In the military, ammunition and explosives stored and managed can cause serious damage if mishandled, thus securing safety through the utilization of ammunition reliability data is necessary. In this study, exploratory data analysis of ammunition inspection records data is conducted to extract reliability information of stored ammunition and to predict the ammunition condition code, which represents the lifespan information of the ammunition. This study consists of three stages: ammunition inspection record data collection and preprocessing, exploratory data analysis, and classification of ammunition condition codes. For the classification of ammunition condition codes, five models based on boosting algorithms are employed (AdaBoost, GBM, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost). The most superior model is selected based on the performance metrics of the model, including Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score. The ammunition in this study was primarily produced from the 1980s to the 1990s, with a trend of increased inspection volume in the early stages of production and around 30 years after production. Pre-issue inspections (PII) were predominantly conducted, and there was a tendency for the grade of ammunition condition codes to decrease as the storage period increased. The classification of ammunition condition codes showed that the CatBoost model exhibited the most superior performance, with an Accuracy of 93% and an F1-score of 93%. This study emphasizes the safety and reliability of ammunition and proposes a model for classifying ammunition condition codes by analyzing ammunition inspection record data. This model can serve as a tool to assist ammunition inspectors and is expected to enhance not only the safety of ammunition but also the efficiency of ammunition storage management.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to secure the work space in alarm valve rooms to ensure stable working conditions for the engineers. METHODS : We analyzed situations where alarm valve room work spaces were inadequately secured posing a problem. Using the Ovako working posture analysis system (OWAS) method, we measured the body size of adult male technicians and their tools to analyze the actual space needed for them to maintain a healthy posture while working. On this basis, we proposed regulations governing workspace size and acceptable durations for unstable body postures. RESULTS : By measuring valve room work space and technician body size, we found that the workspace was inadequate for technicians. Applying OWAS showed that securing more space in the valve room improved the construction stability. CONCLUSIONS : Regulations on valve room size and appropriate work space for technicians will improve construction and inspection stability. This reduces the probability of poor construction and inadequate inspection, increasing the reliability of the firefighting facility system.

The public safety management guidelines were introduced in 2019 and continue to be dedicated to advancing comprehensive measures for public safety management, with a primary focus on prioritizing the safety and well-being of the public within governmental institutions. To achieve this goal, our previous study developed a establishment procedure of risk assessment-based safety inspection system for public institutions that order construction projects and applied it to highway construction projects to evaluate its effectiveness. To enhance the practicality of the establishment procedure, it is essential to collect and analyze feedback from stakeholders regarding its performance and suitability. This study conducted a survey involving 200 participants who had experience with the establishment procedure, and performed statistical analyses to evaluate its performance and applicability. The survey results indicated that the participants reported a high level of satisfaction (scoring 4 and above on a 5-point Likert scale) in several areas: specialization of safety inspection items for different types of work (with a satisfaction rate of 65%), the evaluation process for safety ratings (64.5%), and their willingness to recommend the procedure to other institutions (75.5%). In the factor analysis with Varimax rotation, two factors emerged: (1) a specialization factor related to safety inspection items, and (2) a grading factor associated with safety evaluation results. Regression analyses of these factors unveiled significant positive relationships with improvements in safety and health performance, including the prevention of fatal accidents, heightened safety responsibility, and raised safety inspection standards. The establishment procedure of safety inspection system developed in our previous study can play a crucial role in reducing accidents resulting in fatalities and injuries at construction sites, ultimately contributing to a safer working environment for all involved parties.

