Ethanol production from various agricultural and forest residues has been widely researched, but there is limited information available on the use of mixed hardwood for ethanol production. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of time on the steam explosion pretreatment of waste wood (mixed hardwood) and to determine the convenience of a delignification step with respect to the susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose residue and the recoveries of both cellulose and hemicellulosic sugars. Delignification did enhance enzymatic hydrolysis yields of steam exploded waste wood. For steam explosion pretreatment times of 3 and 5 min, the recovery yield of hemicellulosic-derived sugars decreased. The effective hemicellulose solubilization does not always result in high recoveries of hemicellulose-derived sugars in the liquid fractions due to sugar degradation. In the steam explosion pretreatment times of 3 and 5 min, where hemicellulose solubilization exceeded 95%, but sugar recoveries in the liquid fraction remained below 30%. Cellulose to glucose yield losses were less significant than hemicellulosic-sugar losses, with a maximum loss of 24% at 5 min. Up to 80% of the lignin in the original wood was solubilized, leaving a cellulose-rich residue that led to a concentrated cellulose to glucose yield solution (about 50 g/L after 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis in the best case). The maximum overall process yield, taking into account both sugars present in the liquid from steam explosion pretreatment and cellulose to glucose yield from the steam exploded, delignified and hydrolyzed solid was obtained at the lowest steam explosion pretreatment time assayed.

Hydrolyzed proteins have an advantage over intact proteins in terms of their rate of digestion and absorption. The high-pressure enzymatic extraction (HPE) method has been shown to improve the quality characteristics of hydrolysates from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) larvae (PBSL). This study investigated the effects of the HPE treatment period, a key candidate factor, on the quality characteristics of PBSL HPE hydrolysates. The hydrolysates were prepared by HPE for 0, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h under optimized conditions—solid:solvent ratio (1:14 [w/v]), using complex proteases (Alcalase:Flavorzyme:Bromelain = 1:1:1, 4%), treatment temperature (50oC), and pressure level (100 MPa). All quality characteristics tended to be superior with longer HPE treatment periods, most of which had the highest values at 30 h, with no significant difference or a slight decrease after that. The quality characteristics of the PBSL HPE hydrolysates were improved by 1.3-1.7 times under conditions of optimal HPE treatment period.

Medium pressure and mixed enzyme were used to hydrolyze raw anchovy under controlled conditions at a batchpilot plant-scale process for the production of anchovy protein hydrolysates (APH). Mass balance calculations were carried out so that the degree of protein solubilization and yields could be estimated. Almost complete hydrolysis could be achieved in 12 h, at 50oC and 75 MPa, with no pH adjustment, at 1% (10 g/kg) mixed enzyme using raw anchovy. This was achieved with the addition of water (1/2 raw anchovy/water). The degrees of protein solubilization and yield were 63.50% and 55.61%, respectively. Fractionation using UF/NF pilot scale systems was carried out for producing four different fractions on the APH. Successive fractionation on UF and NF membranes allowed the concentration of the peptides of selected sizes without, however, carrying out sharp separations, and with some MW classes being found in several fractions. Spray drying processes for 10 kDa permeate were described to increase their usability. The free amino acid profile of the fractions was identical to that of the APH.

A Taguchi robust design method with an L9 orthogonal array and larger-the-better characteristics was implemented to optimize experimental conditions for the hydrolysis of raw anchovy using a pressure-assisted enzymatic reaction method. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), nitrogen recovery (NR) and yield were considered as the response parameters. Pressure, reaction temperature, reaction time, and mixed enzyme amount were chosen as control parameters. As a result of the Taguchi analysis in this study, the pressure was found to be the most influential parameter on DH and NR. The amount of mixed enzyme in the reaction also had a significant effect on DH and NR. Meanwhile, the optimum values were confirmed to be similar at 95% confidence and 5% significance level through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, new hydrolysates at optimum conditions and control hydrolysates at atmospheric pressure were compared in terms of the DH, resulting in the improvement of DH by more than 52.6%.

This study was conducted for recycling the waste MDF(Medium-density fibreboard) to investigate the enzymatic saccharification characteristics using two enzymes Novozyme Cellic® CTec2 and HTec2 (Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) after the delignification by pretreatment using sodium chlorite. The chemical composition of the waste MDF are lignin, holocellulose, ash, and other extracts 28.40, 60.20, 0.10, and 11.30%, after pretreatment with sodium chlorite were 5.20, 53.10, 0.03, and 41.67%. The Lignin interferes with enzymatic saccharification of 23.2% was removed, 7.1% of holocellulose was lost. The times of sodium chlorite pretreatment and saccharification of the waste MDF was finished between 48-72 hours, the saccharification speed was fast when the concentration of the enzyme by 10% and the HTec2 CTec2 ratio 9:1. Sugar ratio of the solid content of the waste MDF is the highest as 69.6% when it comes out of 8% and a viscosity was as high as 34.8% when the 12-FB%. Therefore, the pre-treatment with sodium chlorite is more advantageous when enzymatic saccharification to lignocellulosic biomass. The amount of the enzyme, the solid-liquid ratio, and the reaction time showed a proportional relationship with saccharification efficiency. The studies for increasing the solids content of waste MDF to improve the economic efficiency more than 12% should accompanied.

