PURPOSES : This study focuses on advance traffic information to prevent secondary traffic accidents on express highways. The purpose of this study is to analysis the optimal scenario by evaluating the effect of each advance traffic information scenarios using virtual driving simulation. METHODS : By designing traffic information scenarios and services with a combination of VMS and mobile PUSH notifications, driver behavior in the event of a traffic accident was analyzed. For this, a simulation environment was designed through engineering analysis. Through virtual driving simulation, the driver's deceleration point and the perception-reaction time are analyzed. RESULTS : Four scenarios were designed and reviewed so that VMS and mobile PUSH notification can be provided simultaneously after the driver drove for 5 km. As a result of driving with 30 drivers, the drivers reacted fastest when VMS was installed, followed by mobile PUSH notification, VMS+mobile PUSH notification, and NOTHING. CONCLUSIONS : When designing traffic information service, it was observed that providing information through VMS alone is more efficient than providing two services of traffic information. Therefore, it can be used as basic data for preventing secondary accidents on express highway.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection, one of a major foodborne disease remains considerable public health concerns globally. In this study, we have constructed that the genetically inactivated SE ghost vaccine candidate, JOL2220 (Δlon ΔcpxR Δasd), which express the immunogenic hemagglutinin portion (HA1) of H1N1 virus on the Salmonella surface. The lysis gene cassette, holin-endolysin system originated from double DNA bacteriophage λ was cloned into the ghost vector plasmid pJHL464, which activated under the control of the convergent promoter system. Scanning electronic microscopic examination revealed that transmembrane tunnels of JOL2220 was formed following the 48 hr of the lysis mediated by the holin-endolysin system. In vitro expression of HA1 antigenic protein was also determined by Western blot analysis. The Chickens immunized with JOL2220 ghost via intramuscular and oral routes showed significant increase in IgG level against both SE and HA1 antigen. Further, we observed markedly enhancement of lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell differentiation in the primed PBMC of the immunized chicken, compared to those in the control group. Collectively, the results indicated that the SE ghosts expressing HA1 antigen may have immunostimulatory properties against Salmonella and influenza infection where the chicken is the predominant reservoir.

To enumerate Staphylococcus aureus in food, Baird-Parker Agar (BPA) is usually used in the conventional method, However it requires time and space for the preparation and plating, and incubation. Thus, use of the 3MTM PetrifilmTM Staph Express Count Plate (STX Petrifilm) might be appropriate to solve these challenging problems. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of STX Petrifilm with BPA for enumeration of S. aureus in various foods. A mixture of S. aureus strains ATCC29213, ATCC25923, and ATCC13565 was inoculated on marinated pork chop, beef (chuck tender), dried filefish, semi-dried squid, rice cake, and Japchae (stir-fried glass noodles) at 2, 3, 5, and 7 Log CFU/g. S. aureus cell counts were enumerated by spread-plating on STX Petrifilm and BPA after 0 and 24 hours at 4oC (marinated pork chop, beef, semi-dried squid, and stir-fried glass noodles) and 25oC (dried filefish and rice cake). Recovery of STX Petrifilm for S. aureus from various food samples was compared with BPA, and the results showed that there were no significant differences between two selective media in all cases. The results indicated that STX Petrifilm had enough efficiency to recover S. aureus from various foods as well as saving time and space.

Acute vascular rejection has been known as a main barrier occurring in a xenograted tissue of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out (GalT KO) pig into a non-human primate (NHP). Adenosine which is a final metabolite following sequential hydrolysis of nucleotide by ecto-nucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, act as a regulator of coagulation, and inflammation. Thus xenotransplantation of CD39 and CD73 expressing pig under the GalT KO background could lead to enhanced survival of recipient NHP. We constructed a human CD39 and CD73 expression cassette designed for endothelial cell-specific expression using porcine Icam2 promoter (pIcam2-hCD39/hCD73). We performed isolation of endothelial cells (pAEC) from aorta of 4 week-old GalT KO and membrane cofactor protein expressing pig (GalT-MCP/-MCP). We were able to verify that isolated cells were endothelial-like cells using immunofluorescence staining analysis with von Willebrand factor antibody, which is well known as an endothelial maker, and tubal formation assay. To find optimal condition for efficient transfection into pAEC, we performed transfection with GFP expression vector using four programs of nucleofection, M-003, U-023, W-023 and Y-022. We were able find that the program W-023 was optimal for pAEC with regard to viability and transfection efficiency by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy analyses. Finally, we were able to obtain GalT-MCP/-MCP/CD39/CD73 pAEC expressing CD39 and CD73 at levels of 33.3% and 26.8%, respectively. We suggested that pACE isolated from GalT-MCP/-MCP pig might be provided as a basic resource to understand biochemical and molecular mechanisms of the rejections and as an alternative donor cells to generate GalT-MCP/-MCP/CD39/CD73 pig expressing CD39 and CD73 at endothelial cells.