근자에 헌법기관인 중앙선거관리위원회를 둘러싸고 2가지 쟁점이 문제가 되고 있다. 중앙선거관리위원회를 비롯한 선거관리위원회의 정치적 편향성 문 제 그리고 친인척 특혜채용과 관련한 내부 비위 문제에 대하여 감사원이 선 거관리위원회를 직무감찰할 수 있는지 여부가 바로 그것이다. 민주적 선거제도의 구현과 국민의 참정권의 완전한 실현을 위해서는 선 거관리를 담당하는 선거관리위원회의 정치적 중립성 유지가 무엇보다 중요 하다. 현행 헌법 시행 이후 비교적 정치적 중립성 유지를 잘 해왔던 선거 관리위원회가 2010년 이후 공고화된 양당 체제에 따른 정치적 대립의 격 화 등 다양한 요인으로 인하여 정치적 중립성을 유지하지 못하고 정부와 여당에 우호적인 편향성을 빈번하게 드러냈었는데 2017년 문재인 정부 출 범 이후 이러한 편향적 경향은 짙어져 여러 차례 정치문제로 비화되었다. 이러한 정치적 편향성 문제에 더하여 2023년에는 선거관리위원회 전·현직 공무원의 친인척 특혜채용 의혹이 불거져 사회적으로 큰 문제가 되었다. 그리하여 선거관리위원회의 친인척 특혜채용 의혹에 대하여 감사원이 직무 감찰에 나서야 한다는 여론이 강하게 제기되어 중앙선거관리위원회가 감사 원 직무감찰 대상기관에 해당되는지 여부가 법적 쟁점으로 부각되었다. 본 논문에서는 중앙선거관리위원회가 정치적 편향성을 드러내는 구조적 원 인이 중앙선거관리위원회 위원 9인 중 8인을 비상임으로 하고 대통령이 임명 하는 위원 중 1인을 상임위원으로 호선하는데 있음을 논증하였고 여기에 현직 대법관이 위원장으로 호선되어 중앙선거관리위원회 위원장을 겸직하는 오랜 관행도 중앙선거관리위원회 정치적 편향성에 간접적으로 원인제공을 한다는 점을 살펴보았다. 그리하여 중앙선거관리위원회 위원 전원을 상임직으로 전환 하는 동시에 대법원장이 대법관을 역임한 자를 중앙선거관리위원회 위원으로 지명하고 해당 피지명자를 위원장으로 호선하는 개선방안을 제시하였다. 한 편, 중앙선거관리위원회가 감사원의 직무감찰 대상기관에 해당하는지는 헌법의 문리적 해석, 역사적 배경, 선거관리위원회가 담당하는 사무의 법적 성격, 기능적 권력분립주의 등을 고려할 때 직무감찰 대상기관으로 볼 수 없음을 논 증하였으며 선거관리위원회의 내부적 비위나 직무태만 등에 대하여는 중앙선 거관리위원회의 내부적 감찰 활동에 우선 맡기고 내부적 통제가 미흡한 경우 국회나 수사기관 등에 의한 외부적 통제를 고려해야 함을 개선방안으로 제시 하였다.

Guided missiles are a one-shot system that finishes their purpose after being used once, and due to the long-term storage until launch, the storage reliability is calculated during development, and performance is maintained through periodic inspections until the life cycle arrives. However, the reliability standards applied in the development of guided missiles were established by analyzing data accumulated by the United States during long-term operation in the country, and since they are different from our environment, the 00 guided missiles that have been deployed in the armed forces for more than 10 years under the premise that there is a difference from actual reliability. As a result of verifying the appropriateness of the current inspection cycle by analyzing the actual reliability of the missile, the necessity of changing the inspection period was derived because it was higher than the predicted reliability. It is proposed to build and utilize a lifespan management system that can systematically collect all data such as shooting and maintenance results by classification, and to establish a reliable reliability standard based on the accumulated data.

Since 2015, the IAEA has been implementing inspections by changing the paradigm from a nuclear facility level perspective to state level approach in order to enhance effectiveness/efficiency, and random inspections have become a major means of paradigm conversion. From this point of view, Safeguards Division analyzed the implementation status of random inspection conducted in ROK over the past five years by type, facility, and year, and predict the future implementation direction. A total of 106 random inspections have been implemented in ROK over the past five years (2017- 2021). When classified by random inspection type, 20 Short Notice Random Inspections (SNRI), 9 Short Notice Inspections (SNI), 34 Unannounced Inspections (UI), and 43 Random Interim Inspections (RII) were performed, of which RII accounted for the largest proportion with about 40.6%. IAEA conducts customized random inspections according to the characteristics of each nuclear facility. In the past five years, 34 cases of LWR, 20 cases of Bulk Handling Facility, 22 cases of CANDU, 30 cases of random inspections were implemented at R&D facilities, with the largest proportion of LWR. In connection with this, as a result of analyzing the current status of random inspections by year, 19 cases in 2017, 21 cases in 2018, 20 cases in 2019, 19 cases in 2020, and 27 cases in 2021 were implemented, especially in 2021, an increase of about 40% compared to the previous year. In conclusion, the IAEA is increasing the proportion of random inspections every year in line with the updated SLA, and this stance is expected to be maintained in the future. This can be seen as proof that randomized tests are showing an increasing trend even in the COVID-19 pandemic situation that has occurred since December 2019. and, In the case of LWR, it is expected that the form of random inspection may vary depending on the direction of IAEA’s SLA improvement. Through these analyses, it is expected that the direction of future safeguards policy can be established.

