Chemical cross-linking of different plant protein-based meat analogues was examined based on protein solubility of 8 different buffer solutions. The specific chemical bond and their interactions were further analyzed. Isolated soy protein (ISP), mung bean protein (MBP), peanut protein (PNP), pea protein (PP) and wheat gluten (WG) were texturized using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder at 50% moisture content. The results showed that protein solubility of meat analogues significantly decreased after extrusion, compared to their raw materials (P<0.05). The protein solubility of meat analogues increased with increasing reagent in buffer solutions. Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds and their interactions were found in the structure of meat analogues. The highest amount of covalent bond was observed in PP-meat analogues followed by ISP, WG, PNP, and the lowest MBP-meat analogues. The study demonstrated that PP are valuable raw materials for the development of meat analogue, which could promote high cross-linking bonds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimization extrusion variables on quality of textured vegetable protein by using response surface methodology. In this study, 50% soy protein isolate, 40% wheat gluten, and 10% corn starch were blended and 15% of the mixture was substituted with green tea. The moisture content (45, 50, and 55%), barrel temperature (130, 140, and 150oC), and screw speed (100, 150, and 200 rpm) were varied. A Box- Behnken design was used in this experiment. Second order polynomial regression equations were developed to relate the response to extrusion variables as well as to obtain a response surface plot. The independent variables had significant effects on the quality of the products and moisture content was the most significant. The lower moisture content led to the higher integrity index, lower nitrogen solubility index, lower water absorption capacity, higher texture, and higher cutting strength. The optimum conditions were identified as moisture content 47.78%, barrel temperature 150.00oC, and screw speed 196.05 rpm. Incorporation of green tea into protein materials could effectively improve the nutritional value of the product. Understanding these optimized extrusion variables on the product quality was useful for producing textured vegetable protein in the future.

This study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of extruded Biji. As the extrusion process variables, the barrel temperature and the moisture content were adjusted at barrel temperatures of 120, 140, and 160°C and 35, 45% respectively. L-value (lightness) increased as the moisture content and barrel temperature increased from 35% to 45% and 120°C to 160°C. In contrast, decreasing a-value and b-value resulted in increasing moisture content and barrel temperature. Total sugar, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic compound were increased by the extrusion process. The water solubility index (WSI) and dietary fiber of the extruded biji decreased to 3.9% and 592.6 mg/g compared to the non-extruded biji of 12.3% and 592.6 mg/g. According to the result of this study, the extruded biji could be used in various kinds of food processing, and future study is needed to find the optimum condition of the extrusion.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of supplementation of hot melt extrusion (HME) processed Zn sulfate on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, small intestinal morphology and excretion of Zn in weanling pigs. A total of 200 piglets of mixed sex randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of initial BW (7.15±0.81 kg). There were five replicates in each treatment with 10 pigs per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of: 1) basal diet containing ZnSO4; 2) basal diet containing Zn-Methionine (ZnMet); 3) basal diet containing low level of nano-Zn as HME (ZnHME50); 4) basal diet containing medium level of nano-Zn as HME ZnSO4 (Zn-HME75). The average daily gain was improved by the ZnMet and ZnHME75 compared with the pigs fed ZnSO4 supplemented diets (p=0.009). Moreover, ZnHME75 and ZnMet affected on the ATTD of CP during phase 2 (p=0.014). The villus height (VH) was affected by increasing when pigs fed diets supplemented the ZnHME75 (P=0.044). The pigs fed diets supplemented ZnHME50 had significantly the lowest (p=0.037) Zn content in liver compared with other treatments. The Zn content in the feces was significantly higher (p<0.001) in ZnSO4 and ZnMet compared with ZnHME50 or ZnHME75. In conclusion, it could be concluded that dietary Zn can be reduced by 25% with ZnHME without any detrimental effect on performance of weanling pigs.

