriate for existing low-rise, piloti-type buildings.

This study introduces a newly developed PC non-bearing wall system to prevent the damage of RC wall-type apartments that have been heavily damaged by the 2017 Pohang Earthquake. In order to evaluate the performance of the developed PC non-bearing wall system, a static cyclic test is conducted. The prototype of test specimen is from the RC wall-type apartment which has been severely damaged by the 2017 Pohang Earthquake. The specimen with the conventional non-bearing wall system showed the similar damage of RC wall type apartment suffered from the Pohang Earthquake. In case of the specimen with the developed PC non-bearing wall system, cracks and damages were not transmitted between the walls due to the seismic slit and there were almost no cracks in the non-bearing walls. Therefore, the proposed non-bearing wall system, separated from the structural walls, could prevent spreading cracks to bearing walls and make it possible to effectively control damage due to earthquake loads.

Mold grows more easily when humidity is higher in indoor spaces, and as such is found more often on wetted areas in housing such as walls, toilets, kitchens, and poorly managed spaces. However, there have been few studies that have specifically assessed the level of mold in the indoor spaces of water-damaged housing in the Republic of Korea. We investigated the levels of airborne mold according to the characteristics of water damage types and explored the correlation between the distribution of mold genera and the characteristics of households. Samplings were performed from January 2016 to June 2018 in 97 housing units with water leakage or condensation, or a history of flooding, and in 61 general housing units in the metropolitan and Busan area, respectively. Airborne mold was collected on MEA (Malt extract agar) at flow rate of 100 L/min for 1 min. After collection, the samples were incubated at 25oC for 120 hours. The cultured samples were counted and corrected using a positive hole conversion table. The samples were then analyzed by single colony culture, DNA extraction, gene amplification, and sequencing. By type of housing, concentrations of airborne mold were highest in flooded housing, followed by water-leaked or highly condensed housings, and then general housing. In more than 50% of water-damaged housing, the level of airborne mold exceeded the guideline of Korea's Ministry of Environment (500 CFU/m3). Of particular concern was the fact that the I/O ratio of water-damaged housing was greater than 1, which could indicate that mold damage may occur indoors. The distribution patterns of the fungal species were as follows: Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. (14%), Aspergillus spp. (13%) and Alternaria spp. (3%), but significant differences of their levels in indoor spaces were not found. Our findings indicate that high levels of mold damage were found in housing with water damage, and Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium brevicompactum were more dominant in housing with high water activity. Comprehensive management of flooded or water-damaged housing is necessary to reduce fungal exposure.

In this study, to develop the basis of damage prediction system for abutment type rigid-frame bridge, measurement data is generated by artificially expressing damage by Abaqus, a commercial structural analysis program, and applied to machine-learning. The rigid-rame bridge structural analysis model is expressed as closely as possible to the actual bridge condition considering the specification, damage expression, analysis method, boundary condition, and load. CNN(Convolutional Neural Network), one of the neural network algorithm, is used for machine-learning and accuracy is confirmed when there was no measurement error as a result of machine learning.

The purpose of this research is to provide accurate information of household washers and detergents for consumers, so that help the producers who make washing machine and detergent to get basic material and also help consumers to choose washing machine. Experiment was proceed with two type of washers to compare energy consumption, washing performance, rinsing effectiveness further, damage caused by entanglement of laundry and fabric was assessed. Detergent P and T were used to compare the performance related to differences of ingredients of detergent. Soiled fabrics of EMPA 108 set were used to evaluate performance of washing by different types of contamination. A summary of experimental results are : First, for the consumption of water, drum-type washer consumed 53% less than pulsator-type washer. On the other hand, the washing time was almost similar for both these machines, but pulsator-type washer showed shorter progress, implying that power saving was more efficient in this case. Second, the drum-type washer showed better performance for contamination with all types of detergent, but the pulsator-type washer showed better rinsing performance. Third, the drum-type washer performed less data of tangle level and fabric damage. Fourth, detergent "P" exhibited better washing performance than did detergent "T", regardless of the type of soil. And with no limit of detergent variety, water-soluble protein soil showed high removal rate, liposoluble soil especially pigment was hardly removed.