This study deals with replacement analysis of deteriorated equipment for improving productivity of production system. Frequent breakdown of the deteriorated equipment causes a situation that reduces productivity such as low product quality, process delay, and repair cost. However, the replacement of new equipment will be required a high initial investment cost, so it is important to analysis the economic feasibility. Therefore, we analyze the effect of the production system due to the aging effect of the equipment and the feasibility of equipment replacement based on the economic analysis. The process flow, working time, logistics movement, etc. are analyzed in order to build the simulation modeling for a ship and land switchboard production system. Using numerical examples, the economic feasibility analysis of equipment replacement through replacement of existing deteriorated equipment and additional arrangement of new facilities is performed.

외식산업의 급속한 성장과 함께 호텔을 비롯한 외식업체에서는 식품안전 요구 및 위생에 대한 중요성 이 증가하고 있다. 이에 현장에서 위생상태를 판단할 수 있는 신속하고 실용적인 모니터링기법이 요구된다. 본 연구는 국내5성급 호텔 5군데를 대상으로 개인위생(작업자의 손), 조리기구(칼, 도마, 식품보관용기, 슬라이스 머신 칼날, 제빙기 스쿱), 시설·설비(냉장고 손잡이, 작업대, 싱크대), 고객 접점항목(뷔페용 집게)에 대한 위생관리 실태를 조사하였고 그에 대한 검증법인 ATP 값의 상관관계를 도출하고자 하였다. 5개 호텔의 위생관리 실태조사 결과, 다른 검사 항목보다 상대적으로 조리기구 및 개인위생 결과가 비교적 위생적으로 관리되고 있었으며(조리기구 92.2%, 개인위생 91.4%, 시설·설비 76.19%, 고객 접점항목 88.6%) 으로 시설·설비는 비교적 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. ATP검사 결과, 조리 기구(51±45 RLU/25 cm2)는 시설·설비(167±123 RLU/25 cm2)보다 비교적 위생적으로 잘 관리되었다. 위생실태 조사 결과 점수와 ATP 값의 상관성 분석을 실시한 결과, 각 호텔 별 작업자 손, 조리기구, 시설·설비의 대부분 음의 상관관계를 가지며 높은 상관성(-0.64 - -0.89) 을 보였다. 또한 이번 연구에서 각 검사 항목의 평소 상태의 ATP 값(1020±1254 RLU/25 cm2)에 비해 세척 후 ATP 값(92±67 RLU/25 cm2)이 현저히 감소되어 세척의 유효성을 확인하는 도구로 적합성을 확인할 수 있었다. 호텔을 비롯한 외식업체에서 수행하는 주관적인 위생실태조사와 ATP 검사법을 병행한다면, 실시간으로 보이지 않는 오염 물질의 객관적인 수치화를 통해 식품사고 발생을 예방하기 위한 효과적인 모니터링 방법이 될 것으로 사료된다.

This study analyzed how the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant of an apartment building affected identifying pressurized water in the pipe, making it easier to conduct internal inspection on the fire suppression system, and ensuring reliability of fire suppression. The following are the study’s results: First, identifying pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that a higher level of identification of pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive impact on improving the installation and use of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Second, making it easier for the fire safety officer to inspect the fire suppression system had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This suggests that if it becomes easier for the apartment building’s stakeholder to conduct internal inspection or the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection on the fire suppression system, it would have a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Finally, ensuring reliability in fire suppression had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that if it becomes easier to identify pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe, for the fire safety officer to conduct internal inspection, or for the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection in accordance with the fire suppression system’s internal inspection requirements, it would increase reliability in fire suppression, making it more necessary to install a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant.

