This study reviewed previous research on livestock manure application in forage crop fields, with a focus on forage productivity, forage quality, and Hanwoo carrying capacity per unit area. This work was conducted as a narrative review, not as a systematic review or meta-analysis. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 were collected from the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), the Korean Citation Index (KCI), DBpia, and Google Scholar. Many studies reported that manure application increased dry matter yield and improved forage nutritional components such as crude protein and total digestible nutrients. However, the size of these effects differed depending on crop type, soil condition, weather, and application rate. In several cases, nutrient use efficiency was lower under high rainfall or unstable temperature conditions, especially when liquid manure was applied. Carrying capacity was estimated using assumed animal body weight and forage contribution. When different assumptions were applied, the calculated values changed. This shows that carrying capacity is not a fixed number but a relative measure, and the results should not be used directly without considering farm management conditions. Livestock manure application increased forage production and helped nutrient movement in crop–livestock systems. However, similar results cannot be expected in all environments. Future studies should consider soil characteristics, forage productivity, forage use, and livestock performance together.

This study was conducted to compare and analyze the crop-livestock circulation indicators, manure compost circulation, nutrient circulation, and carbon footprint of organic and conventional dairy farms. The survey farms were 13 organically certified dairy farms and 12 conventional dairy farms. A field survey was conducted in 2024. The forage crop cultivation area per head (LSU) of organic dairy farms was 1,539.8 ㎡, which was 2.3 times more than the 682.9 ㎡ of conventional dairy farms. The livestock density index, which indicates the number of cattle per acre of farmland, was lower in organic dairy farms (6.4 LSU/ha) than in conventional dairy farms (9.3 LSU/ha). The self-produced feed feeding rate of organic dairy farms was 31.9%, which was 12.6% higher than 19.3% in conventional dairy farms. The domestically purchased feed feeding rate was 11.6% in organic certified farms (11.6% lower than 22.5%). The imported concentrate feed feeding rate was 33.2% in organic certified farms and 37.5% in conventional dairy farms, which showed no significant difference. The area of forage crops in organic dairy farms was 0.15 ha/head, which was higher than 0.11 ha/head in conventional farms. The annual milk production of organic dairy farms was 10,101 kg, which did not show a significant difference from conventional farms. The local circulation and Off-farm transfer rates of compost in organic certified farms were 5.1% and 0.4%, respectively, which were lower than those in conventional farms. The annual surplus nitrogen per cow (LSU) was 92.1 kg in organic dairy cow certified farms, which was 20% lower than 115.4 kg in conventional farms. The carbon footprint per kg of milk was 1.16 kgCO2eq in organic certified farms, which was 28% lower than 1.61 kg CO2eq in conventional farms.

본 논문은 펫 휴머니제이션 현상으로 펫푸드 시장이 질적으로 고도화되었음에도, 불구하고, 여전히 「사료관 리법」상 축산 생산 수단적 관점에 머물러 있는 현행 관 리 체계의 한계를 조명하고 실증적인 물성 표준화 방안 을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 우선 KS H 4897 및 법정 관 리 체계와의 비교·분석을 통해 펫푸드 물성 규격화의 제 도적 미비점을 규명하였다. 또한, 반려견 보호자 71명을 대상으로 시행한 설문조사 결과, 응답자의 97.0%가 제품 구매 시 물성을 주요하게 고려하나 54.0%는 제조사별 다 른 마케팅 용어로 인해 선택의 어려움을 겪고 있음을 확 인하였다. 특히 단단한 제형으로 인한 치아 및 잇몸 손상 경험(15.0%)과 습식 급여 중 사레 경험(46.0%) 등 실질적 인 급여 안전사고 실태를 통해 정량적 지표 도입의 당위 성을 확보하였다. 이를 바탕으로 반려견의 해부학적 구조 와 체급별 치악력 등 수의학적 근거를 반영하여 유동식 부터 고강직식까지 아우르는 5단계의 ‘반려견 Texture-Code’를 도출하였다. 본 논문은 영양 성분에 치 중되었던 기존 품질 관리 패러다임을 물리적 섭식 안전 분야로 확장하고, 향후 반려동물의 지위 변화를 반영한 선진적 사료 관리 체계 수립을 위한 기초 자료를 제공한 다는 점에서 학술적·제도적 의의를 지닌다.

