Previous studies have suggested that rice bran oil (RBO), an edible oil from the byproducts of rice milling, has antiinflammatory effects in inflammation inducing macrophages, known as M1 subsets. Yet the effects of RBO on the counterpart M2 subsets, the “healing” macrophages, were poorly investigated to date. In this regard, recent studies on the molecular/cellular anti-inflammatory mechanisms of dietary components have demonstrated that mitochondrial respiration contributes to macrophage functioning. Therefore, the current study examined whether RBO regulates cytokine secretion by modulating mitochondrial metabolism in wound healing M2 subsets. Palm oil (PO), enriched with medium-chain fatty acids, served as a positive control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing either corn oil (CO), PO or RBO for 4 weeks, followed by purification of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from their tibias and femurs. Cells were further polarized to M2-BMDM, and the expression of M2 marker (CD206) on cellular surfaces were not affected by dietary intervention. In addition, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the culture supernatant was not affected by dietary lipids. Oxygen consumption rate, the indicator of mitochondrial respiration in M2-BMDM was not regulated by RBO intervention and PO treatment. Taken together, this study imply that RBO did not intervene both the regulation of inflammatory responses and mitochondrial respiration in M2 macrophages.

Matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) of influenza virus appears to be a promising vaccine candidate because its sequence is highly conserved among virus strains. However, M2e is too meager to induce a strong immune response by itself. Several approaches are being used to increase the antigenicity of M2e. In an effort to enhance the M2e-specific immune response, we generated a TAT-conjugated M2e recombinant protein. Seven-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into three groups and transcutaneously immunized with 100 μg TAT-8×M2e (TAT conjugated with eight copies of M2e) and 8×M2e (eight copies of M2e) proteins on days 1, 15 and 29. The control mice were injected with PBS on the same days. Antibody titers specific for M2e were measured using indirect ELISA. Mice immunized with the TAT-8×M2e and 8×M2e proteins developed almost the same levels of M2e-specific total IgG and IgG1 antibodies. However, a higher level of M2e-specific IgG2a was observed in mice immunized with TAT-8×M2e than in those immunized with 8×M2e. These results suggest that TAT has an adjuvant effect that induces a Th1-type immune response. Therefore, the TAT-M2e vaccine can be applied to animals as a new influenza vaccine for enhancement of Th1-type immune responses.

정보통신망이 고도화되면 기존에 사람 사이에 이루어지던 통신에서 확대되어 사람의 개입을 최소화하여 기기나 사물 사이의 통신이 가능하게 된다. 이러한 기기나 사물 사이의 통신이 자동적·지능적으로 이루어지면 사람이 통제해야 하는 작업이나 역할의 상당 부분이 기기나 사물에 맡겨지게 되어 편리한 사회를 실현할 수 있다. 이처럼 기기나 사물 사이에 지능적으로 이루어지는 정보통신을 사물지능통신이라고 한다. 이 글에서는 사물지능통신의 촉진이 필요한 배경으로서 동향의 파악과 함께 검토가 필요한 법제도적 문제점으로 무엇이 있는가를 살펴본 후, 아직 거의 알려지지 않은 사물지능통신에 대한 진흥이라는 측면에서의 법제도적 대응방안으로서 입법론을 중심으로 검토하였다. 즉, 기존의 법을 개정하거나 신규 통합 사업법을 제정하는 방안보다는 현실적으로는 단행법률의 제정방안을 검토한 후에 필요하면 기존법의 개정작업에 반영하거나 신규 통합 사업법에 반영하는 것이 합리적이라는 결론에 따라 단행법률의 제정을 상정하여 필요한 사항이 무엇인가를 검토하여 정리해보았다. 우선 사물지능통신이라는 신규 서비스 및 산업의 진흥을 위하여 규제는 최소화하면서도 진흥을 촉진할 수 있는 방향으로 입법을 추진한다는 점을 기본이념 및 대전제로 하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하여, 정부와 민간간 협력을 바탕으로 진흥정책을 추진할 수 있는 추진체계를 수립토록 하였으며, 산업화를 촉진하기 위한 지원책의 마련이나 시범사업의 실시, 사물지능통신기반의 확충을 위한 표준화나 기술기준의 제정, 합리적인 산업의 규제를 위하여 진입규제의 최소화 및 간접규제, 최소한의 사후규제의 도입, 사업자에 대한 인센티브의 부여, 자율규제의 촉진을 위한 시책 등을 규정하도록 제언하였다. 또한 관련 서비스의 촉진을 위하여 전파사용료의 감면이나 취약계층의 지원, 중소기업에 대한 지원 등이 필요하며, 산업발전의 한 축을 이루는 이용자 측면에서도 안심하고 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록 이용자 보호에 관한 다양한 시책을 수립하여 시행토록 하였다. 이상과 같은 다양한 지원이나 의무가 실효성을 가지기 위하여 법적 근거를 마련할 필요가 있다. 이러한 입법이 추진되더라도 궁극적으로는 방송통신이 융합되는 환경에서 통합 사업법이 적용됨에 따라 단행 법률은 불필요하게 될 것이다. 그러나 단행법 제정의 논의가 과도기적인 시기에 사물지능통신에 대한 선도적 경쟁력 확보에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper presents the densification and microstructure evolution of bilayer components made from 316L stainless steel and M2 High speed steel during co-sintering process. The sintering was carried out at temperatures ranging from in a reducing atmosphere. The addition of boron to 316L was examined in order to increase the densification rate and improve the sintering compatibility between the two layers. It was shown that the mismatch strain bettwen the two layers induces biaxial stresses during sintering, influencing the densification rate. The effect of boron addition was also found to be positive as it improves the bonding between the two layers.