국토의 70% 이상이 산악지인 우리나라 지형적 특성 때문에 도로가 산지을 인접해서 건설되는 것이 불가피하다. 최근 들어 온난화등의 영향으로 태풍이나 집중호우가 빈번히 발생하고 있으며 이로 인한 산지 도로의 산사태, 토석류, 상향짐투수압 등에 의한 인명, 시설물 피해도 극심하게 나타나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 산지 도로의 피해 중 상향침투수압에 의해 발생하는 포장의 틀림 현상에 대하여 고찰하였다. 산지도로 주변의 다양한 특성을 고려하기 위하여 상향침투수압에 의해 포장파손이 발생한 지역특성에 대하여 사명의 경사각, 산지표면의 보가유무, 산지 경사면 토사층의 두께, 지중 배수관의 설치 유무에 따라 상향침투수압을 산정하였다. 분석결과 상향침투수압은 현재 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 쇄석기층 위의 아스팔트포장 및 표면배수형식조건에서 5~10kPa 범위에서 발생하며, 사면경사각이 커짐에 따라 상향침투수압도 비례하여 커지는 것을 확인하였고, 사면의 표면을 보강 처리하지 않았을 경우의 상향침투수압은 작게 나타났다. 산지 경사면의 토사층의 두께는 지하수위가 산지표면까지 상승한 조건에서는 상향침투수압에 큰 영향은 없었으나, 지하수위가 산지표면까지 상승하는 것은 강우지속시간에 따라서 영향을 받는 점을 고려하면, 지중배수관의 설치는 도로 표층에 가해지는 상향침두수압을 효율적으로 감소시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 기층형식에 따른 상향침투수압에 대한 저항성 측면에서는 비 부착성인 쇄석기층보다 부착성인 안정처리기층이 자중이 증가하여 포장의 틀림 현상을 방지하는데 유리하다고 판단되지만 안정처리기층만으로는 상향침투수압에 견딜 수 없으므로 지중배수관 및 사면배수공법을 적용하여 사용하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

The engine backfire leading to the damage to the intake system is observed in the mixer-type LPG engines. The hot spot flowing back into the intake manifold from the engine cylinder during the valve overlap period is known to give rise to the backfire. This backfire is known to be the main cause of the abrupt stop of the vehicle leading to the accidents on the streets. In this study, the cylinder pressure buildup at the later stage of combustion due to the prolonged burning is presumed to be the main cause of the backflow leading to the backfire. This is experimentally observed by creating the engine misfire using the ill-conditioned ignition systems.

본 논문에서는 보 구조물의 실시간 손상위치 경보를 위해 가속도 신호를 이용한 인공신경망기반 손상검색기법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 먼저, 실시간 손상검색을 위해 가속도 응답신호만을 이용하는 새로운 인공신경망 알고리즘을 설계하였다. 구조물의 손상상태를 나타내는 특징으로 서로 다른 두 위치에서 측정된 가속도 신호의 교차공분산 값을 이용하였다. 다음으로 실제 하중조건을 모르는 상황을 고려하여 다양한 하중패턴에 따른 복수 신경망을 구성하였으며, 각각의 신경망 학습을 위한 손상시나리오를 선정하였다. 마지막으로 양단 자유보 모형실험을 통해 제안된 기법의 유용성과 적용성을 평가하였다.