「개식용종식법」 제정으로 인해 「축산법」상 개의 법적 지위 재정립이 사회적 쟁점으로 부상하였다. 본 연구는 「축산법」에서 개를 가축에서 제외할 경우 파생될 유관 법령(총 24개)과의 연관성 및 쟁점을 심층 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 「축산법」을 준용하는 법령들은 개정 내용이 자동 반영되지만, 「가축분뇨법」, 「가축전염병예방법」, 「농업식품기본법」 등 개를 별도로 정의하거나 준용 여부가 모호한 법령들은 추가적인 법적 공백이나 충돌을 야기할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 특히 반려견 개 사육업자의 농업인 지위 상실, 가축분뇨 및 가축전염병 관리의 공백, 농지 이용 제한 등의 문제가 제기된다. 따라서 「축산법」 개정은 「축산물위생관리법」, 「동물보호법」, 「개식용종식법」과의 모호성 해소뿐만 아니라, 다양한 유관 법령과의 관계 재정립 이 필요하다. 이는 이해당사자 간의 면밀한 검토와 사회적 합의를 통해 균형 잡힌 법 제도를 마련하는 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

본 연구는 농업부산물과 가축분퇴비를 혼합 후 부숙하여 제조한 퇴비를 밭 토양에 적용하였을 때 가을배추의 생육, 수량, 질소 이용 특성 및 토양 화학성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 무기질비료와 병용효과를 비교하였다. 재배시험은 답전윤환 밭에서 완전 임의배치 3반복으로 수행하였으며, 처리구는 무처리(NF), 무기질비료(NPK, N-P2O5-K2O=33.9-28.1-18.4 kg 10a-1), 무기질비료 + 농업부산물(NPK+AR), 무기질비료 + 가축분퇴비 (NPK+MC), 무기질비료 50% + 농업부산물 혼합 가축분퇴비(0.5NPK+ARC), 무기질비료 + 농업부산물 혼합 가축분퇴비(NPK+ARC)로 구성하였 다. 무기질비료는 토양검정 결과에 따라 권장사용량으로 시비하였으며, 퇴비는 정식 전 토양에 혼합처리하였다. 연구결과, 무기질비료 사용량을 50%로 줄인 0.5NPK+ARC에서 12,211 kg 10a-1로 가장 높았으며, 무기질비료 처리구 대비 8% 증가하였다. 토양화학성 또한 pH 6.7로 시험전 (pH5.6)보다 증가하였으며, 유기물 함량 25.3%, 유효인산 337 mg kg-1으로 처리구 중 가장 높았다. 뿐만 아니라 농업부산물의 점진적 무기화와 토양 환경개선 효과로 질소 흡수량과 질소 이용 효율도 농업부산물 혼합 가축분퇴비 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 농업부산물 혼합 가축분퇴비는 토양 비옥도 개선과 작물 생산성 향상 및 무기질비료 사용량 절감을 동시에 달성할 수 있는 친환경적 토양관리 방안으로 판단된다.

