본 연구는 국내산 가시오가피의 건강기능식품 소재로서 의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 산지별 채취한 가시오가피의 유효물질 함량 및 면역 증강 효과을 평가하였다. 태백, 철 원, 삼척, 강원도 농업기술원에서 수확한 가시오가피의 지 표성분인 eleutheroside B 및 eleutheroside E의 분석을 수 행하였으며, 면역 증강에 대한 효과를 관찰하기 위하여 MTT 세포독성 평가, NO 생성량과 cytokine 생성량을 측 정하였다. 지표성분 eleutheroside B의 함량은 채취 지역별 로 70% 에탄올 추출물에서는 2.96±0.11-6.24±0.05 mg/g로 태백에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈으며, 열수 추출물에서 는 1.11±0.05-2.11±0.03 mg/g로 태백에서 가장 높은 함량 을 나타냈다. Eleutheroside E 함량은 채취 지역별로 70% 에탄올 추출물에서는 4.93±0.20-10.79±0.03 mg/g을 나타냈으 며 철원에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈고, 열수 추출물에서 는 1.75±0.14-3.64±0.05 mg/g로 철원과 농업기술원에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 또한, eleutheroside B 및 E 함량은 열수 추출물보다 70% 에탄올 추출물에서 더 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 채취 지역별 가시오가피의 70% 에탄올 추출물은 50-200 μg/mL 농도에서, 열수 추출물은 100-500 μg/mL 농도 에서 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 대한 세포독성을 나타내지 않 았으며, 대식세포의 활성화로 방출되는 NO 성성량을 측정 한 결과, 가시오가피 줄기 추출물에서 NO 생성량이 증가하 는 것을 확인하였으며, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β을 포함하는 cytokine의 방출을 측정한 결과 유의적인 증가를 나타냈다. 따라서 가시오가피 줄기는 면역 관련 질환의 개선을 위한 건강기능식품 소재로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

가시오가피의 첨가는 영지버섯 균사체를 이용한 분비 단백질 라카아제 및 셀룰라아제의 생산량을 효율적으로 증가시켰다. 영지버섯 균사체의 생장률 측정에서 가시오가피의 첨가는 영지버섯 균사의 생장률이 톱밥에 비해 절반 수준에 밖에 못미치는 결과를 나타내었다. 반면에 영지버섯 균사의 분비 단백질인 라카아제와 셀룰라아제의 양을 증가시키는데 톱밥에 비해 큰 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 가시오가피가 첨가된 배양액에서의 라카아제 활성은 톱밥이 첨가된 배양액에서보다 영지 1호, 영지 2호 및 녹각 영지에서 0.61~2.37배 증가하였고, 이 중에서도 영지 2호는 0.947 U/min으로 라카아제 활성이 가장 높게 평가되었다. 셀룰라아제 활성 평가에서는 가시오가피가 첨가된 배양액에서의 셀룰라아제 활성은 톱밥이 첨가된 배양액에서보다 영지 1호, 영지 2호 및 녹각 영지에서 1.77~2.81배 증가하였고, 이 중에서도 영지 1호 및 영지 2호에 비해 녹각 영지에서 0.172 U/min으로 셀룰라아제 활성이 가장 높게 평가되었다. 따라서 가시오가피의 첨가가 영지버섯 균사의 분비 단백질 생산을 증가시키는데 유용한 소재로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the preventing effects of OPB (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and Eleutherococcus senticosus Max extracts) and combined OPB/Calcium therapy on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Sixty Sprague Dawley rats of 12-week-old were divided into eight groups: OVX (ovariectomized), OPBL (OPB 50 mg/kg), OPBM (OPB100 mg/kg), OPBH (OPB 200 mg/kg), OPBL/CAL(OPBL+CAL), OPBM/CAL (OPBM+CAL), OPBH/CAL (OPBH+CAL) and CAL (Calcium citrate 88.33 mg/kg+1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D₃33.33 IU/kg). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone strength indices and cortical thickness were analyzed by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). pQCT scanning showed that OVX induced a significant decrease in trabecular bone mineral density and bone mineral content in the proximal tibia (-36.4 ±24%, -21.8±12.7%).These decreases were significantly prevented by the administration of OPBM and OPBM/CAL. Cortical BMD and BMC of tibia were slightly enhanced by OPB and OPB/CAL. However there was no significant difference between OVX and OPB, OPB/CAL treated group. Bone strength indices and cortical thickness were not significantly different. Our results suggest that OPB and combined OPB/Calcium therapy are effective in preventing the development of bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats.