This study investigates the indoor air quality conditions of the total of 52 buses depend on seasons, time and others. We evaluated the CO₂and PM10, the controlled parameters in express buses by Ministry of Environment and VOCs and HCHO, the non-controlled parameters. The CO₂concentration during peak commute times was 38.5% in summer and 15.4% in autumn, which are higher than the normal. But, PM10 concentration was influenced by the outside air not number of passengers. The concentration of VOCs were not related with other parameters such as number of passengers, seasons, and driving time. And then, the formaldehyde concentration was not related with seasons as it showed little difference between summer and autumn.

PURPOSES :This study intends to estimate the tangible benefits derived from the integration of operations of an Express·Intercity Bus Terminal and a Highway Service Area.METHODS:For the study, a highway service area was chosen to function as a bus terminal, integrating its services with that of a nearby bus terminal plagued by operating losses. The exercise also helped improve mobility owing to the introduction of local buses between the terminals and utilization of the existing infrastructure such as rest areas. Thus, a terminal that was not being utilized for its intended functionality was integrated with an existing facility to improve the utilization of both and subsequently aid local development. The impact of the exercise was then measured by evaluating the variation in utilization efficiency, operating costs, travel time between two regions (Seoul-Jeomchon and Seoul-Geumsan), and the social costs before and after the integration of the two facilities.RESULTS:The impact of the integration was an increase in utilization efficiency, a decrease in operating cost, a decrease in travel time, and a decrease in social cost in both the regions. The benefits of improved utilization and cost saving can be passed on to the citizens in the form of discounts. A local power generation facility will eventually replace the bus terminal, which can revitalize the local economy.CONCLUSIONS:The integration of the highway service area with the bus terminal is expected to have a win-win effect on the passengers as well as the operators. The study also proposes a sustainable strategic plan for existing terminals and rest areas to implement a method to compete with KTX transportation.

For air express service providers offering various express delivery services such as overnight delivery and next-business day delivery services, establishing quickly cargo loading plans is one of important issues owing to the characteristics of air express business, i.e., a short amount of time is available to complete all cargo loading operations before flight departure after receiving air express containers, pallets and bulks. On the other hand, one of major concerns in the air cargo loading planning is to make a plan that insures the stability of an aircraft to avoid take-off, flight, and landing accidents. To this end, this paper considers an air cargo loading planning problem, which is the problem of determining locations in the aircraft cargo space where air containers, pallets and bulks to be loaded while insuring the aircraft stability, motivated from DHL and Air Hong Kong. The objective of the problem is to maximize the total revenue gained from loading air express containers, pallets and bulks. To solve the problem, this paper suggests a simulated annealing algorithm to overcome impracticality of the integer programming model developed by a previous study requiring excessive computation time. The results of computational experiments show that the heuristic algorithm is a viable tool for establishing express cargo loading plans as giving robust and good solutions in a short amount of computation time. Scenario analyses are performed to investigate the effect of the current activities of air express carriers on the revenue change and to draw practical implications for air express service providers.

PURPOSES : The travel times of expressway buses have been estimated using the travel time data between entrance tollgates and exit tollgates, which are produced by the Toll Collections System (TCS). However, the travel time data from TCS has a few critical problems. For example, the travel time data include the travel times of trucks as well as those of buses. Therefore, the travel time estimation of expressway buses using TCS data may be implicitly and explicitly incorrect. The goal of this study is to improve the accuracy of the expressway bus travel time estimation using DSRC-based travel time by identifying the appropriate analysis period of input data. METHODS : All expressway buses are equipped with the Hi-Pass transponders so that the travel times of only expressway buses can be extracted now using DSRC. Thus, this study analyzed the operational characteristics as well as travel time patterns of the expressway buses operating between Seoul and Dajeon. And then, this study determined the most appropriate analysis period of input data for the expressway bus travel time estimation model in order to improve the accuracy of the model. RESULTS: As a result of feasibility analysis according to the analysis period, overall MAPE values were found to be similar. However, the MAPE values of the cases using similar volume patterns outperformed other cases. CONCLUSIONS: The best input period was that of the case which uses the travel time pattern of the days whose total expressway traffic volumes are similar to that of one day before the day during which the travel times of expressway buses must be estimated.