세라믹 중공사형 분리막은 열적, 화학적 안정성, 내구성이 우수하며 packing density를 증가 시킬 수 있어 수처리용 분리막으로 적합하다. 중공사형 세라믹분리막은 보통 상전이법에 의해 제조하지만, 생산 속도 및 세라믹 함량 제한이라는 기술적 한계를 갖는다. 뿐만 아니라 세라믹 소재가 갖는 특성인 취성으로 인해 scale-up의 한계가 있는 것으로 보고되었으며 이를 해결하기 위해 고강도 세라믹 중공사형 분리막의 제조가 요구되는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 새로운 제막 방식인 상전이-압출 공정을 통해 생산속도를 높여 세라믹 분리막의 대량 생산에 적합할 것으로 사료되며, 제조 용액 내세라믹 분말의 함량 증가 및 소결 조건을 통해 고강도 세라믹 중공사형 분리막을 제조 할 수 있었다.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins due to its prominent nephrotoxicity as well as potential carcinogenicity to human. OTA has been detected in a wide range of agricultural commodities including cereal grains and their processed products. OTA is stable under most food processing conditions while the reduction of OTA is more rapid and extensive under higher temperature and alkaline conditions. In this study, the effects of extrusion cooking on the stability of OTA in spiked (100 μg/kg) rice flour (moisture content, 16% wet weight basis) in the presence and absence of baking soda was investigated using a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder. The extrusion variables were temperature (120 and 150°C), screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm), and baking soda (0, 0.5, and 1%, w/w). Both unextruded and extruded samples were analyzed for OTA by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The reduction of OTA was in the range of 78-82% with no added baking soda, whereas lesser reductions of 75-80% and 72-77% were observed at 0.5% and 1% baking soda, respectively. Both temperature and screw speed did not affect reduction of OTA during extrusion regardless of the presence or absence of baking soda. While the total color difference (ΔE) of extruded samples were increased with baking soda content, the radial expansion of extruded samples were decreased with baking soda content. These results suggest that OTA in rice flour may be reduced significantly by extrusion. In addition, added baking soda may negatively impact the reduction of OTA while its mechanism of action is unknown.

The objectives of this investigation were to study the effects of moisture content, screw speed and barrel temperature on physical properties of extruded soy protein isolate (SPI) with L-cysteine and xylose. SPI with L-cysteine and xylose was extruded at 30 and 35% moisture contents, screw speed 150 and 250 rpm and barrel temperatures 140 and 160℃. SPI extruded at 30% moisture content, screw speed 250 rpm and barrel temperature 140℃ was control (100% SPI). Increasing barrel temperature and moisture content decreased expansion ratio of all extrudates but increasing screw speed increased expansion ratio. Moisture content, screw speed and barrel temperature affected the color (L, a, b, ΔE) of extrudates. Water absorption index (WAI) and fat binding capacity (FBC) increased with increasing barrel temperature and screw speed. WAI and FBC were the highest at 30% moisture content. The pore structure of extrudates was a finer at barrel temperature 160℃. The increase in screw speed and moisture content showed more organized fibrous and thicker cell walls. The extrusion condition and the addition of L-cysteine and xylose may improve physical properties such as the structure-forming and textures of extruded SPI products.

Bridge inspection structures are the structure which is installed on the piers, abutments, and copings for the inspection and maintenance of substructure. In this study, the structural performance of the bridge inspection structures using aluminum members manufactured by extrusion process is evaluated. The bridge inspection structures can be installed regardless of the shape of concrete surface through the simple cutting process. The structural performance of bridge inspection structures is evaluated using FE analysis. Moreover, experimental studies are conducted for the estimation of the structural safety of the members for the design load.

Calcipex II, calcium hydroxide paste, is used widely as intracanal dressing material during root canal treatment. When extrusion of calcium hydroxide through root canal occurred, various tissue reactions have been reported. Herein, we report a case of chronic maxillary sinusitis induced by extrusion of Calcipex II. A 20-year-old male was referred our institution during #26 root canal treatment. Radiographically, it was presented radiopaque round mass with sinus mucosal thickening. The mass was excised and analyzed histologically. Histology revealed Calcipex II granules engulfed by macrophages and chronic maxillary sinusitis around Calcipex II granules.

