본 연구는 국내 주요 조사료(rice straw, timothy and alfalfa) 및 쑥과 녹차의 반추위 소화율과 물리 적 구조를 비교하기 위해 in vitro 와 in situ 실험을 실시하였다. 각 사료별 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 및 72 시간 동안 배양하였고, in vitro 실험에서는 가스 발생량, 미생물 성장량, pH를 측정하였다. 가스발생량은 배양시간이 경과할 수록 모든 시간대에서 증가하였고(p<0.05), 녹차에서의 가스발생량이 가장 낮았다. 미생물 성장량은 배양시간이 경과할수록 모든 처리구에서 증가하는 경향이었으나, 유의차 는 나타나지 않았고(p<0.05), 쑥과 녹차의 미생물 성장량이 다른 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 반추위내 pH는 배양시간 경과할 수록 감소하였고, 티모시의 pH가 다른 사료에 비해 가장 낮 았으며, 볏짚의 pH가 다른 사료에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). In situ 실험에서 모든 시간대 녹차의 건물소 화율(DM; Dry Matter) 및 조단백 소화율(CP; Crude Protein)은 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 반추위내 통과 속도 4% 쑥에서 건물소화율이 가장 높았고, 알팔파는 조단백 소화율이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 녹차 와 쑥의 표면과 기공을 주사전자현미경(SEM; scanning electron microscope)으로 관찰한 결과, 쑥 표 면에는 미생물이 존재하지 않아 반추위 내 영양소 소화율이 낮은 것으로 사료되고, 녹차는 기공에 미생 물이 관찰 되었다. In vitro 및 in situ 실험의 결과를 통하여 반추동물의 사료원료로 잠재적인 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study was aimed to develop a gruel using rice extrudates and to evaluate physicochemical properties of Tarakjuk (milk porridge; MP) prepared with milk (M) and rice powder (RP, control), rice extrudate (RE), or enzyme treated rice extrudates (ETR). Pasting property of ETR was significantly different from those of RP or RE with significantly low peak viscosity, breakdown and setback values in the ETR sample. Viscosity of MP prepared with ETR was also significantly low, as compared to that of control (> 900 cP). The total solids and spreadability of MP with ETR was higher than those with RP or RE. Hunter color values varied significantly depending on enzyme treatment levels in ETR samples with enzyme dose-dependent increase in b-value. Average starch digestibility of ETR sample was higher by 10.2% than that of control sample. DPPH radical scavenging activities of ETR samples were greater than those of RE or RP. These results indicated that ETR could be beneficial for preparing easy-drink and diet food with higher starch digestibility and fluidity, especially for gastric tube-fed patients.

Ginsenosides are sensitive to various factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc. However, powdery form of ginseng is good to preserve ginsenosides in it compared to the extracted form. In addition, the ginseng powder can provide pickering effect to control emulsion stability as a substitute of emulsifier forming wall on the surface of oil. A ginseng pickering emulsions was prepared by mixing, MCT oil, polysorbate 80 and ginseng. Thereafter, to homogenize the emulsions magnetic stirrer, homogenizer and ultra sonicator were used. The physicochemical properties, stability, and bioaccessibility of the ginseng pickering emulsion were investigated. Both particle size and polydisperse index of the ginseng pickering emulsion were constant as time elapsed. However, pH and zeta-potential of the ginseng pickering emulsion decreased over time. Moreover, to find out the proper amount of ginseng powder, different ginseng powder weights were added to sample respectively and the physiochemical characteristics were measured. The pH and zeta-potential value tended to decrease following increase of amount of ginseng powder. This result is impacted to food quality and it could be used as a preliminary result in the development of food product.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacterial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum or combo inoculant mixed with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri) and addition of fibrolytic enzyme on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of whole crop barley (WCB) and triticale (TRT) silage, their ruminal in vitro fermentation, and digestibility. In TRT silage, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.01) decreased NDF content compared to no enzyme addition treatment. Organic acids such as lactate and acetate contents in WCB and TRT silages were significantly (p<0.01) higher compared to those in the control. Particularly, lactate content was the highest in L. plantarum treatment. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment on both silages had relatively higher lactic acid bacteria content, while mold content was lower in both treatments compared to that in the control. In vitro dry matter digestibility was generally improved in WCB silages. It was higher (p<0.01) in TRT with mixed treatment of L. plantarum, L. buchneri, and enzyme compared to others. In vitro ruminal acetate production was relatively higher in treatments with both enzyme and inoculant additions compared to that in the control. Therefore, the quality of silage and rumen fermentation could be improved by inoculants (L. plantarum and L. buchneri) regardless whether whole crop barley (WCB) or triticale (TRT) silage was used. Although it was found that fibrolytic enzyme addition to both silages had various quality and rumen fermentation values, further study is needed

