A new WRKY transcription factor gene was isolated by ESTs screening from a cDNA library of suspension cultured cells of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The 2,285 bp cDNA fragment, IbWRKY, was sequenced, from which a 505 amino acid residue protein was deduced. A search of the protein BLAST database identified significant similarity to other plant WRKY31 protein sequences. RT-PCR analysis showed expression patterns of IbWRKY31 in various intact tissues and suspension cultured cells of Sweet potato, and in leaves exposed to different stresses. The IbWRKY31 gene was highly expressed in suspension cultured cells. In leaf tissues, IbWRKY31 showed strong expression during salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments. Expression of IbWRKY31 was also induced under various abiotic stress and pathogen infection conditions, such as wounding, H2O2, MV, PEG, NaCl, and bacterial pathogen infection. These results suggest that IbWRKY31 is involved in plant responses to various stress conditions, such as abiotic stresses and pathogen infection through a defense signaling pathway.

PURPOSES : Previously, airport concrete pavement was designed using only aircraft gear loading without consideration of environmental loading. In this study, a multiple-regression model was developed to predict maximum tensile stress of airport concrete pavement based on finite element analysis using both environmental and B777 aircraft gear loadings. METHODS: A finite element model of airport concrete pavement and B777 aircraft main gears were fabricated to perform finite element analysis. The geometric shape of the pavement, material properties of the layers, and the loading conditions were used as input parameters for the finite element model. The sensitivity of maximum tensile stress of a concrete slab according to the variation in each input parameter was investigated by setting the ranges of the input parameters and performing finite element analysis. Based on the sensitivity analysis results, influential factors affecting the maximum tensile stress were found to be used as independent variables of the multi regression model. The maximum tensile stresses predicted by both the multiple regression model and finite element model were compared to verify the validity of the model developed in this study. RESULTS: As a result of the finite element analysis, it was determined that the maximum tensile stress developed at the bottom of the slab edge where gear loading was applied in the case that environmental loading was small. In contrast, the maximum tensile stress developed at the top of the slab center situated between the main gears in the case that the environmental loading got larger. As a result of the sensitivity analysis and multiple regression analysis, a maximum tensile stress prediction model was developed. The independent variables used included the joint spacing, slab thickness, the equivalent linear temperature difference between the top and bottom of the slab, the maximum take-off weight of a B777 aircraft, and the composite modulus of the subgrade reaction. The model was validated by comparing the predicted maximum tensile stress to the result of the finite element analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The research shown in this paper can be utilized as a precedent study for airport concrete pavement design using environmental and aircraft gear loadings simultaneously.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been known as promising candidates for biological control of insect pests. Recently, researchers consider the fungal thermotolerance in formulations and field applications. In this study, we investigated the production of thermotolerant Isaria javanica and I.fumosorosea conidia through grain-based solid cultures and exposure to light stress. As results, of the ten grain substrates, Italian millet, rice, perilla seed and sesame, rice, sorghum produced highly thermotolerant conidia in the strains. The two strains were exposed to a light stress and showed enhanced thermal stability compared to control, when exposed to 45°C for 2 hours. This work suggests that heatresistant entomopathogenic fungal conidia can be produced by grainbased solid cultures and exposure to light stress.

The airport concrete pavement is gradually changing from the empirical design method proposed by the FAA to the mechanical design method. However, the complete mechanical design method has not yet been developed because it is difficult to consider designing due to various break types due to environmental load. FAAFIELD, a widely used finite element analysis program in existing airport pavement design, has yet to be considered for environment loads, although it has been continuously updated. Therefore, this study used ABAQUS instead of FAARFIELD as a finite element analysis program to consider the environmental load, and carried out the load quantification work of A380 aircraft and B777 aircraft corresponding to 3DT(3 Dual Tandem) gear. The traffic load information of 3DT gear aircraft was collected, and the environmental load due to temperature and humidity was converted into the equivalent linear temperature difference. Through the finite element analysis using ABAQUS, the prediction data of maximum tensile stress and location was collected when the two loads act to slab simultaneously. The factors affecting the maximum tensile stress in the finite element analysis are slab thickness, joint spacing, aircraft load, combined bearing capacity, and equivalent linear temperature difference, respectively. In order to examine the adequacy of the selected factors, sensitivity analysis for factors which affect maximum tensile stress was performed, and the stress regression model was developed. For this, a multiple regression analysis program SPSS was used and the stress regression equations for 3DT gear aircraft were calculated considering traffic and environmental loads. Through the developed stress regression model, it is possible perform the load quantification process of the 3DT gear aircraft for the mechanical design of the airport concrete pavement. In addition, the appropriateness of the regression model is verified by securing the high decision coefficient through SPSS. This study was supported by Incheon International Airport Corporation(BEX00625)

