In the development of eco-friendly vehicles such as electric vehicles, weight reduction has become a very important design target. Seat weight reduction is very important in vehicle weight reduction. In this study, the energy absorption characteristics of Almag material, an alloy of aluminum and magnesium, and mild steel SAFH440, SAFH590, SAFC780, and SAFH980 were analyzed to obtain a true stress versus true strain curve that was correlated with the test. By performing the seat frame structure analysis using the obtained analysis material property, it was possible to compare the deformation between lightweight material, Almag and mild steel materials. In addition, it was confirmed that the weight reduction effect was 25.8% when applying Almag, an equivalent lightweight material that gives the same maximum deformation as SAFH980, a high-strength mild steel.

The cultural heritage of fortresses is often exposed to external elements, leading to significant damage from stone weathering and natural disasters. However, due to the nature of cultural heritage, dismantling and restoration are often impractical. Therefore, the stability of fortress cultural heritage was evaluated through non-destructive testing. The durability of masonry cultural heritages is greatly influenced by the physical characteristics of the back-fille material. Dynamic characteristics were assessed, and endoscopy was used to inspect internal fillings. Additionally, a finite element analysis model was developed considering the surrounding ground through elastic wave exploration. The analysis showed that the loss of internal fillings in the target cultural heritage site could lead to further deformation in the future, emphasizing the need for careful observation.

Recently, the demand for shape memory alloys in the biomedical industry is increasing. Nitinol alloy, which accounts for most of the shape memory alloy market, occupies most of the biomedical field. Nitinol for biomaterials requires a clean surface without sub-micron surface integrity and surface defects in order to be used more safely in a living body. Among them, new technologies such as polishing using MR fluid are being studied, but there is a disadvantage in that it takes a long time for processing due to a low material removal rate. In this study, material removal studies were conducted for effective polishing, and excellent polishing properties of MR fluid were confirmed.

The membrane structure should maintain the membrane materials in tension for structural stability guaranty. The anchoring part in the membrane structure is an important part. It has the function to introduce tension into membrane materials and function to transmit stress which membrane materials receives to boundary structure such as steel frames. In this paper, it grasps anchoring system of the anchoring part in the membrane structure concerning the fracturing characteristic condition of membrane structure, and the influence which is caused to yield it designates the stress state when breaking the membrane structure which includes the anchoring part and that stress transition mechanism is elucidated as purpose. This paper follows to previous paper, does 1 axial tensile test concerning the bolting part specimen, grasp of fracturing progress of the bolting part and the edge rope and hardness of the rubber, does the appraisal in addition with the difference of bolt tightening torque. As a result, the influence which the bolt anchoring exerts on the fracturing characteristics of the membrane material in the membrane structure anchoring part is examined.

Rock discontinuities in underground rock behave as weak planes and affect the safety of underground structures, such as high-level radioactive waste disposal and underground research facilities. In particular, rock discontinuities can be a main flow path of groundwater and induce large deformation caused by stress disturbance or earthquakes. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the characteristics of rock discontinuities considering in-situ conditions when constructing highlevel radioactive waste disposal, which needs to assure the long-term safety of the structure. We prepared Hwang-Deung granite rock block specimens, including a saw-cut rock surface, to perform multi-stage direct shear tests as a preliminary study. In the multi-stage direct shear tests, we can exclude possible errors induced by different specimens for obtaining a full failure envelope by using an identical specimen. We applied the initial normal stress of 3 MPa on the specimen and increased the normal stress to 5 and 10 MPa step by step after peak shear stress observation. We obtained the mechanical properties of saw-cut rock surfaces from the experiments, including friction coefficient and cohesion. Additionally, we investigated the effect of filling material between rock discontinuities, assuming the erosion and piping phenomenon in the buffer material of the engineering barrier system. When the filling material existed in the rock surfaces, the shear characteristics deteriorated, and the effect of bentonite was dominant on the shear behavior.

Hexagonal bolt, nut, fittings, and high-pressure valves with special alloy play an important role in many industrial products, for instance, such as semiconductor facilities, hydrogen stations and fuel cell electric vehicles. The purpose of this study is to predict the reaction force of roller in drawing system. Numerical analysis was conducted to obtain data for designing the turning wheel, which is key parts in drawing system, using the reaction force of roller. As the results, the reaction force of X axis direction was about 9~20 times larger than that of Z axis direction and the reaction force of Y axis direction was negligible. The maximum reaction force of roller was the case of 4 stage and the numerical results in this study could be helped for designing the mechanical parts of variable hexagonal rolling die.