부재의 내력비, 강성비에 영향을 받는 다층 강구조 골조의 내진성능을 평가하기 위하여 내력비 및 강성비를 설계 파라메타로 하여 동적 비탄성 응답해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과에 대한 분석을 통하여 내력비와 강성비의 변화폭이 큰 다층골조의 손상분포 예측식을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1) 보기둥 내력비 및 강성비가 작아질수록 1층의 기둥 주각부에서의 손상집중 현상이 크게 나타났다. 2) 보기둥 내력비 및 강성비를 고려하여 보붕괴형 강구조 다층골조의 손상분포를 예측할 수 있는 식을 제안하였으며, 예측식은 응답해석 결과와 좋은 대응을 보였다. 3) 본 연구에서 제안한 손상분포 예측식은 강접 및 반강접 보붕괴형 강구조 다층골조의 손상분포를 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Deep geologic disposal of high-level nuclear wastes (HLW) requires intensive monitoring instrumentations to ensure long-term security. Acoustic emission (AE) method is considered as an effective method to monitor the mechanical degradation of natural rock and man-made concrete structures. The objectives of this study are (a) to identify the AE characteristics emitted from concretes as concrete materials under different types of loading, (b) to suggest AE parametric criteria to determine loading types and estimate the failure stage, and finally (c) to examine the feasibility of using AE method for real-time monitoring of geologic disposal system of HLW. This study performs a series of the mechanical experiments on concrete samples simultaneously with AE monitoring, including the uniaxial compression test (UCT), Brazilian tensile test (BTT) and punch through shear test (PTST). These mechanical tests are chosen to explore the effect of loading types on the resulting AE characteristics. This study selects important AE parameters which includes the AE count, average frequency (AF) and RA value in the time domain, and the peak frequency (PF) and centroid frequency in the frequency domain. The result reveals that the cumulative AE counts, the maximum RA value and the moving average PF show their potentials as indicators to damage progress for a certain loading type. The observed trends in the cumulative AE counts and the maximum RA value show three unique stages with an increase in applied stress: the steady state stage (or crack initiation stage; < 70% of yield stress), the transition stage (or damage progression stage; 70–90% of yield stress) and the rising stage (or failure stage; > 90% of yield stress). In addition, the moving average PF of PTST in the early damage stage appears to be particularly lower than that of UCT and BTT. The loading in BTT renders distinctive responses in the slope of the maximum RA–cumulative AE count (or tan ). The slope value shows less than 0.25 when the stress is close to 30% of BTT, 60% of UCT and 75% of PTST and mostly after 90% of yield stress, the slope mostly decreases than 0.25 in all tests. This study advances our understanding on AE responses of concrete materials with well-controlled laboratoryscale experimental AE data, and provides insights into further development of AE-base real-time diagnostic monitoring of structures made of rocks and concretes.

Youth Training Facilities is a facility used for youth training activities. Youth Training Facilities is a facility that could be vulnerable to accidents. The purpose of this study is to minimize any accidents through analysing previous inspection data. Should avoid accidents that may occur during training activities through real-time management of the facility.

These steel cables on suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges are major members that transmit the dead and live load through the bridge’s main cable; hence, it is essential that inspection, maintenance and reinforcement are done regularly. In this study, we developed a magnetic sensor which is capable of detecting possible internal damages on bridge cables. It can be utilized to monitor actual suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges.

The effect of steel fiber types on the self-sensing capacity of strain-hardening fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (SH-SFRCs) was investigated. Three types of fiber, including twisted, smooth and hooked fibers, were used with a volume content of 1.5% in a mortar matrix. Although all the SH-SFRCs exhibited self damage-sensing capacity, the gauge factor, representing for damage-sensing ability, was different according to the types of fiber as follows: twisted (138.09) > smooth (99.85) > hooked (88.50). The SH-SFRC with twisted fiber produced the highest gauge factor which is very favorable for development of self damage-sensor.

This paper analyzed the damage type from completed shield TBM tunnels in case study. To identify damage type, the reports on field investigation and maintenance with 6 sites were performed an analysis. As results of the analysis, the various damage types were presented in completed shield TBM tunnels. However, completed shield TBM tunnels were expected to be available as permanent structure through regular maintenance.

This report analyzed the types of damage occurring in small scale safety vulnerable buildings inspected in 2012, by both structural types and elapsed time. The results of the analysis show that more than 70% of damage on finishing or usability by non-structural elements is recoverable for its intended performance. Facilities over 20 years from compleetion have more than a 30% structure damage ratio, than can be dangerous for structural safety, and requires periodic check-ups and repair/reinforcement work to recover its performance.

In this paper, the utilization of PZT’s dual piezoelectric effects (i.e., dynamic strain and electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance responses) for damage detection in beam-type structures are presented. In order to achieve the objective, the following approaches are implemented. First, global vibration-based and local impedance-based methods to detect the location of damage are presented. Then, the vibration-based and impedance-based damage detection methods using the dual piezoelectric responses are evaluated from experiments on a lab-scaled beam.