Conventional airport concrete pavement design uses empirical design method presented by FAA but it is not accurate because it does not consider environment load. In case of mechanistic - empirical design method used overseas, it needs to be modified according to domestic conditions. In this paper, a stress regression model considering environmental load and dual tandem gear load is developed as a mechanical - empirical design process and verified by fatigue model calibration. First of all, literature review was conducted on airports using DT gear as a design aircraft among domestic airports, and the physical properties of concrete pavement layers of each airport were identified. In addition, the environmental load is divided into the temperature load and the moisture load, and the temperature load is calculated from the climatic data of the region where the domestic airport is located, and the moisture load is calculated through the drying shrinkage prediction model developed through the previous study. The stresses occurring in concrete slabs under environmental loads and traffic loads were predicted using FEAFAA, which is a finite element analysis program, and factors predicted to affect concrete pavement were selected for the stress regression.As a result of the sensitivity analysis of the selected factors, the joint spacing, slab thickness, gear load, and road bearing capacity coefficient affected the stress behavior of the slab by more than 5% of the reference stress.According to the mechanical design, the finite element analysis was carried out for the consideration of only the traffic load and the environmental load and the traffic load based on the design factors. Based on the analysis results, multiple regression analysis was performed using the statistical analysis program SPSS and the stress regression equation was calculated. Then, the stress model for the environmental load and the traffic load was calculated and the final stress model with each stress model as the independent variable was derived. Using the calculated stress regression model, the stress was calculated and the bending strength of the concrete was divided to calculate the stress - to - strength ratio, and the appropriate fatigue model was selected and the correction was performed by the least squares method. This study was supported by Incheon International Airport Corporation(BEX00625)

Insects are the most diversified organisms in the world. They are vital to the functioning of the ecosystem and biosphere, and neither of these systems can operate effectively without insect interactions. Insects are regularly subjected to stressors related to increasing anthropogenic activities, including chemicals and climatic changes that induce major stresses. Depending on the species and the particular stress affecting it, insect populations respond by increasing or decreasing in numbers. Researchers have assessed the responses of insect populations to various direct and indirect environmental stresses. Some insect populations increase, while others decline. The reponses were determined by the particular environmental stress, the insect species, and he stage at which they were exposed to the stress.