Backfill is one of the key elements of deep geological disposal. The backfill material is used to fill disposal tunnels and is mainly composed of swellable clay, preventing the migration of nuclide and structurally supporting the tunnel. The selection and application of backfill material are critical for the stable and efficient disposal of spent fuel. Therefore, it is essential to secure various candidate materials for backfill and to comprehensively understand the properties and behavior of these materials. Recently, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has selected a candidate material called Bentonil-WRK and is evaluating its applicability. To utilize this material as backfill, the safety function of a mixed backfill concept, consisting of sand and Bentonil-WRK, was assessed. The swelling pressure was measured as a function of dry density for a bentonite/silica sand mix ratio of 3/7. The results showed that the swelling pressure ranged from 0.15 to 0.273 MPa, depending on the dry density, with higher dry densities resulting in higher swelling pressures. The measured swelling pressure met the target performance criteria suggested by SKB and Posiva (i. e., 0.1 MPa), but did not meet the design requirement for swelling pressure (i. e., 1 MPa). This indicate the need for further research after increasing the mass fraction of bentonite (e. g., mix ratio 4/6 or more). The results of this study are expected to be used in the selection of candidate backfill materials and the establishment of design guidelines for engineered barrier backfill.

지진은 예상하지 못한 위치와 규모로 지반을 흔들어서 막대한 물적 및 인적 피해를 발생시킨다. 따라서 지진으로 인 한 진동을 최소화하고 피해를 방지하기 위하여 다양한 내진 기술 개발 연구가 수행되고 있다. 최근에는 우수한 성능을 나타내 는 다양한 신소재가 개발되고 있으며 이를 접목된 내진 기술 개발 연구가 하나의 트렌드가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 반영구적 이고 자동복원이 가능한 신소재를 적용한 새로운 개념의 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼를 제안하고 핵심 부재에 대한 물리적 특성 검 증 연구를 수행한다. 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼의 핵심은 복원 특성을 나타내는 초탄성 형상기억합금과 폴리우레탄을 부재로 장 착시키고 추가적인 마찰 특성을 나타내는 네오디뮴 영구자석을 사용하였다. 이러한 핵심 부재는 재료실험을 통해 특성을 검증 하였고 도출된 거동 응답 결과를 통해 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼의 구조실험 예측 거동을 도출하였다. 우수한 복원 성능을 나타 내는 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼는 최대 하중 성능과 에너지 소산 능력이 우수하여 구조물에 적용 시 강한 지진에도 버티면서 발 생된 손상도 회복 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

PURPOSES : With the recent enactment of the 「Framework Act on Sustainable Infrastructure Management」 in Korea, the establishment of mid- to long-term management plans for social infrastructure and the feasibility evaluation of maintenance projects have become mandatory. To this end, the life cycle cost analysis is essential. However, owing to the absence of a deterioration model, trials and errors are in progress. METHODS : In this study, a deterioration model was established for bridges, which are the representative social infrastructures of roads, particularly for expansion joints that can cause enormous damage to not only the superstructure but also the substructure. The deterioration model was classified into rubber and steel, based on the material of the expansion joint. The analysis used the inspection and climate data conducted in Korea over the last 12 years. The Bayesian Markov Hazard model was applied as the analysis technique. RESULTS : The average life expectancy by type of expansion joint was analyzed to be 8.9 and 6.6 years for rubber and steel, respectively. For probabilistic life cycle cost analysis, the probability distribution of the life expectancy, validity range by confidence level, and Markov transition probability matrix were presented. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, the basis for deterministic and probabilistic life cycle cost analysis of expansion joints was laid. In future studies, it will be necessary to establish a standardized deterioration model for all types of infrastructure, including all bridge elements.

There is a considerable amount of research on metal material product worker’s hearing loss caused by noise that comes from manufacturing process. A further investigation that characterizes the sound that comes from manufacturing process of metal material products. however. To do this, a noise management plan is needed. It should include a generated sound process from the main sources of disturbance at manufacturing process areas. And a soundproof measurement will identify the amount of noise reduction needed for a hearing-safe working environment. Finally, researchers in this study measured tests on the noise and the vibration process, and the noise caused by operations allowed for an investigation on the suitability of certain environmental conditions. Noise-related programs can be used to predict the noise distribution of the noise level characteristic. This can help identify and reduce the presence of sound interference through sound proofing measures.