본 연구에서는 농산물 시료 중 GC-NPD/MS 분석법을 이용하여 물리화학적 특성이 유사한 유기인계 살충제 chlorpyrifosmethyl, mecarbam, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, prothiofos, tebupirimfos, 유기인계 살균제 iprobenfos 및 유기인계 제초제 anilofos를 포함하는 8종의 유기인계 농약에 대해 동시 분석법을 확립하였다. 농산물 시료에 acetone을 가하여 추출된 대상 농약 8종의 잔류분은 n-hexane 분배법과 florisil 흡착 크로마토그래피법으로 정제하여 분석대상 시료로 하였다. DB-17 capillary column을 이용한 GC-NPD 분석 시 불순물의 간섭은 없었으며, 감귤, 고추, 배추, 현미 및 콩을 포함한 5종의 대표 농산물 중 대상농약 8종 각각의 정량한계(LOQ)는 tebupirimfos, chlorpyrifos-methyl 및 parathion-methyl은 0.004 mg/kg, 그 외 iprobenfos, mecarbam, prothiofos, phenthoate 및 anilofos는 0.008 mg/kg이었다. 5종의 대표 농산물에 대한 대상농약 전체의 회수율은 80.5~105.0%를 나타내었으며, 농산물 시료 및 처리수준에 관계없이 10% 미만의 분석오차를 나타내어 잔류분석기준 이내를 만족하였다. 본 연구에서 확립된 유기인계 농약 8종(anilofos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, iprobenfos, mecarbam, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, prothiofos 및 tebupirimfos)의 동시 분석법은 검출한계, 회수율 및 분 석오차 면에서 국제적 분석기준을 만족할 뿐만 아니라, GC/ MS SIM을 이용한 잔류분의 재확인 과정의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 분석과정의 편이성 및 신뢰성이 확보된 계열별 동시 분석법으로 국내·외 수출입 농산물 잔류농약 검사에 사용 가능할 것이다.

우리나라는 1996년 WTO/SPS(동식물검역협정)에 따라 검역병해충제도를 정비하였으며, 해외병해충의 위험으로부 터 자국내 생물자원과 자연환경을 보호하기 위하여 다양한 노력을 하고 있다. 현재까지의 수입식물 검역과정에서 검출된 병해충을 분석한 결과 병해충 검출건수는 수입량이 늘어나면서 증가하는 추세이다(00년 6,233건 → 17년 12,749건). 하지만 식물의 수입 유형에 따라 곡류, 사료류 등 비재식용 식물의 경우 병해충 검출률은 07년 이후 감소하고 있으며(07년 9.8% → 17년 3.3%), 묘목류, 종자류 등 재식용 식물의 경우 11년 이후로 지속적으로 증가하고 있어(11년 7.9% → 17년 22.0%) 재식용 식물을 통한 해외 병해충의 유입 위험도가 가증되고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 우리는 검역본부에서 운영하고 있는 자체 전산시스템인 병해충정보시스템(PIS)을 이용하여 2000년 이후 식물검역과 정에서 발견된 병해충 검출동향과 수입 유형에 따른 검출동향을 비교분석하고, 2016년 대비 2017년 병해충 검출동향을 파악하였다.

Sewer condition assessment involves the determination of defective points and status of aged sewers by a CCTV inspection according to the standard manual. Therefore, it is important to establish a reliable and effective standard manual for identifying the sewer defect. In this study, analytic reviews of the CCTV inspection manuals of the UK, New Zealand, Canada and South Korea were performed in order to compare the defect codes and the protocols of condition assessment. Through this, we also established the standardized method for defect code and revised the calculation method of assigning the condition grade. Analyses of the types and frequencies of sewer defects that obtained by CCTV inspection of 7000 case results, showed that the joint defect and lateral defect were the most frequent defects that occurred in Korea. Some defect codes are found to be modified because those did not occur at all. This study includes a proposed new sewer defect codes based on sewer characteristics.

In this research, the inspection system for the concentricity of hole-saws through the image analysis is developed. The hole-saw, made by being rolled manually with bimetals, is the tool to make a hole in the wall. Its quality is definitely depended on the concentricity of hole-saws. However, it is difficult to check its concentricity and make a decision for the quality control without any automatic inspection system. This research made the automatic image analysis program based on the singular value decomposition model with only a webcam. Experimental results and evaluations demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods.