전분과 구연산 사이의 다중 에스테르화반응에 의한 starch citrate의 저항전분 함량에 대한 반응압출성형조건들의 영향을 조사하였으며, 이들의 페이스팅 점도 특성을 조사하여 산업적 활용도가 높은 starch citrate를 제조할 수 있는 반응조건을 탐색하였다. 반응압출성형에 의한 starch citrate를 제조하기 위해 성형노즐을 제거한 쌍축압출성형기를 사용하여 반응온도, 스크류 회전속도, 반응혼합물의 쌍축압출성형기 통과횟수를 변수로 하였다. 반응온도가 높아지면서, 스크류 회전속도가 느려지면서, 쌍축압출성형기 통과횟수가 증가하면서 starch citrate의 저항전분 함량은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 40% 구연산 농도의 반응혼합물을 150oC와 스크류 회전속도 10 rpm의 쌍축압출성형기를 5회 통과시킬 때 90%의 저항전분을 보유한 starch citrate를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 40% 구연산 농도의 반응혼합물을 150oC와 스크류 회전속도 50 rpm의 쌍축압출성형기를 5회 통과시킬 때 58%의 저항전분을 보유한 starch citrate를 얻을 수 있었으며, 이는 유의적인 페이스팅 점도를 발달시켜 높은 저항전분 함량에도 불구하고 가공적성이 우수한 starch citrate를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 starch citrate의 제조 시 전통적으로 사용되는 컨백션 오븐 보다는 쌍축압출성형기를 사용하는 것이 가공적성이 우수한 starch citrate를 제조할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서 보고한 50%(s.b) 이상의 저항전분을 보유하면서도 페이스팅 점도 특성을 잃지 않은 starch citrate와 쌍축압출성형기를 활용한 starch citrate 제조기법들은 산업적 활용도 높을 것으로 예상되며 기존의 저항전분 소재들을 대체할 수 있는 잠재력이 높은 저항전분 소재일 것으로 생각된다.

This paper has been carried out the forming analysis, die stress analysis, and relevant tests for the straightness improvement of hollow shafts with blocktooth. Hollow forward extrusion is a process that a material in a die is pressed with a punch and the material is formed into the same direction through the gap of a mandrel and a bottom die. For an asymmetric shaped product, due to the difference of reduction ratios of the cross sections in its extruding, a phenomenon that the product bends from the difference of the flow speed comes to occur. As applying the key to the mandrel has a uniform flow speed, bending problem was solved. These were processed using Deform-3D as a finite-element analysis program. Analysis was compared with the experiment. Keyway height of the mandrel has been confirmed that the straightness best when it comes 0.1mm. These study are expected to be available as fundamental data in die design necessary for the manufacture of asymmetric goods in the future.

본 연구에서는 쌀 이축 압출 성형 중 반죽 스크루의 배열의 변화가 압출 시스템 변수 및 압출물의 물리화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 스크루 배열 변화시 조리 구간에 배열한 반죽 스크루의 각도 및 길이의 변화에 따라 충진도 및 입자크기를 관찰하면서 압력형성과 비기계적 에너지 소요 변화와 관계를 파악할 수 있었다. 충진도 및 압력은 config. 1에서 고전단 처리가 가능한 config. 5로 증가함에 따라 규칙적으로 증가되는 결과를 나타내었으며, 고전단력이 발생하는 config. 5에서 충진길이는 115 mm의 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며 압력은 5,748.76 kPa로 가장 높은 갚을 형성하였다. 입자 크기 및 비기계적 에너지 관계는 압력은 config. 1에서 config. 5로 증가함에 따라 비기계적 에너지 증가되었으며, 쌀의 입자 크기는 감소되었다. Config. 5에서 비기계적 에너지 값이52.80 kJ/kg이며 입자크기는 0.22에서 0.28 mm 범위로 감소되었다. 팽화율, 수분용해지수, 전분 소화율은 config. 1에서 고전단력 처리가 가능한 config. 5로 증가함에 따라 규칙적으로 증가되는 결과를 나타내었다. 팽화율은 config. 1에서 1.85를 나타내었으나 config. 5에서 충진 길이 및 압력 증가의 영향으로 3.06으로 증가되었다. 수분용해지수와 전분 소화율도 원재료에서 각각 1.36%, 10.53%을 나타내었으나 config. 5에서 입자크기 감소 및 SME 증가의 영향으로 수분용해지수는 22.08%, 전분소화율은 16.57%로 증가되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 스크루 배열 변화는 시스템 변수 및 물리화학적 특성에 영향을 미치는 중요한 공정 변수임을 확인하였다. 압출 성형공정에서 스크루 배열 변화에 따라 저전단에서 고전단 공정을 제어 할 수 있으며, 사출구 압력, 비기계적 에너지, 압출물의 물리화학적 특성 등의 변수를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것이 이 연구를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다.