Veterinary drugs can remain as residues in animal-derived food products, and therefore, many countries conduct residue monitoring programs for imported livestock products. However, because the types and authorizations of veterinary drugs vary among countries, it is necessary for importing nations to establish residue monitoring systems tailored to their specific circumstances. This study aimed to develop an algorithm to quantitatively evaluate and score the risk of veterinary drug residues that may be present in imported livestock products, thereby enabling risk-based prioritization. The overall risk score was calculated as the product of exposure and toxicity factors. To minimize uncertainty, the algorithm utilized objective and accessible data obtained from both domestic and international sources. The exposure factor was determined using the number of residue violations and the estimated exposure value, which was calculated based on withdrawal periods and maximum residue limits (MRLs). The toxicity factor was evaluated using the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the regulatory importance of the substances. The regulatory importance was classified according to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ranking criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), while substances not covered by these classifications were ranked based on their impact on the human intestinal microbiota. According to the results of residue violation grading by country and substance, when focusing on meat (excluding dairy products), the United States had the highest number of Grade 5 substances (seven), followed by Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Spain, Uruguay, and Chile, which each contained Grade 5 substances. In domestic livestock products, 14 substances—including cefazolin and amoxicillin—were classified as Grade 5 in beef, eight substances—including amoxicillin and cefquinome—as Grade 5 in pork, and bifenthrin as a Grade 5 substance in poultry. Based on MRL grading, phenylbutazone, norgestomet, and flumethasone were classified as Grade 5 in beef; phenylbutazone, altrenogest, and flumethasone in pork; and phenylbutazone and dexamethasone in poultry. For ADI-based grading, oleandomycin, cefadroxil, avilamycin, norgestomet, and dexamethasone were identified as Grade 5 substances. Withdrawal period grading indicated that gentamicin was categorized as Grade 5 across all livestock types, including cattle, swine, poultry, and milk. In terms of regulatory importance, danofloxacin, ceftiofur, spiramycin, erythromycin, and enrofloxacin were classified as Grade 5 substances. The risk-prioritization algorithm developed in this study identified five substances—ampicillin, closantel, phenylbutazone, ractopamine, and zeranol—as having the highest possible risk score (25 points) in imported beef. This algorithm enables risk-based prioritization using the results of national residue monitoring programs conducted by exporting countries, thereby allowing importers to establish inspection priorities tailored to their own contexts. Consequently, the developed algorithm can be effectively utilized to identify high-risk veterinary drugs by exporting country and livestock type, supporting the establishment of more efficient monitoring plans for imported livestock products.

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from swine manure are a major contributor to livestock odor and air pollution. In this study, the urease inhibitor Phenyl- Phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) was applied as a preventive control strategy, and its reduction efficiency was evaluated through both chamber simulations and a pilot-scale pig house experiment. The chamber experiment, conducted from March 17 to May 1, 2023, showed that the treatment group receiving both urea and PPDA (P1) exhibited a 53% lower mean NH3 concentration (51.1±15.1 ppm) compared with the urea-only group (U1, 109.0±34.0 ppm; p < 0.001). The maximum concentration was also reduced by 63.8% (245.1 ppm in U1 vs. 88.8 ppm in P1). Dose-dependent tests revealed that reduction efficiency increased with PPDA dosage (1.0 g, 32.3%; 0.5 g, 27.3%; 0.1 g, 21.1%), but gains plateaued beyond 0.5 g, suggesting economic feasibility at intermediate levels. The pilot-scale experiment, conducted in a mechanically ventilated pig house from May 13 to August 2, 2024, confirmed the short-term effectiveness observed in the chamber tests. During the first application period, the treatment group (P5) maintained approximately 50% lower NH3 concentrations than the control group (C2). However, the effect decreased to less than 5% during the second period, and concentrations converged with or exceeded those of the control group during the finishing stage. This decline was attributed to factors such as insufficient slurry mixing, dosage mismatch due to an increase in body weight, and physicochemical changes in the slurry environment. These findings indicate that PPDA effectively suppresses urea hydrolysis and reduces acute NH3 peaks, thereby functioning as a preventive mitigation strategy. Although its long-term efficacy under field-like conditions was limited, optimization of dosage, re-application intervals, and slurry management could enhance performance. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PPDA to shift livestock odor management from conventional end-of-pipe approaches toward preventive control strategies, providing a scientific basis for integrated and sustainable odor mitigation.

Integrated crop–livestock farming systems improve the self-sufficient feed ratio, and provide environmental benefits for agro-ecosystems. This study was conducted to evaluate the crop-livestock recycling indicators of Korean Hanwoo farms. 55 Korean beef farms were classified into five types. Organic Hanwoo farms were insufficient the area of forage crop cultivation required for Hanwoo certification in Korea, with forage crop sufficiency index of 49.6%. The forage self sufficiency index of grazing eco-farms was 108.5%, and self-certified (PGS) and conventional livestock farms was only 24.5 and 25.6%, respectively. The forage self sufficiency index was 60.4, 52.9, and 111.9% for Hanwoo + grassland crop, Hanwoo + forage crop + rice, and Hanwoo + grassland combined farms, respectively. Livestock density was 10.3 LSU (livestock units)/ha for organic Korean cattle farms, which was lower than 25.6 LSU/ha for conventional farms. In addition, the livestock density of grassland eco-farms was the lowest at 3.4 LSU/ha. Livestock density was 12.2 LSU/ha in the southern region, which was lower than in the central-northern region. In conclusion, forage crop sufficiency and livestock density are considered valid indicators for assessing the level of crop-livestock integrated agriculture.