쑥은 세포 손상과 위염 회복에 효능이 있는 유파틸 린을 가지고 있는 약용작물이다. 본 연구의 목적은 강 화쑥의 온실에서의 주년 생육 특성을 분석하고, 환경 스트레스를 처리하여 유파틸린의 함량을 증대시키는 것이다. 유리 온실에서 강화쑥을 육묘 6주, 정식 후 8 주간 재배하여 생육 특성과 유파틸린 함량을 비교하였 다. 광합성은 상대적으로 고광도인 1,200μmol·m-2·s-1에 서도 포화되지 않았다. 생육속도는 정식 후 2주후에 최고에 도달하였고 정식 후 8주부터 감소하기 시작하 였다. 강화쑥은 다년생 숙근초로 계절 변화에 민감하게 반응하여 봄 여름의 영양 생장기에는 높은 생육과 성 분 함량을 나타내었으나, 가을과 겨울에는 개화 및 월 동으로 인하여 생육 및 유파틸린 성분 함량이 크게 감 소하였다. 따라서 강화쑥의 주년 재배를 위하여는 이를 억제하기 위한 야파 처리의 적용이 필수적인 것으로 판단되었다. 2종류의 스트레스와 1종류의 eliciter를 처 리하였다. 건조 스트레스는 수확 전 5, 6, 7, 8 일간 관수을 중단하였고, 염류 스트레스는 수확 3일전 양액 에 염화나트륨 추가하여 2, 4, 6, 8dS·m-1 농도로 하였 고, 메틸자스모네이트는 수확 3일전 12.5, 25, 50, 100μM 농도로 엽면 시비하였다. 건조 스트레스 처리 구 중 7일 및 8일간 관수를 중단한 경우와 메틸자스모 네이트를 25μM 엽면 시비한 경우 유파틸린 함량이 증 가하였다. 염류 스트레스 처리구에서는 유파틸린 함량 증대가 발견되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 환경 처리를 통해 유용 성분의 증대가 가능하고 의약 원료로써 강 화쑥의 생산성과 품질을 크게 향상시킬 수 있음을 증 명하였다.

생육실 내·외부 환경조건과 종균 배양 및 자실체 특성검 정 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 먼저, 종균 배양이 외부 온도의 영향을 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 배양실의 환경 조건(22oC, 65-68%, 700-1,200 ppm)을 일 정하게 하여도 외부 기온이 낮고, 건조해지는 1월(동절기) 에는 16-18일 가량 늦은 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 외부 기후에 따라 생육실 내부 환경이 영향을 받 아, 자실체 생장이 느리고 발생 형태가 다른 것을 확인하 였다. 동일한 조건(18±1oC, 85-95%, 700-1,200ppm)을 설 정한 생육실에서 재배한 버섯이 수량(무게), 길이(크기) 모두 1월에 수확한 버섯이 3월에 수확한 버섯에 비해 작 은 수치임을 확인하였고, 경도가 작아 품질 면에서도 양 호하지 못함을 확인하였다. 이는 1월 외부의 영하의 저온 과 60% 이하의 저습에 의해 생육실 내부 환경이 변화하 여 일어난 현상임을 알 수 있었다. 아울러 버섯의 특성은 일정 시일이 지난 후 외부 기후를 보완하여 실내 환경을 조절하여도 개선되지 않음을 확인하였다. 일정 기간이 지 난 후의 조치는 균의 노후화만 진행시켜 색만 변화할 뿐 크기가 커지거나 침이 형성되지 않았다. 그러므로 환경 스트레스를 받지 않도록 미리 예방하는 것이 필요하다. 환기와 생육관리를 위해 생육실 내부 환경이 외부로 노출 될 때, 외부 환경이 영향을 미치지 않도록 에어커튼 혹은 보온 커튼을 덧대어 문제가 발생하지 않도록 해야할 것이다. 특히, 동절기와 같이 외부 기온이 낮고, 습도가 낮은 시기에는 특별히 주의가 필요할 것이다.

Recently, Live-Virtual-Constructive (L-V-C) integrate training system has proposed as a solution for the problems such as limitation of training areas, increase of mission complexity, rise in oil prices. In order to integrate each training system into the one effectively, we should solve the issue about stress of pilots by the environmental differences between Live and Virtual simulation which could be occurred when each system is connected together. Although it was already examined in previous study that the psychological effects on pilots was occurred by the environmental differences between actual and simulated flights, the study did not include what the causal factors affecting psychological effects are. The aim of this study is to examine which environmental factors that cause pilots’ psychological effects. This study analyzed the biochemical stress hormone, cortisol to measure the pilots’ psychological effects and cortisol was measured using Enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA). A total of 40 pilots participated in the experiment to compare the differences in pilots’ cortisol response among live simulation, virtual simulation, and the virtual simulation applying three environmental factors (gravity force, noise, and equipment) respectively. As a result, there were significant differences in cortisol level when applied the gravity force and equipment factors to the virtual simulation, while there was no significant difference in the case of the noise factor. The results from this study can be used as a basis for the future research on how to make L-V system by providing minimum linkage errors and design the virtual simulator that can reduce the differences in the pilots’ psychological effects.