옥수수 섬유질을 수분함량 20과 30%, 스크루 회전속도 150과 200 rpm으로 조절하고 배럴온도 160oC, 원료 사입량을 120 g/min으로 고정하여 압출성형하였 때, 압출성형 조건이 옥수수 섬유질의 화학적 특성(일반성분, 환원당 함량, 항산화 활성, 효소 반응성), 비기계적 에너지 투입량, 물리적 특성(팽화율, WSI, WAI)에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 압출성형에 의하여 환원당과 전분, 항산화 활성, 효소반응성, WSI가 증가하였다. 특히 수분함량 20%에서 증가폭이 더 컸다. 효소반응성은 Viscozyme L에 대한 반응성이 더 컸으며, 특히 수분함량 20%, 스크루 회전속도 200 rpm에서 효소반응성이 가장 높았다. 수분함량이 20에서 30%로 증가할 때 비기계적 에너지 투입량은 감소하였으며, 직경 팽화율과 WSI도 감소하였으나, 비길이 및 WAI는 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 수분함량이 압출성형 옥수수 섬유질의 중요한 변수로 작용하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

In this study, the heat flow of the plant scale aluminum extrusion process was investigated to establish optimum continuous heat treatment conditions. During the extrusion of 6061 aluminum alloy, processing parameters such as the extrusion pressure, speed and temperature histories of billets were logged as a function of time. The surface temperature of the billets increased at constant ram speed, while it decreased with decreases of the ram speed. In order to maintain the billet temperature within a solutionizing temperature range prior to the succeeding water quenching step, the ram speed or the temperature of the blower should be controlled. The temperature histories of the billets during the extrusion and hot air blowing processes were successfully simulated by using the velocity boundary model in ANSYS CFX. The methodology to design an optimum process by using a commercial simulation program is described in this study on the basis of the metallurgical validation results of the microstructural observation of the extrudates. The developed model allowed the advantages of taking into account the motion of the extrudate coupled with the temperature change based on empirical data. Calculations were made for the extrudate passing through the isothermal chamber maintained at appropriate temperature. It was confirmed that the continuous heat treatment system is beneficial to the productivity enhancement of the commercial aluminum extrusion industry.

경제적 잠재성이 큰 삼 종자의 식품소재로서의 활용을 모색하고자 삼 종자의 일반성분을 측정하였고 삼 종자 첨가 압출성형펠릿의 호화양상을 분석하기 위하여 페이스트 점도를 측정하였다. 또한 삼 종자 후레이크의 체적밀도, 색도, 압착강도, 수분용해지수와 수분흡착지수, 조직감 유지시간(bowl life) 등의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 압출성형 공정조건은 배럴온도 90, 100, 110oC, 수분함량 35%이었다. 삼 종자의 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분함량은 각각 5.67±0.02, 25.93±0.16, 28.21±0.56, 7.70±0.08%이었다. 압출성형 펠릿의 페이스트 점도 측정결과 삼 종자 펠릿의 제조에 적합한 압출성형 배럴온도는 100-110oC인 것으로 판단되었다. 삼 종자 후레이크의 체적밀도는 0.24-0.43 g/mL 범위로 배럴온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 명도와 압착강도는 삼 종자 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 크게 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 배럴온도가 90oC에서 110oC로 증가함에 따라 수분용해지수는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고 수분흡착지수는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 조직감 유지시간은 5.8-15.5분 범위로 삼 종자 첨가량의 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 관능검사 결과 전체적인 기호도는 삼 종자 첨가량 20%일 때 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다.

시중 즉석 면류의 관능적 성질과 back extrusion test 데이터에 대하여 partial least square regression(PLSR)을 실시하였다. 즉석유탕면 8종과 즉석비유탕면 2종에 대한 관능적 속성으로서 경도(A), 탄성(B), 껄끄러운 정도(C), 이에 박히는 정도(D), 굵기감(E)를 검사하였고, 실험 데이터로 힘-변형 곡선 전체를 사용하였다. PLSR의 회귀계수는 힘-변형 곡선의 압착단계, 항복단계, 압출단계로 크게 구분되어 각 관능속성에 대한 특유의 양 또는 음의 효과를 나타냈다. PLSR의 상관계수는 E>D>A>B>C, 오차(root mean square error of prediction expressed in sensory units)는 D>C>E>B>A, 예측능(relative ability of prediction)는 D>C>E>B>A 로 나타나 종합적으로 ‘이에 박히는 정도’가 PLSR의 적용에 가장 우수하게 나타났다. ‘경도’는 예측능은 낮았지만 상관성은 높아서 시료간 순위의 결정에 합당하게 평가되었다.