중금속은 생체 내에서 분해되지 않고 장기간에 걸쳐 축적되는 특성으로 도시의 생물 다양성을 위협하는 위험한 오염물질 중 하나이다. 도시지역의 대기 중 중금속오염을 평가하기 위해 중금속 노출 정도에 따라 생물 체내의 축적농도 를 비교하는 생물학적 모니터링의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 중금속 모니터링 시료로서 둥지 재료의 활용 가능성을 검토하고 중금속이 박새과 조류에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구지역은 충청남도 천안시 소재 대학교 캠퍼스 내 녹지공간(14개), 도시산림(11개), 도시공원(29개)으로 총 54개의 인공새집이 설치되었다. 조류 이용률은 도시공원 6/29개(20.68%), 캠퍼스 내 녹지공간 11/14개(78.57%), 도시산림 8/11개(72.72%)로 나타났다. 수거한 둥지로부터 이끼 재료를 채취하였고 중금속 분석을 통하여 도시녹지 유형별 중금속축적특성과 중금속이 박새과 조류의 이소 성공 여부에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 분석결과 아연의 평균 농도는 228.08±209.62㎍/dry g, 납의 평균 농도는 17.67±6.72㎍/dry g로 나타났다. 도시녹지 유형별 아연농도는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았으나(Kruskal- Wallis test, p-value=0.28) 납 농도는 유의한 차이를 보였다(Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05*). 중금속 분석을 진행한 21개 의 박새과 조류 둥지 중 11개(52.38%)의 둥지에서 조류의 이소가 관찰되었다. 각 도시녹지 유형에서 관찰된 조류의 이소는 캠퍼스 내 녹지공간 7개(77.78%), 도시산림 6개(85.71%), 도시공원 1개(20%)로 주로 도시산림과 캠퍼스 내 녹지공간에서 이소가 확인되었다. 박새과 조류의 이소 성공 여부에 중금속 축적특성이 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 중금속 농도를 비교하였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다(Zn : W=44, p-value=0.74, Pb : t=0.64676, df =7.2422, p-value =0.54). 본 연구는 박새과 둥지 재료를 중금속 모니터링 시료로 사용한 기초 연구로 비침습적인 생물학적 모니터링의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

소비자에게 판매하기 위해 비육을 하여 길러지는 돼지가 아닌 새끼를 낳기 위해 장기간 사육되는 돼지를 모돈이라 한다. 모돈은 규격돈보다 육색이 붉은 것이 특징이며 단단한 조직감으로 인해 잘 소비되지 않는다. 본 연구는 모돈을 가공 원료육으로 활용하기 위해 품질 및 가공특성을 평가하였다. 먼저, 냉동-해동된 모돈과 규격돈의 뒷다리를 이용하여 품질특성을 비교하였으며 가공특성은 유화형소시지를 제조하여 수행하였다. 원료육의 품질특성은 일반성분, pH, 육색, 콜라겐 함량, 조직감, 보수력을 측정하였고 가공특성은 유화형소시지를 제조하여 조직감 및 유화 안정성을 측정하였다. 모돈의 육색은 규격돈보다 붉고(p<0.05), 조직감은 단단하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 pH, 보수력, 콜라겐 함량, 유화 안정성, 소시지의 조직감은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 모돈의 단단한 조직감은 분쇄를 통해 해결하였으며 대부분의 품질 및 가공특성은 모돈과 규격돈에서 동일하였다. 따라서 모돈을 가공 원료육으로 활용하면 규격돈과 가공특성의 차이가 없음을 확인하였으며, 규격돈에 비해 높은 수율은 제품 원가를 절감할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the variability of LiDAR performance indicators, such as intensity and Number of Point Cloud(NPC), according to various environmental factors and material characteristics. METHODS : To consider the material characteristics of road safety facilities, various materials (Reference Material(RM), reflective sheet, matte sheet, granite, plastic, and rubber) were used in a darkroom, and the performance indicators of LiDAR were repeatedly measured in terms of changes in the measurement distance, rainfall, and angle of observation. RESULTS : In the case of standard reflective materials, the intensity measurement value decreased as the measurement distance and rainfall increased. The NPC showed a tendency to decrease as the measurement distance increased, regardless of rainfall intensity. For materials with high-intensity values, it was found that rainfall intensity and color had negligible effect on the change in intensity compared with the measurement distance. However, for materials with low-intensity values, it was found that the measurement distance, rainfall intensity, and color all had a significant effect on the change in intensity. CONCLUSIONS : For materials with high-intensity values, it was found that rainfall and color had negligible effect on change in intensity compared with the measurement distance. However, for materials with low-intensity values, the measurement distance, rainfall, and color all had a significant effect on the change in intensity value.