A considerable amount of the food is wasted each year, creating an urgent global problem with negative economic and environmental effects. Livestock manure, a by-product of intensive animal farming, can contribute to environmental issues if not properly managed. While biochar, a product of pyrolysis, can speed up the composting process and improve compost quality, sawdust is frequently used in composting to balance the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. This study aimed to investigate the effects of biochar on compost quality in co-composting food waste and swine manure and the influence of raw materials in obtaining good quality ecofriendly compost. Experimental manipulations were conducted both with feedstock materials present and absent. The findings revealed that a biochar concentration of 6% had a positive impact on the composting process. Furthermore, the presence or absence of feedstocks influenced the composting rate and the quality of the compost. Through the addition of biochar, moisture balance and porosity were improved, promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms. Organic waste can be managed more sustainably and agricultural systems may be improved by keeping it out of landfills and composting it with biochar. According to this study, a proper balance of feedstock composition is equally important to the addition of biochar. The study contributes to the understanding of the composting process and the role of balancing feedstock components for the production of good quality compost.

우리나라에 축산물을 수출한 국가들이 2022년과 2023년 에 제출한 2019-2022년 국가별 잔류물질검사프로그램(NRP) 자료를 바탕으로 축산물 유형별, 국가별로 잔류허용기준 을 위반한 동물용의약품과 환경오염물질의 현황을 분석하 였다. 가장 많이 위반된 잔류물질은 네오마이신 2 4 1건, 페 니실린G 183건, 겐타마이신 151건, 세프티오퍼 113건, 니카 바진 103건 등이였고 축산물별로는 소고기, 돼지고기, 가 금육, 우유, 계란 등의 순서로 나타났다. 잔류 위반이 가 장 많았던 소고기에서는 페니실린G, 세프티오퍼, 플루니신 , 네오마이신, 벤질페니실린, 멜록시캄, 플로르페니콜, 질 파테롤 등 전염병 치료에 사용되는 항생제와 해열제 및 성장 촉진에 사용되는 동물용의약품이 주로 검출되었지만 , 돼지고기에서는 성장촉진을 목적으로 사용되는 락토파민 과 항생제인 독시사이클린, 클로람페니콜, 벤질페니실린, 난드롤론, 티오라실, 스트렙토마이신 및 임신 촉진에 사용 되는 호르몬이 가장 흔하게 검출된 것으로 나타났다. 가 금육에서는 콕시듐증 치료에 사용되는 항생제인 니카바진 이 가장 많이 위반되었으며, 스트렙토마이신, 아미노글리 코사이드 항생제, 벤질페니실린, 독시사이클린 및 기타 항 생제가 그 뒤를 이었다. 동물용의약품의 잔류 위반은 많 은 국가에서 보고되고 있으나, 다이옥신과 PCB와 같은 환 경오염 물질의 잔류는 주로 유럽 국가에서 보고되었다. 국 가별 잔류물질의 차이는 각국에서 사육되는 가축과 사육 관리 방식의 차이에 의한 것으로, 소고기의 잔류 수준이 높은 것은 소는 다른 동물에 비해 질병 발생 시 개체별로 치료되기 때문일 것으로 추정된다. 본 연구 결과는 수입 축산물의 안전성 확보를 위하여 국가별, 축산물별로 중점 적으로 검사가 필요한 물질을 제시함으로써 매년 실시하 는 수입 축산물 잔류물질검사를 보다 과학적이고 효율적 으로 수행할 수 있는 기반을 제공하였다.