연산오계는 오래전부터 건강기능 증진 및 치료 효능이 높은 것으로 알려져 왔다. 최근 건강 기능식품 소재로 기능성 펩타이드 효능이 알려짐에 따라, 연산오계 다리육으로부 올리고 펩타이드 최적 생산 공정 및 생성물 특성에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 최적 효소가수 분해 공정 표면반응 분석을 이 용하여 수행하였다. 최적 공정 조건을 확립하기 위해서 온도 (40, 50, 60℃), pH (pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0), 효 소 (1, 2, 3%) 범위에서 수행을 하였다. 생성물에 대한 가수분해도, 유리아미노산, 분자량 분포를 분석 하였다. 효소 가수분해 최적 온도는 58℃, pH 7.5, 효소의 농도는 3% 이었다. 최적 조건에서 2 시간 효소 가수분해를 한 결과 75-80% 이었다. 유리 아미노산 총량은 168.131 mg/100 g 이었다. 분자량를 MALDI-TOF 으로 분석을 한 결과 90% 이상이 300-1,000 Da 분포를 보여주었다.

한국산 억새를 산, 알칼리 및 증기폭쇄법으로 전처리한 시료의 최적 효소당화조건을 탐색하고, 당화물을 이용한 에탄올 생산성을 구명하였다. 억새의 화학적 조성은 저분자화합물이 5.0%, lignin 17.0%, hemicellulose 55.1%, cellulose 22.7%이었다. 효소 당화율은 단용효소 처리구보다 혼용효소 처리구에서 높았다. Celluclast 처리구는 Viscozyme보다 높은 당화율을 보였으며, 가장 높은 당화율을 보인 효소 처리구는 EM-3(Celluclast 24.3FPU/g 기질+Viscozyme 80.6FBG/g 기질)로 약 70%의 당화율을 보였다. 산,알칼리 전처리를 통해 정제된 α-cellulose의 효소 당화율은 1% NaOH 처리 증기폭쇄재 보다 16% 높게 나타났다. 효소 cocktail의 당화에 가장 적합한 온도는 50℃였고, 모든 기질에서 효소 반응시간이 증가할수록 당화율이 증가하였다. 억새의 당화물은 오탄당으로 xylose가 육탄당으로 glucose가 주를 이루었다. S. cerevisiae KCCM 11215를 이용한 당화물의 에탄올 발효에서도 각 효소조합과 시료 전처리가 매우 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 억새시료 1kg 당 350g 이상의 에탄올 생산성을 보였으며, 1% NaOH 및 1% KOH를 처리한 증기폭쇄 시료보다 α-cellulose를 기질로 사용한 처리구에서 에탄올 생산성이 높았다.

천연조미소재 개발을 위하여 고압/효소분해 시스템에서 멸치 단백질의 분해 품질특성을 탐색한 결과, 최적 조건은 효소농도 0.6%, 온도 50oC, 처리시간 24시간 및 압력 50 MPa로 확인되었다. 멸치 단백질의 처리방법에 따른 품질특성을 비교한 결과, 최적조건하에서 고압/효소 처리한 멸치 가수분해물의 품질특성이 가열추출물인 대조구에 비하여 2.8배, 2배, 1.4배 증가하여 고압/효소 처리에 의한 단백질 가수분해물 생산은 가열추출법이나 고압반응에 비하여 효율적인 방법으로 나타났다. 효소종류에 따른 분해력은 복합효소로 가수분해한 경우 상업효소에 비하여 큰 증가율을 나타내어 복합효소의 분해력이 상업효소에 비하여 우수하였다. 고압/효소 처리 후의 멸치 가수분해물은 정미성 아미노산으로 알려져 있는 glutamic acid, glycine, arginine 및 alanine 등의 함량이 대조구나 압력 처리구의 유리아미노산 함량에 비하여 증가하였다. 결론적으로 고압/효소분해 처리공정은 멸치 단백질의 효과적 분해와 정미성 아미노산 생산에 효율적인 기술임을 확인하였다.

Background: The demand of recycling renewable agricultural by-products is increasing. Radiation breeding is a method used to improve saccharification efficiency. Thus, we investigated the effect of gamma ray irradiation on the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the stalks of Senna tora, an important medicinal plants. Methods and Results: S. tora seeds were irradiated with gamma ray at doses of 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy. In the pretreated biomass, glucan and lignin content were higher in the M1 (1st generations of irradiation) S. tora stalks than in the M2 (2nd generations of irradiation) stalks, this can be explained by the higher degradation rate in M1. After oxalic acid pretreatment, the concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in the hydrolysate increased in the gamma ray treated seeds. The highest relative increase rate in crystallinity in the pretreated biomass was observed in M1-400 Gy and M2-100 Gy. The cellulose conversion rate was higher in M1 than in M2, except for 200 Gy. Conclusions: Gamma ray irradiation at an appropriate dose can be used to improve the efficiency of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby increasing biomass availability.