We performed the present study to investigate whether Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (RG) extracts (RGX) and Eleutherococcus senticosus Max (ES) extracts (ESX) play any roles in bone metabolism. We examined cellular activities of bone cells by measurement of osteoblastic cell viability, osteoprotegerin (OPG) secretion from osteoblasts, osteoclastogenesis, and osteoclastic activity. There is no cytotoxicity from osteoblasts after treatment with RGX and ESX. The secretion of OPG from the osteoblasts showed marked increases after treatment with RGX and ESX. In addition, RGX and ESX treatment decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells and the resorption areas. RGX and ESX, when mixed at optimal ratios, induced synergic effects, in vitro. OPB, which showed synergic effects, is the extract of natural ingredients RG and ES mixed at a raw material weight ratio of 4 : 1. It can be suspected that extracts of RG and ES mixtures contains active ingredients involved in bone tissue metabolism and may be effective in improving osteoporosis.

Background : Eleutheroside E (Syringaresinol-di-O-glucoside), one of the internal standard in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., showed effects on the anti-inflammation of arthritis and the decline in blood sugar. In this study, it was analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to find out the optimum experimental condition which indicated the highest content of eleutheroside E. Methods and Results: In total of 15 different experimental conditions were used to extract samples. Briefly, there were three different conditions in the temperature (room temperature, 70℃ and 100℃) and five solvent conditions (100% water, 30% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 70% EtOH and 100% EtOH) were used. The extraction condition of all samples were extracted in every 4 hours and repeated three times with a reflux cooling system. The HPLC was reported as eleutheroside E standard equivalents using the following linear equation based on the calibration curve : equation : Y = 7.72e + 0.04X – 7.83e + 004, R2 = 0.999918. Among 15 conditions, eleutheroside E was obtained with the highest amount (10.36 ± 3.81 ㎎/g of extract) at 100% EtOH extracted and room temperature condition. In this study, the eleutheroside E content was increased with increasing of EtOH concentration. And it can be detected by heating at 100% water extraction condition. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that the experimental condition at room temperature in 100% EtOH could be used in further studies to obtain the highest content of eleutheroside E in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) is an important medicinal tree found in northeast Asia. In this study, we analyzed the genome-wide distribution of microsatellites in E. senticosus. By sequencing 711 clones from an SSR-enriched genomic DNA library, we obtained 12 polymorphic SSR markers, which also revealed successful amplicons in E. senticosus accessions. Using the developed SSR markers, we estimated genetic diversity and population structure among 131 E. senticosus accessions in Korea and China. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 7.4 alleles. The mean values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were 0.59 and 0.56, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.51 in all 131 E. senticosus accessions. E. senticosus accessions in Korea and China showed a close genetic similarity. Significantly low pairwise genetic divergence was observed between the two regions, suggesting a relatively narrow level of genetic basis among E. senticosus accessions. Our results not only provide molecular tools for genetic studies in E. senticosus but are also helpful for conservation and E. senticosus breeding programs.

Background : Plants belonging to 5 species of the genus Eleutherococcus are currently distributed in the Korean peninsula. The traditional medicine ‘Ogapi’, derived from Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus and other related species, and ‘Gasiogapi’, derived from Eleutherococcus senticosus, are frequently mixed up and marketed. Therefore, accurated identification of their origins in urgently required. Methods and Results : Candidate genes from nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of Eleutherococcus plants were analyzed. Whereas the nrDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were useful in elucidating the phylogenetic relationships among the plants, the cpDNA regions were not as effective. Therefore, a combined analysis with nrDNA-ITS was performed. Various combinations of nrDNA and matK were effective for discriminating among the plants. However, the matK and rpoC1 combination was ineffective for discriminating among some species. Based on these results, it was found that OG1, OG4, OG5, OG7, GS1, GS2, and GS3 were derived from E. sessiliflorus. In particular, it was confirmed that GS1, GS2, and GS3 were not derived from E. senticosus. However, more samples need to be analyzed because identification of the origins of OG2, OG3, OG6 and GS4 was not possible. Conclusion : The ITS2, ITS5a, and matK combination was the most effective in identifying the phylogenetic relationship among Eleutherococcus plants and traditional medicines based on Eleutherococcus.

This experiment was carried out to enhance plantlet conversion and ex vitro survival of encapsulated somatic embryos of Siberian ginseng. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were encapsulated with 3.0% sodium alginate and 96% of conversion rate in terms of plantlet with well-developed epicotyl marked when the encapsulated embryos were placed on perlite soils wetted with sucrose solution as for carbon source. However, post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos was suppressed in case of sucrose did not added. Instead of sucrose alone, the addition of both sucrose and starch to the sodium alginate enhanced the post-germinative growth of the embryos. In sodium alginate matrix with 2% sucrose, the survival rate of the encapsulated embryos was more than twice (23.5%) that of ones without sucrose (10.0%). Embryos encapsulated with both 2% sucrose and 1% starch showed the highest percentage (42.1%) of survival rate was shown. In analysis of Iodine staining and starch content in the sodium alginate matrix, the starch component was decomposed when the embryos started to germinte. This result indicated that the carbohydrate treatments (starch and sucrose) in the encapsulation matrix enhanced the survival rate of post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos in Siberian ginseng.

Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim. has been successfully used as an oriental medicine for various diseases including allergic disorders. Histamine is a major factor on various allergic responses and it is reported that histamine was released from mast cells by sensitization of allergens. In this study, ethanol extracts from E. senticosus Maxim. were prepared and the composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The eleutheroside B as a primary effective component of E. senticosus was contained approximately 225 mg/kg in root bark extracts. The extracts were found to significantly inhibit compound 48/80-induced histamine release form mast cells in dose dependent manner. However the extracts had low cytotoxicity on the mast cells with MTT assay. These results showed that E. senticosus Maxim. extracts may be the effective materials on inflammatory disorders.

Eleuthero(Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim.) cortex is well known as a herb medicine for tonic. This study was performed to improve the quality of dried E. senticosus cortex. Investigation of quality factor and contents of efficient compounds under different steaming times and drying methods were performed to determine the proper processing and drying conditions of Eleuthero cortex harvested on March in annual stems. The proper steaming time for peeling bark to make high quality Eleuthero cortex took less than 20 mins. Eleutheroside B and E contents among drying methods were significantly different at 5% level DMRT. The 50℃ heat drying was the most advisable condition for drying, when drying and keeping contents of effective compounds.

The effects of red, blue, and far-red light by illumination of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on growth, morphogenesis and eleutheroside contents of in vitro plantlets of Eleutherococcus senticosus were examined. As a control, plantlets were grown under a broad spectrum white fluorescent lamp (16/8 h illumination). The length of plantlets grown under the red/blue LEDs was taller than those under fluorescent lamps. Leaf area, root length and fresh weight of plantlets were highest under blue light compared to other kinds of light sources. Chlorophyll contents in plantlets grown under fluorescent lamps were higher than those in plantlets grown under LED illumination. Production of eleuthroside B and E in plantlets was highest under blue LED. However, production of eleuthroside E1 was highest under fluorescent lamps. These results suggest that plant growth and eleuthroside accumulation can be controlled by wave length of light under LED illumination system.

1996년부터 2002년까지 7년간 국내 35진역에서 수집한 재래종 896개체를 대상으로 수형, 재배적응성과 관련한 생육특성을 조사하고 1차 선발된 계통을 다시 생장량 및 내병성등을 기준으로 2차 선발을 하여 총 34개통을 선발하여 가시오갈피 종자생산용 계통을 육성하였다. 종자생산용 가시오갈피 품종육성을 위하여 34계통에 대한 개화기 수정 결실특성을 집중적으로 검정하여 총 3조합 6계통을 선발하였다. 이들 3조합 6계통은 생육특성과 수분 결실능력의 연차가 변이검정을 수행하여 최종적으로 수분수용 수그루 및 채종수용 암그루를 각각 1계통씩 선발하여 종자생산용 가시오갈피 품종으로 선발하였다. 최종 선발된 수그루 '천수'는 활성화분비율이 높고 주산형화서수가 많아 수분수로 접합하며 연평균 신초발생수가 많은 등 생육이 우수한 것이 특징적이고 개화기가 7월 1일로 다소 늦어 이루어지는 개체를 선발해야 하는 것을 유의해야 한다. 최종선발된 암그루 '미수'는 전엽기가 매우 느린 편이며 신초발 생수가 많고 생육이 양호하며, 열매 수확량이 7년생 기준으로 1주당 1.5kg로 높은 편이다. 병해 저항성이 높고 채종포 조성에 적합한 품종으로 판단되었다.

가시오갈피의 종자 후숙을 촉진하고, 부패율을 낮추기 위하여 후숙전 Gibberellin 처리농도 및 침지시간, 토로스 분제를 사용한 종자소독처리에 따른 가시오갈피 종자의 배 배달 및 개갑특성을 조사하였다. 가시오갈피 종자 후속 전 적정 GA3 처리농도가 높아짐에 따라 개갑속도가 빨라지는 경향을 나타냈으며, 500 mg · L-1 처리구 이상에서는 부패율 급증에 따른 개갑율 감소현상이 확인되어 부적합한 것으로 나타났다. 후숙전 종자소독처리는 가시오갈피 종자개갑에 유용한 미생물 (Trichoderma, Aspergillus 속 등)의 활동을 억제하여, 후숙과정을 지연시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 대조구 (물 24시간 침지)에 비해 GA3 300 mg · L-1 24시간 침지처리구에서 개갑기간이 40여일 단축되었으며, 저온휴면타파처리 (5℃, 70일)후 개갑종자의 85% 이상이 정상적으로 발아하는 것이 확인되었다.