한반도산 매미과에는 11속 13종이 분포하며(이, 2008) 이중 1종(Kosemia admirabilis, Kato)은 북한지역에 분포하 고, 남한지역에 분포하는 매미는 12종으로, 세모배매미ㆍ 풀매미ㆍ소요산매미ㆍ유지매미ㆍ쓰름매미ㆍ털매미ㆍ참 매미ㆍ애매미ㆍ말매미ㆍ참깽깽매미ㆍ호좀매미ㆍ늦털매 미가 있다. 본 연구는 남한에 분포하는 매미류 12종의 단계 별 울음소리를 세분하여 표현하였다. 매미소리를 구분하는 데는 변조, 불연속, 준비, 상승, 유지, 조화, 주기, 종결, 감쇠 등으로 구분하였다(표 1). 한국산 매미의 연구에서 소리를 분석하여 환경생태학적 연구(윤2008)나 분류학적 연구(이, 2008)를 수행하여 소리의 명칭을 부여하거나 명명한 예는 몇 종에 대해 이미 이루어진 바 있다. 그러나 논문마다 매미 하나하나에 대해 명명하다보니 12종의 모든 특성이 포함되 지 않아 정확하게 구분되지 않았다. 예를 들어, 말매미와 유지매미 모두 상승부-유지부-감쇠부로 세분하였는데, 실 제로 두 소리는 다른 특성이 있다. 유지매미소리에는 말매 미소리에는 없는 배음이 함께 존재한다. 이렇듯 다른 음향 특성에도 같은 이름이 명명되어 있어 동일한 기준에 의해 일부 수정될 필요가 있다. 2013년 현재, 한국산 매미 12종이 모두 수집된 상태로 새로운 기준으로 다시 명명할 수 있는 여건이 마련되었다. 따라서, 이 논문에서는 한국산 매미 12 종의 유인음에 대한 표준화 작업과정을 논하고자 하였다. 한국산 매미 소리 녹음은 2003년부터 2013년까지 약 10 년간 수행되었으며, 수없이 많은 매미 소리들을 전국을 다 니며 녹음하였다. 녹음은 다양한 장비를 이용하였다. 마이 크로폰으로는 정밀소음계인 Larson Davis System 824와 고지향성마이크로폰인 Audio technica 815B를, 녹음기로 는 Sony 사의 DAT(TCD-D100)와 MD를, 마이크로폰과 녹 음기가 일체형으로 되어 있는 Sony 사의 PCM-D50을 사용 하였다. 녹음기에 녹음된 소리는 컴퓨터 하드디스크에 옮기고 Adobe Audition v 1.5로 파형과 스펙트로그램을 그렸다. 파형과 스펙트로그램을 보고 패턴이 다른 부분을 구분하였 다. 음향용어사전을 참고하여 부분마다의 특징에 대한 용어 를 선정하였다. 다음의 표 1은 매미소리를 구분짓고 명명하 는 큰 기준을 일부 마련한 것이며, 용어마다의 의미를 설명 하였다. 매미 소리의 한 부분에 대해 하나의 용어만 사용되 는 것은 아니며, 두 가지 이상의 특징을 함께 가지고 있을 경우, 함께 사용할 수 있다. 따라서, 말매미는 주파수의 변화도, 조화음도 없어서 상 승부-유지부-감쇠부로 세분화되며, 유지매미는 주파수의 변화는 없지만 조화음이 있어, 조화상승부-조화유지부-조 화감쇠부로 세분화된다.

공항철도 1단계 개통 전 시운전 중 직통열차가 무정차 정거장인 화물청사역을 통과할때 발생된 열차풍으로 인하여 마감재인 천장판이 마치 파도처럼 출렁이다가 떨어지는 현상이 발생되었다. 이 현상을 처리하기 위해 화물청사역에 풍압 및 풍속에 대한 측정시험을 실시하여 직통열차 무정차 통과로 발생된 열차풍이 건축마감재에 미치는 현상을 조사하고 발생된 열차풍에 대한 지하정거장내 이동 경로를 파악하였다. 또한 홍대입구정거장 축소모형을 제작하여 모형열차를 운행 열차주행실험을 실시하였다. 이 결과를 분석 종합 평가하여 공항철도 2단계 지하역사에 반영하여 쾌적한 지하 환경을 조성하고 앞으로 직통열차가 계획되거나 계획 예정인 지하정거장에 적용하여 직통열차 통과로 발생된 열차풍을 최소화하는 방안을 제시하였다.