In this study, microcrystalline cellulose, which is a cell wall polysaccharide commonly contained in sea algae (brown algae, red algae and green algae), is used in substitution for cellulose and is hydrolyzed with seven enzymes available in the market. The seven enzymes selected are Viscozyme® L, Celluclast® 1.5 L, Saczyme, Novozym® 33095, Fungamyl® 800 L, Driselase® Basidiomycetes sp., and Alginate Lyase. To maximize the production of the reducing sugar by hydrolysis with each enzyme, we optimized the quantity of enzymes, reaction time, pH, and reaction temperature as four independent variables, and the reducing sugar production rate as a dependent variable, utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the enzyme hydrolysis reaction conditions. Among the tested enzymes, the production rate of reducing sugar by Celluclast® 1.5 L was the highest. Hence, the predicted optimum conditions (8.5 % enzyme, reaction time 27.6 h, pH 4.1 and reaction temperature 44.1oC) were directly applied to Laminaria japonica and proved the predicted optimum conditions with experiments. Under the optimum conditions, the sugar yield of 137.6 mg/g-Laminaria japonica (experimental value) was obtained.

This study investigated the optimal sequential hydrolysis conditions by comparing with reducing sugar yield ofsequential hydrolysis of Laminaria japonica processing residue. After acid-catalyzed hydrothermal hydrolysis, sequentialenzymatic hydrolysis was performed with single enzymes such as Celluclast® 1.5L, Saczyme, and Alginate Lyase, andtheir mixture. As a result, the yield of reducing sugar by sequential hydrolysis with the mixed enzymes was the highest,but there would be an economical problem with excessive enzyme loading. Therefore, considering the reducing sugaryield and economics, it is thought that hydrolysis by the mixed enzymes has no advantage, thus, using the Celluclast®1.5L in the sequential hydrolysis was practically more appropriate. The optimal sequential hydrolysis conditions ofLaminaria japonica processing residue were determined to be 8% v/w of enzyme injection, 42.6oC of reaction temperature,pH 4.1, and 26 hours of reaction time after acid-catalyzed hydrothermal hydrolysis (0.108 N-HCl, 144oC of reactiontemperature, and 22 minute of reaction time).

This study aimed to investigate the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of alginic acid using Viscozyme® L, Celluclast® 1.5L, Saczyme®, Novozym®, Fungamyl® 800L, Driselase® Basidiomycetes sp., and Alginate Lyase, for production of reducing sugar. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design was used to study effects of the independent variables such as enzyme (1-9% v/w), reaction time (10-30 h), pH (3-7) and reaction temperature (30-70oC) on the production of reducing sugar from alginic acid. The coefficients of determination (R2) of Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7 for the dependent variable regression equation were analyzed as 0.947 0.968, 0.840, 0.926, 0.923, 0.892 and 0.825. And the p-value of Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, and Y7 within 1% (p < 0.01) was very significant. The optimal conditions were 1.0% of the quantity of the enzyme, 10.0 hours of the response time, pH 3 and 70.0oC of the reaction temperature, where the production rate was 483.1 mg/g-alginic acid, the highest of all the enzymes used.

본 연구는 열수추출법에 의하여 추출한 세리신을 이용하여 단독 또는 2종의 효소를 이용하여 가수분해하고 그 가수분해물의 항산화 및 미백효과를 살펴본 것이다. 여러 산업용효소 중 세리신에 대한 분해효과가 우수한 alcalase, flavourzyme 및 protamex를 이용하여 분해한 결과 세리신의 분자량은 20 ~ 30 kDa의 범위로 감소하였으며 사용한 효소별로 특이적 가수분해물이 나타났다. 세리신 가수분해물의 항산화능을 살펴본 결과 원래 세리신에 비하여 DPPH 소거율이 높게 나타났으며 flavourzyme과 protamex를 같이 사용한 경우 약 85 %의 소거율을 나타냈다. 티로시나아제의 활성억제 효과를 살펴본 경우에는 세리신 가수분해물이 오히려 더 낮은 억제효과를 나타내었으나 세리신 가수분해물의 분획을 실시하고 활성억제 효과를 살펴본 결과 F2와 P3의 분획이 상대적으로 우수한 억제 효과를 나타내었다.

본 연구는 두유와 전두유의 효소적 가수분해에 따른 단백질의 변화를 조사하였다. 총 유리아미노산 함량을 조사한 결과 두유(SM)과 전두유(WSM)에 비해서 저분자 두유(LSM)와 저분자 전두유(LWSM)에서 높게 나타났다. 필수아미노산 함량은 SM과 LSM에서 비슷하였으나 LWSM은 WSM보다 높게 나타났다. SDS-PAGE 전기영동 패턴 분석결과 SM과 WSM에서는 의 고분자가 존재하였으나 LSM와 LWSM에서는 17 kDa 이하의 저분자 단백질