본 연구는 전주시 도심부와 한옥마을을 중심으로 문화재별 현상변경 허가기준이 고시되기 이전에 진행된 문화재보존 영향검토 자료에 대한 분석을 토대로 유사한 심의환경을 지니는 고도지구에서 이루어지고 있는 심의절차의 개선방안을 제시해보고자 하는 목적을 지니고 있다. 익산고도의 보존육성지구에서 이루어지고 있는 건축행위에 대한 위원회의 심의내용은 그 형식이나 내용 측면에서 많은 부분이 규모, 배치, 입면, 색채, 재료 등을 중심으로 진행된 문화재보존 영향검토와 유사하게 운영되고 있다. 특히 분석대상지로 선정된 전주시 도심권과 한옥마을 일대는 문화재중심의 역사경관 보존관리를 위한 각종 규제와 전주한옥마을 조성을 위한 기반시설사업과 주민지원사업이 함께 공존하고 있는 곳으로 익산 고도지구와 유사한 여건을 지니고 있다. 분석 결과 ①위원회의 전문분야 구성의 문제, ②심의결과의 지역적 편파성, 즉 한옥마을과 도심지역 심의결과 사이의 편차, ③역사경관 보존·관리와 연계하여 표현되는 심의내용의 모호성과 ④지구 단위의 맥락적 특성을 고려하지 못한 국부적 심의내용이 지니는 한계 등의 문제점이 도출되었다. 역사경관 관리를 목적으로 진행되는 건축행위에 대한 개별 심의절차는 단순한 문화재 자체의 보존이나 신청 건축물의 디자인적 특성 이외에 문화재 보호는 물론 지구·도시단위의 역사성과 토지이용 여건 및 활동특성, 그리고 외부공간을 포함한 맥락적 특성 등이 어우러진 역사경관 관리라는 총체적 틀 속에서 바라볼 필요가 있다.

PURPOSES : This study is to analyze expected effect of a accident decrease when motorcycle safety inspection is introduced. METHODS : Based on the literature review of effect of 4-wheel vehicle inspection, probability of occurring accidents among defective motorcycles are calculated by using the number of estimated defective motorcycles and accidents resulting from defects of motorcycles. Then, the number of decreased accidents which is resulting from eliminating defects of motorcycles by safety inspection is estimated by using probability of occurring accidents among defective motorcycles. RESULTS : If the ratio of eliminating defects of motorcycles is 95% after motorcycle safety inspection, the effects of accident decrease of motorcycle safety inspection are analyzed from 2005 to 2008. As a result, 46,292 defective motorcycles are repaired and 1,376 accidents are prevented when the probability of occurring accidents among defective motorcycles is 2.97%. CONCLUSIONS : This study suggests the expected effect of motorcycle safety inspection is that the inspection can prevent 1,376 motorcycle accidents. However, the number of preventing motorcycle accidents are small, compared with the total number of motorcycle accidents because there are limitations to investigate the causes of defective motorcycle accidents. A more precise analysis of the expected effect of motorcycle inspection is possible when a systematic investigation of the causes of the accidents is implemented.

Bombus terrestris was released for pollination of apple flowers at apple orchards in Uileumgol, Milyang-sity, mid spring, 2008. Numbers of out-going bees and in-coming bees were 38heads at 10 a.m. and 23heads at 4 p.m., respectively. 75% bees per total in-coming bees collected the pollens about 10 a.m. and 63% bees per total in-coming bees collected the pollens around 4 p.m.. The SEM photography(A) showed that 82.7% of a pollen load were collected on apple flowers and 17.3% of a pollen load were collected from another plants and trees flowers. The another SEM photography(B) showed that 89.1% of a pollen load were collected on apple flowers and 10.9% of a pollen load were collected from another plants and trees flowers. Therefore these results show that B. terrestris mainly pollinates on the apple flowers but the bee seems to visit flowers of other plant species from time to time.

The likelihood of failure for the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of caustic cracking, which affect to a risk of facilities, was analyzed through the risk based-inspection using API-581 BRD. We found that SCC of the caustic cracking was occurred above 5 % NaOH concentration, and the technical module subfactor (TMSF) was maximized for above 50 % concentration. The heat traced and monitoring were not sensitive to the TMSF with NaOH concentration and temperature. But the steam out was more of less affect minimum value of the TMSF. Also, the inspection number, the inspection effectiveness, and the year since inspection were very sensitive to the TMSF with NaOH concentration and temperature. Therefore, the plan of next inspection will be established with compositively considering those at once.

Ten years have passed since the establishment of KOSHBA(Korea Small and medium enterprises Hybrid Business Association), KOSHBA is composed of over 400 regional groups; over 4,000 enterprises are participating in the association. This paper deals with a survey on the present status of the participating companies in HBA of Kangwon province including the motivation of participation, participating period, and the purpose of participation. The survey results show that they are participating in HBA for manpower interchange, information gathering, mutual utilization of management resources, and their company's growth. To become a dynamic and vital association, it is necessary to share, learn, and discuss their managerial problems based on mutual trust and respect at the regular monthly meeting.