평탄성은 도로 공용성을 확보하기 위한 중요한 인자이며, 줄눈콘크리트 포장에서 수명에 큰 영향을 미친다. 포장의 공용성을 평가하는 요소로는 크게 기능성 평가, 안정성 평가 및 구조적 성능 평가가 있다. 기능성 평가 가운데 가장 대표적인 평탄성은 유지보수를 위한 중요한 기준으로 이용되고 있으나 체계적인 연구를 통해 포장 설계시에 적용하기 위한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 신뢰성 있는 평탄성 모델의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 국내 콘크리트포장의 노선별 총 연장 280.93km를 일정기준으로 나누어 238개의 섹션으로 선별하였다. 또한, 현재 국내 평탄성 모델에서 고려하고 있는 영향인자인 스폴링, 균열, 재령뿐만 아니라 동결지수, 연평균강수량, 기층조건, 교통량 등에 대한 검토가 이루어졌으며, 재령의 다양화를 위하여 추가적인 노선을 선별하여 평탄성에 영향을 미치는 인자들에 대한 분석이 이루어졌다. 분석결과는 스폴링(%), 균열(%), 재령(년), 기층이 평탄성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 평탄성과의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 신뢰성 있는 평탄성 모델이 도출되었으며, 평탄성를 설명할 수 있는 비율은 68.8%로 나타나 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 소입경 골재노출콘크리트포장의 시험시공을 실시하여 초기 공용성을 평가하였으며, 이를 통하여 적정 강도, 저소음 및 적정 미끄럼저항을 확보함을 확인하였다.

한국도로공사는 40년간 육상교통의 대동맥인 고속국도의 건설 및 운영 대부분을 담당하고 있다. 90년대 이후부터 민영에 의한 고속국도가 건설 및 운영중에 있다. 하지만, 2001년부터 2008년까지 최소운영수입 보장금 명목으로 중앙정부와 지방자치단체가 2001년-2008년까지 민자사업자에게 1조 5,896억원을 지급하였다. 이와 같은 현실에서 한국고속국도 대부분의 건설 및 운영을 담당하고 있는 한국도로공사의 비용구조 파악이 중요한 의미가 있을 것이다. 분석결과 노동과 자본 운영이 높은 교차탄력성을 나타내 높은 대체성이 존재하며, 자본과 운영은 자본의 상승(고속국도 연장 증가)과 고속국도 노후화에 따른 대체성은 다소 존재하지만, 낮은 대체 탄력성을 나타내고 있다. 한국도로공사는 대체적으로 투입요소가 효율적으로 이용되고 있으며, 노동과 자본 운영의 대체탄력성이 높게 나타나 한국도로공사는 전략적으로 아웃소싱 활성화(영업부문)와 영업과 건설(유지관리 포함) 재무적 분리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 고속국도 운영기관의 통합과 함께 하이패스를 활성화 시킨다면, 보다 우리나라 고속국도의 운영의 효율성은 상승시킬 것으로 판단된다.

고령화가 진행될수록 고령운전자의 수 역시 증가될 것으로 예상되어 향후 고령운전자에 의한 교통사고는 급증할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 고속도로 교통사고 발생시 고령층과 비고령층의 구분에 따른 교통사고 특성을 분석하였다. 분석결과 비고령층에 비해 고령층에 작용하는 영향요인이 다르게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 로짓모형을 통해 비고령층과 고령층의 Odds Ratio를 분석하여 사고영향요인에 따른 차이점을 알아보았으며 고령운전자의 사고 분석 모형을 개발하였다. 비고령층에 비해 곡선구간 및 절토구간, 노면의 습기상태일 때 고령운전자의 사고위험이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

The era of express train in Korea has come since April in 2004. The KTX(Korea Train Express) which has introduced the technology of TGV of France is regraded as good as the ICE of Germany or Shinkansen of Japanese in its hardware aspects. However there are still many things to be improved in its software aspects such as the quality of services, since the new express railway system is in the early beginning stage. To improve the quality of services, we should first measure and analyze the current level of the service quality. Using SERVQUAL model, the service level of KTX is measured and analyzed in this paper. Issues on how to improve the service quality are discussed based on the measurement and analysis.