This study evaluated the field applicability of a real-time odor monitoring system combined with ozone water spraying technology to effectively control odors generated in livestock manure recycling facilities. Research was conducted at a Natural Circulation Agriculture Center located in N City, where concentrations of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in real time. Based on real-time data, ozone water was sprayed to assess the odor reduction rate, and the impact on surrounding areas was predicted through odor dispersion modeling. The results showed that the ammonia concentration measured at the upper section of the liquid aeration tank before ozone water spraying was 8.02 ppm, exceeding the emission limit of 1 ppm. VOCs were also found to have significantly contributed to odor generation. However, after spraying ozone water at a rate of 7 L/min and maintaining a concentration of 2.5 mg/L, ammonia was reduced by approximately 50%, and VOCs were reduced by about 98%, demonstrating a strong odor-reducing effect. Odor dispersion modeling using the CALPUFF modeling system simulated the range of odor dispersion before and after ozone water spraying. The results indicated that after ozone water spraying, the ammonia concentration at the facility boundary met the emission limit, effectively suppressing odor dispersion. In particular, the ozone water spraying system linked with the real-time sensor enabled automated odor control based on real-time data, demonstrating its potential for resolving odor complaints and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.

This study aimed to address the time, cost, and ethical issues associated with traditional animal experiment-based observational methods by utilizing in silico Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic modeling to predict veterinary drug residues in livestock products and validate them against observational data. Using PK-sim software, we modeled the physiological conditions of pigs to predict the depletion of ceftiofur and spiramycin. We evaluated the ceftiofur (3 mg, 6 mg) and spiramycin models by comparing them with observational data using residuals, MSE, and R-squared values. Specifically, the R-squared values for the ceftiofur models were all negative, indicating poor predictive power. For Ceftiofur (3 mg), the R-squared value was <0 with MSE of 611.3764, and for Ceftiofur (6 mg), it was <0 with MSE of 2447.982, highlighting significant discrepancies. Similar shortcomings were observed in the spiramycin models, with an R-squared value of <0 . These discrepancies can be attributed to inaccuracies in literature data, limited physicochemical data, inadequate consideration of inter-individual differences, mismatches between experimental and model conditions, and limitations of benchmark observational experiments. This underscores the critical importance of enhancing data quality and refining modeling approaches. Future research should focus on validating in silico techniques across diverse animal models and drugs to broaden their applicability in safety assessments. Ultimately, leveraging in silico techniques is crucial for establishing a scientifically robust safety management system for livestock products, overcoming the constraints of current observational experimental methods.

음식물류폐기물의 퇴비화는 경제적인 자원화 방법이지만, 염분함량이 높아 토양에 투입될 경우 염류집적으로 인한 작물 생육 피해가 우려된다. 바이오차는 양이온교환능력이 높은 물질로 염분피해가 우려되는 토양에 적용 시 Na+이온을 흡착하여 작물생육 피해를 줄여줄 것으로 생각된다. 이에 본 연구는 바이오차와 혼합하여 제조한 음식물류폐기물 혼합 펠렛 퇴비(이하, 음폐혼합펠렛퇴비) 사용 시 배추 생육과 토양에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 이에 따른 무기질비료 절감 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 처리구는 무비구(NF), 무기질비료 반량(NPK0.5), 무기질비료(NPK), 무기질비료+ 음폐퇴비(FWC), 무기질비료+음폐혼합펠렛퇴비(FWCB)이다. 배추 생육조사 결과, FWCB처리구에서 엽장, 엽폭, 구고 및 구폭 모두 가장 높았다. 수량조사 결과 8,300 kg 10a-1로 가장 높게 나타났으며, NPK처리구에 비해 무기질비료를 50% 사용하였으나 수량은 13.6% 높게 나타났다. 토양화학 성 결과 FWCB에서 EC는 0.59 ds m-1, 교환성 Na은 0.35 cmolc kg-1으로 다른처리구보다 높게 나타났으나 적정범위 이내였다. 본 연구결과, 음폐혼합펠릿퇴비의 사용은 작물의 양분 및 유기물공급 뿐만 아니라 바이오차로 인한 양이온 고정 효과로 작물 생산성을 향상시키는 것으로 생각되며, 비료성분의 공급원으로써 배추의 생육 및 생산성을 증진할 수 있는 기술로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

이 연구에서는 선택실험법을 통해 수집한 진술선호자료를 기반으로 세 가지 모형을 이용하여 축산물(쇠고기, 돼지고기 제품)의 이력추적성과 원산지 속성에 대한 소비자 선호도를 분석하였다. 우리의 연구 결과에 따르면 쇠고기의 경우 한우 제품에 대한 지불의사금액 대비 이력추적성 속성에 대한 지불의사금액의 비율이 92~97%로 매우 높았다. 돼지고기의 경우에는 한돈 제품에 대한 지불의사금액 대비 추적가능한 속성에 대한 지불의사금액의 비율은 약 76~82% 수준이었다. 이러한 결과는 국내 소비자들이 국내산 육류 제품에 대한 선호도에 따라 어느 정도 식품 안전 속성(추적성)에 높은 가치를 두고 있음을 의미한다. 다시 말해 축산물 이력제가 쇠고기와 돼지고기의 식품안전성에 대한 소비자의 신뢰를 구축하는 데 크게 기여하고 있음을 보여준다고 할 수 있다.