The rheological behavior of a cordierite honeycomb extrusion paste was investigated by measuring torque values in a Brabender plastograph. The extrusion pastes were formulated using binder (methy cellulose, MC), solvent (water), plasticizer (ploy ethylene glycol, PEG) and lubricants (oleic acid, OA). The mixing sequence and optimum organic binder, at least for homogeneous mixed state, can be determined from the rheological point of view. 3%MC-30%-1.5%PEG-1.0%OA with respect to the cordierite powder was chosen as a binder composition for the extrusion process of cordierite powder.

Mg-Cu composites were successively fabricated using a combination of rapid solidification and extrusion processes. In addition, the microstructural variation of the composite was investigated by performing the extrusion repeatedly. It resulted that the composite formed an uniform and dense structure by the extrusion, and the microstructure became fine as the extrusion conducted repeatedly. The microstructural variation was known to be dependent on the number of extrusion and the area reduction ratio. The tensile strength was also measured as a function of the microstructural variation.

마치현을 압출성형 및 효소분해 처리할 경우 원료에 비하여 수용성 고분자 다당류 및 아라비노갈락탄 함량이 증가하였다. 마치현 수용성 다당류 중 아라비노스와 갈락토오스의 함량이 원료 마치현보다 1.5배 증가하였으며, 람노스 함량도 2.6배 증가한 유의적인 결과를 보였다. 압출성형 처리효과로 고분자 분획(I)은 Ext I, Ext II 및 Ext III 시료에서 각각 37, 29 및 26% 정도 저분자 분획(II)으로 분자 재배열이 발생함과 동시에 66,000-74,000 Da범위의 분자량을 갖는 다당체로 구조변형 되었다. 특히, 저분자 분획의 분자량과 조성비에 있어서 압출성형 처리한 마치현은 처리하지 않은 원료에 비하여 9-13% 정도 증가하여 유의성이 있었다. 이같은 다당류의 붕괴 및 변형 정도는 압출성형 처리시 투입된 기계적 소모 에너지와 비례적인 상관성을 보였다. 압출성형 처리를 한 수용성 다당류의 경우 압출성형 처리온도 120oC 및 140oC인 경우 자유 라디칼 소거활성능이 압출성형 처리하지 않은 원료에 비하여 높게 증가하였다. 상기와 같은 마치현 유래 아라비노갈락탄의 항산화 활성 기능의 결과에 비추어볼 때 보다 폭 넓은 범위의 분자량을 갖는 분획물 제조 및 생리활성 평가실험을 지속적으로 추진한다면 새로운 기능성 식품소재로 활용할 가치가 있다고 기대된다.

The brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) has been used to select the developmental competent oocytes in pigs, goats and cows. Growing oocytes have a higher level of active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH) compare to mature oocytes and are rarely stained compared to mature oocytes, because G6PDH converts BCB to colorless. First polar body extrusion regard as a guideline of meoisis completion. Selection of polar body extrude oocyte is more developmental competent to blastocyst than unselected. This study was conducted to compare the BCB test to the polar body extrusion on selection of developmental competent porcine oocytes for the production of blastocyst. Cumulus-Oocytes complex were exposed to 26uM BCB stain diluted in NCSU-23 for 90 min. There was no significant difference embryo development to blastocysts between BCB treated and not treated(19.58±1.99 vs 18.75±2.27 %), which means there was no detrimental effect of BCB exposure to oocytes. Normal fertilization is not differed among treatment groups from 70.0 to 78.4% development to blastocyst, beside polyspermy did not. To compare two different selection methods, BCB test and polar body extrusion, evaluate the developmental competent of IVP embryos. BCB+PB+(blue stained and polar body extruded, 20.71±0.45%) and BCB－PB+(colorless and polar body extruded, 20.04±1.29%) groups are significantly (p<0.05) higher developed than those of BCB+PB－(blue stained and no polar body, 13.24±0.73%) and BCB－PB－(colorless and no poladbody, 7.25±0.77%). These results showed that selection of polar body extruded oocytes method is more efficient than that of BCB test.