TiC-and Ti(C,N)-based cermets are excellent in semi-and final finishing of work piece during cutting operations. Typical microstructure of the cermets is a core/rim structure. The undissolved Ti(C,N) cores contribute to their high hardness while the rim phases, (Ti,M1,M2)(C,N)-type solid solutions, play great roles in enhancing the toughness. In this paper, various ultrafine pre-mixed MeC-Ni powders were synthesized and the powders were sintered or hot pressed after mixing in order to control the size and volume fractions of core and rim phases in the system. This paper will present the factors determining the microstructure along with mechanical properties.

In this present investigation, Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) of M2 High Speed Steel (HSS) parts using a wax-High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) binder is shown. The elimination of organic binder was carried out by thermal debinding under inert atmosphere. In order to keep carbon in the sample that could improve the sintering process, incomplete debinding was performed between 450 and . The specimens were sintered at temperatures between 1210 and in high vacuum atmosphere, obtaining the 98% of the theoretical density. In the samples with higher residual carbon content, the sintering window was extended up to 20 degrees and the optimum temperature was lower.

Mutant analysis is one of most optimized genome-wide approach towards acquiring utile phenotypes and defining related genes. Gamma-irradiation, an acknowledged way of mutant-generating method, was applied to gain sets of mutant line in Brachypodium distachyon. B. distachyon is a model plant, commonly used in genus of Gramineae for the research of structure genomics and functional genomics. B. distachyon contribute to rapid and easy analysis because of its small size and quick growth. Mutant population was generated by different doses of gamma-irradiation (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 Gy) in the gamma field phytotron. Distance from the source gives same irradiation duration for each plant. Plant growth parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf length & width, internode number & diameter, maturity and yield components (ear number biomass) were scored on M0 plants. Plant responses to different doses of radiation are evaluated and the effective radiation dosages to generate mutant using gamma-phytotron are suggested. Chronic irradiation using gamma-phytotron is useful tool to generate mutants for genomic variations such as SNP or INDEL as well as suitable for functional study of genes in Gramineae.

세 유형의 화학 돌연변이제 처리(1.5mol NaN2 ＋0.75mol MNH, 0.75mo1 MNH＋0.75mo1 M-NH 및 0.5mol MNH＋0.5mol MNH)를 한 M2 유묘를 이용, Est 1, 2, 4, 5, GOT 1, 2, 3, LAP 1, 2 등의 isozyme band pattern에 대한 돌연변이율을 조사하였다. 1. 세 가지 돌연변이제로 처리된 M2 식물체에 대한 돌연변이율 조사를 실시하였는데 엽록체에 대한 돌연변이율은 폴랜드 품종인 Dema에서는 3.3%였고 사천006에서는 1.8%로 나타났다. 2. Esterase유전자좌에 대한 돌연변이율은 Dema에서 3.5%로 사천 006의 0%보다 높았으며 GOT와 LAP에서는 두 품종간 차이가 없었다. 3. 세 가지 isozyme중 대개의 돌연번이체가 Es-terase에 관계된 유전자좌에서 발생하였으며 (75% 차지) 나머지에서의 돌연변이율은 극히 미미하였다.