가금에서의 스트레스 지표는 혈중 corticosterone의 농도, heterohphil/lymphocyte 비율 뿐만 아니라 사료 및 물의 섭취량, 체중, 산란율, 이상행동 등도 포함된다. 사육온도, 바닥형태, 사육밀도, 수송, 부리자르기, 제한급이, 질병 등이 사육현장에서 가금이 경험할 수 있는 스트레스 요인이 될 수 있다. 다양한 스트레스 지표 중에서 특정 지표만으로 스트레스의 여부를 평가하는 것은 오류를 범할 수 있으므로 동시에 여러 지표를 이용하여 평가하는 것이 스트레스에 대한 평가의 신뢰도를 향상시킬 수 있다.

본 연구는 환경스트레스 저항성이 증진된 페튜니아를 개발하기 위하여 NDPK2유전자 도입 형질전환 계통 NDPK2-7-1와 SOD2 유전자 도입 형질전환 계통 SOD2- 2-1-1-35간의 교잡에 의해 획득된 후대들의 비생물적 스트레스 저항성을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 비 생물적 스트레스 유발원인 메틸바이올로젠(methyl viologen, MV) 100 μM과 200 μM 처리에서 교잡후대들은 그들의 교배 모본 SOD2 유전자나 NDPK2 유전자가 단독으로 도 입된 형질전환 계통이나 비형질전환체 보다 메틸바이 올로젠에 의한 피해를 적게 받았다. 이는 SOD2 유전 자나 NDPK2 유전자가 단독으로 도입된 형질전환 계 통간 교잡에 의해 획득된 후대들이 그들의 교배모본 (SOD2 유전자나 NDPK2 유전자가 단독으로 도입된 형질전환 계통)이나 비형질전환체 보다 산화적 스트레 스에 대한 저항성이 증진되었음을 증명해 준다고 할 수 있다. 이들 교잡후대들은 초장 등 11종류의 양적형질의 특성이 비형질전환체에 비해 약간 길거나 짧긴 하였지 만 비형질전환체와 거의 유사하였으며, 꽃 색갈이나 모양 또한 그들의 교배모본 (SOD2 유전자나 NDPK2 유전 자가 단독으로 도입된 형질전환 계통)이나 비형질전환 체와 차이가 없었다.

Environmental stress is a growing problem for the productivity of forage crops. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation due to several abiotic stresses is a fundamental process that interrupts several physiological processes and causes a significant reduction on growth and yield of many forage crops. Molecular breeding such as genetic transformation has become a popular biotechnological tool for improving forage quality as well as improves tolerance to various abiotic stresses. As a first step of genetic transformation in tall fescue, we established an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation protocol using mature seed-derived embryogenic callus. After optimization of the transformation system, several genes of interest have been used to generate abiotic stress tolerant forage grasses. We generated transgenic tall fescue plants expressing NDPK genes under the control of the oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter. Transgenic plants showed enhanced tolerance to several abiotic stresses. Results in the current study, suggest that NDPK mediated multiple stress tolerance by increasing the expression of genes involved in antioxidant and protective functions, possibly through activation of an MAPK cascade.

A cell is the product of a long period of evolution and can be represented as an optimized system (homeostasis). Stimuli from the outside environment are received by sensory apparatus on the surface of the cell and transferred through complicated pathways

겨울철 저온에 의한 식물의 반응 및 생리적 상태를 확인하기 위해 문주란(Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum)을 대상으로 엽록소형광과 항산화효소 찬성의 변화를 조사하였다. O-J-I-P곡선을 분석한 결과 겨울철에 J, I, P-단계에서의 형광세기가 현저하게 간소하였다. 문주란 잎의 광계II의 광화학적 효율, 즉 Fv/Fm은 겨울철의 온도변화 추이와 유사하게 낮은 값을 나타내어 겨울철 저온이 스트레스 요인으로. 작용하는 것으로 보인다.