A total of 240 growing pigs were distributed in three treatment groups to investigate the influence of fermentation in different feeder type on the growing finishing pigs. The treatments were dry feeding (DF), wet feeding (WF) with dry-wet feeders and liquid feeding (LF) with freshly prepared 3:1 water to feed ratio fed three times a day throughout the experiment. The average daily gain (ADG) and body weight were consistently greater (p<0.05) in LF than the others. When the entire experimental period was taken under consideration the ADG and body weight was also found to be increased (p<0.05) in WF in comparison to DF. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and growth to feed ratio (G/F) was not affected however the average daily water intake (ADWI) and water to feed ratio (W/F) were significantly reduced (p<0.01) in WF in comparison to DF and LF. The ATTD of DM, GE and CP was increased (p<0.05) in WF and LF in comparison to DF at both phase I and II (4th and 8th wk) of the experiment. Carcass characteristics and blood parameters were not affected (p>0.05) in any of the feeding type in growing finishing pigs. It can be concluded that wet feeding with dry-wet feeders is good for enhancing the growth performance in the later stages while fresh liquid feeding in ratio 3:1 is beneficial for the growing finishing pigs throughout the experiment.

The in vitro experiment was conducted to ensure the supplemental level of spent Flammulina velutipes mushroomsubstrates (SMS) as an energy source in manufacturing of whole crop sorghum silage. Sorghum harvested at heading stage wasensiled with spent mushroom substrates of 20% (S-20), 40% (S-40) and 60% (S-60) as fresh matter basis for 6 week. Theexperiment was conducted by 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 hrs of incubation time with 3 replications. The silages were evaluatedfermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in vitro. The pH of in vitro solution was inclined to decrease withelapsing the incubation time, and that of the S-20 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the other treatment at 48 hr ofincubation. Gas production was greater (P<0.05) in the S-20 than the other treatments at 6 and 12 hrs of incubation. Themicrobial growth in vitro was inclined to decrease following 24 hr of incubation, and thereafter sustained the similar levels. Invitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was lowered by increasing the supplemental level of spent mushroom substrate, and was alow level in the S-60 throughout whole incubation time. Althoughthe IVDMD for S-40 was steadily increased from 9 hr ofincubation and reached to similar level with the S-20 at 48 hourof incubation, however SMS for whole crop sorghum silagefermentation might as well add about 20 to 30% in fresh matterbasis when considering DMD.

Nutritive value analysis of feed is very important for the growth of livestock, and ensures the efficiency of feeds as well as economic status. However, general laboratory analyses require considerable time and high cost. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique used to analyze the nutritive values of seeds. It is very effective and less costly than the conventional method. The sample used in this study was a corn kernel and the partial least square regression method was used for evaluating nutrient composition, digestibility, and energy value based on the calibration equation. The evaluation methods employed were the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP). The results showed the moisture content (R2val=0.97, RMSEP=0.109), crude protein content (R2val=0.94, RMSEP=0.212), neutral detergent fiber content (R2val=0.96, RMSEP=0.763), acid detergent fiber content (R2val=0.96, RMSEP=0.142), gross energy (R2val=0.82, RMSEP=23.249), in vitro dry matter digestibility (R2val=0.68, RMSEP=1.69), and metabolizable energy (approximately R2val >0.80). This study confirmed that the nutritive components of corn kernels can be predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