본 연구는 축산시설 내 설치된 무창기공형 집열기의 배기 방향 및 유량 변화를 통해 벽체에 전달되는 일사를 차단, 이를 통한 냉방효과를 검증하려는 목적의 기초 연구로서 무창기공형 집열기 시험장치를 제작, 배기 유량 변화에 따른 위치별 온도 변화 및 이를 통한 열성능 평가를 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 무창기공형 집열기의 유량조건별 집열판 표면온도는 최고 27.7℃, 배기온도는 최고 약 10.9℃ 온도 차이를 확인하였다. 무창기공형 집열기의 유량조건별 열교환 유효도는 0.48∼0.62, 효율은 30%∼90%의 분포로 나타났다. 집열판 에너지는 유량이 증가함에 따라 감소, 집열기 내부 에너지는 유량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 이를 통해 농업시설 외벽에 설치된 무창기공형 집열기의 여름철 미운용으로 인한 집열판 및 내부 온도상승과 이로 인한 벽체로의 열전달 등 무창기공형 집열기로 인한 역효과를 방지할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 집열기 외부로의 강제 배기를 통해 벽체로 직접 투입되는 일사 차단을 통한 냉방효과 또한 구현할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Enterococcus species are considered as parts of the indicator strains for fecal contamination on retail meats because they reside in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. Frequent acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among enterococci have increased their morbidity and mortality rates and thus become a serious public health issue. For example, vancomycin (Van)-resistant and/or multidrug resistant (MDR) enterococci are increased during recent years. Currently, only a few therapeutic options have been approved for linezolid (LZD), daptomycin (DAP), and tigecycline (TGC) to treat VAN-resistant and/or MDR enterococcal infections. In this review, we have updated the recent status of enterococcal resistance to those three last-resort antimicrobials (LZD, DAP, TGC) among livestock animals and retail meats.

Mongolian herders rely significantly on grazing their animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, yaks, and camels, in broad rangelands throughout the year. The availability of appropriate forage, the amount of hay and forage to be kept, and whether the animals will acquire physical strength from the pasture to make it through the impending cold season are all determined by the meteorological conditions of the year. Herders' principal source of income is animals, therefore preventing mortality is a top priority. In Mongolia, meadows are a major element determining cattle live weight. However, in the summer of 2022, Mongolia faced a drought, which resulted in inadequate pastures and starved cattle. Livestock might lose weight in these situations due to a lack of supplemental feeding.

This study presents a novel method for addressing the issue of high-concentration contaminants (ammonium, phosphate, antibiotics) in leachate arising from decomposing livestock carcasses. Antibiotics, developed to eliminate microorganisms, often have low biodegradability and can persist in the ecosystem. This research proposes design elements to prevent contamination spread from carcass burial sites. The adsorbents used were low-grade charcoal (an industrial by-product), Alum-based Adsorbent (ABA), and Zeolite, a natural substance. These effectively removed the main leachate contaminants: low-grade charcoal for antibiotics (initial concentration 1.05 mg/L, removal rate 73.4%), ABA for phosphate (initial concentration 2.53 mg/L, removal rate 99.9%), and zeolite for ammonium (initial concentration 38.92 mg/L, removal rate 100.0%). The optimal mix ratio for purifying leachate is 1:1:10 of low-grade charcoal, ABA, and zeolite. The average adsorbent usage per burial site was 1,800 kg, costing KRW 2,000,000 per ton. The cost for the minimum leachate volume (about 12.4 m3) per site is KRW 2,880,000, and for the maximum volume (about 19.7 m3) is KRW 4,620,000. These findings contribute to resolving issues related to livestock carcass burial sites and suggest post-management strategies by advocating for the effective use of adsorbents in leachate purification.