본 연구는 버섯폐배지와 맥주박을 이용한 섬유질 발효사료의 급여효과를 알아보기 위해 흑염소의 생산성과 영양소 이용율을 조사하였다. 증체조사를 위한 사양 시험은 거세흑염소 20두를 이용하여 처리구당 5두씩 30일간 수행하였고, 소화율 시험은 거세흑염소 12두를 공시하여 처리구당 3두씩 라틴방각법으로 실시하여, 처리구는 대조구(배합사료 및 볏짚 급여구)와 3개의 시험구(버섯폐배지, 맥주박 비율이 각각 15와 25%(T1), 10과 30%(T2) 및 5와 35%(T3))로 각각 배치하였다. 일당증체량은 대조구와 T1구가 T3구 보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 1일 두당 건물섭취량과 유기물섭취량은 T1과 T2구가 대조구 보다 유의하게 높은 섭취량을 보였다(p<0.05). 건물소화율과 유기물소화율은 대조구와 T1구가 각각 62.39∼63.39%와 65.02∼65.25%로 T3구의 각각 56.39와 59.01% 보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 질소축적량은 T1구가 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서, 본 연구의 결과 버섯폐배지와 맥주박을 이용한 섬유질 발효사료는 시판사료를 급여한 대조구와 대등한 생산성과 영양소 이용율을 보였다. 그러나 버섯폐배지의 첨가 비율이 높아질수록 흑염소의 생산성 저하가 우려되므로 버섯폐배지 첨가는 25~30% 수준으로 배합하는 것이 필요하다 판단된다.

귀리, 콩, 감자, 밀에서 유래한 다양한 식이섬유를 밀가루 대신 10-40%까지 대체함에 따른 수화능, 동적점탄성, 용매흡착능 및 in vitro starch digestion을 비교하였다. 귀리, 콩, 감자, 밀에서 유래한 다양한 식이섬유를 식이섬유의 대체비율이 증가할수록 수분흡착능과 팽윤력은 증가한 반면, 수분용해도는 감소하였다. 밀가루 대신 콩과 감자 식이섬유를 대체함에 따라 동적점탄성은 증가하였으나, 귀리와 밀 식이섬유 대체에서는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 식이섬유 대체에 따른 밀가루의 용매흡착능 변화를 분석한 결과, 낮은 대체량의 귀리 식이섬유와 높은 대체량의 콩과 감자 식이섬유가 활용 가능성을 보였다. 원료별 식이섬유 대체 시 밀가루 겔의 전분소화 패턴은 식이섬유 대체비율이 증가함에 따라 glucose 방출은 감소하였으나, 원료별 특성에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 특히, 밀식이섬유를 제외한 귀리, 콩, 감자 식이섬유는 모두 RDS감소와 RS증가에 따른 pGI 저하를 보여 실제 식품소재로 활용 시 가공적성을 유지할 수 있다면 전분소화지연효과를 기대할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 식이섬유의 원료에 따른 식이섬유 조성과 전분소화 관련 특성 간 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 전분소화를 지연시키는 효과는 수용성 식이섬유보다는 불용성과 총식이섬유 함량이 중요한 인자임을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 반추동물의 조사료 자원으로서 거대억새를 개발하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 우리나라에서 새롭게 개발된 품종인 거대억새 1호를 완숙기 이후에 채취하여 in vitro 반추위 발효를 이용해반추위내 pH, 암모니아태 질소, 가스발생량, 휘발성 지방산 생성량 및 건물소화율을 조사하였으며,볏짚과 비교하여 평가하였다. 거대억새는 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 반추위내 pH를 나타내었다(p<0.01). 암모니아태 질소의 경우 배양 12시간 이후에는 두 처리구간의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다 (p>0.05). 배양 6시간 이후 부터는 거대억새의 가스발생량이 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 휘발성 지방산 생성량에 있어 acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate 및 총생상량에서 볏짚이 거대억새보다 높게 나타났다. 그러나 iso-butyrate와 iso-valerate에서는 두 조사료원별 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 건물소화율에 있어 배양 12~24시간 사이의 거대억새 소화율이 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 거대억새의 이용성은 볏짚의 약 80% 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 동계사료 작물과 혼파한 총체보리사일리지를 흑염소에 급여하였을 때, 사료섭취량, 일당증체량, 영양소 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 흑염소에 대한 혼파 총체보리의 사료가치 평가 자료로 활용하는 데 목적을 두고 실시하였다. 공시가축은 흑염소 12두 (male)를 4처리구 {총체보리 단파 사일리지 첨가구 (T1), 헤어리베치 혼파 사일리지 첨가구 (T2), 사료용 완두 (forage pea) 혼파 사일리지 첨가구 (T3) 및 이탈리