Due to stricter environmental regulations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the number of ships fueled by Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is rapidly increasing. The International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) limits the material of tanks that can store cryogenic substances such as LNG. Among the materials listed in the IGC Code, ASTM A553M-17 has been recently adopted as a material for LNG fuel tank projects because of its excellent mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures. In shipyards, this material is being used to build tanks through Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). However, there is a problem that magnetization occurs during welding and there is a big difference in welding quality depending on the welding position. In order to overcome this problem, this study intends to conduct basic research to apply laser welding to ASTM A553M-17 material. As a result of analyzing the bead shape according to laser BOP speed and Energy density performed in this study, it was confirmed that the penetration and energy density are proportional but the penetration and BOP speed are inverse proportional to some extent. In addition, a range of suitable welding speed and energy density were proposed for the 6.1mm thickness material performed in this study.

Due to stricter environmental regulations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the number of ships fueled by Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is rapidly increasing. The International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) limits the material of tanks that can store cryogenic substances such as LNG. Among the materials listed in the IGC Code, ASTM A553M-17 has been recently adopted as a material for LNG fuel tank projects because of its excellent mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures. In shipyards, this material is being used to build tanks through Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). However, there is a problem that magnetization occurs during welding and there is a big difference in welding quality depending on the welding position. In order to overcome this problem, this study intends to conduct basic research to apply laser welding to ASTM A553M-17 material. In Part I, the bead shape according to the welding output was analyzed and in PART II, ​​the penetration phenomenon according to the welding speed was analyzed after Bead on Plate (BOP) test. As a result of analyzing the bead shape according to laser power performed in this study, it was confirmed that the laser power and penetration depth are proportional to some extent. In addition, a range of suitable welding power was proposed for the 6.1mm thickness material performed in this study.

전 세계적으로 진행된 급속한 도시화는 조류를 비롯한 야생동물 서식환경에 부정적인 영향을 야기하였다. 도시에 정착한 야생조류는 변화한 주변 환경에 적응하고 있으며, 대표적으로 박새과 조류는 도시주변에서 구하기 쉬운 재료를 이용하여 둥지를 만드는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 도시에 설치된 인공새집을 이용하는 박새과 조류의 둥지 재료를 분석할 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구를 위해 연구진은 충남 천안시에 있는 도시공원(22개)과 산림(11개) 내 총 33개의 인공새집을 설치하였다. 도시공원에서 4개(18.19%), 도시산림에서 5개(45.46%)의 인공새집이 이용되었으며, 둥지를 수거해 둥지 재료를 둥지별, 종별, 도시녹지 유형별로 비교했다. 이소 전 둥지를 포기한 박새 한쌍을 제외한 8개의 둥지가 재료 분석에 활용되었고 수거한 둥지는 건조과정을 거친 후 자연재료(식물성재료, 동물성재료, 이끼, 흙)와 인공재료(솜, 종잇조각, 플라스틱, 비닐 및 합성 섬유)로 분류한 뒤 각각의 무게를 측정하였다. 분류 결과, 모든 둥지에서 이끼(50.65%)의 구성 비율이 높았고 흙(21.43%), 인공재료(13.95%), 식물성재료(5.78%), 동물성재료 (4.57%), 기타(3.59%) 순서로 파악되었다. 도시녹지 내 모든 둥지에서 인공재료가 사용된 특징이 있었다. 또한, 박새는 곤줄박이보다 식물성 재료를 약 5.16% 더 사용했으나 유의한 수준이 아니었다(t=2.17, p=0.07). 도시산림에서는 식물성 재료와 흙을 가장 선호하였으며, 도시공원은 이끼, 동물성, 인공 재료 순으로 이용되었다. 이 중 식물성 재료 사용은 도시공원과 도시산림 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=3.07, p<0.05*). 도시지역과 같이 인공재료에 대한 접근성이 높은 서식환경에서는 일부 자연재료의 역할을 인공재료가 대체하였다. 본 연구는 도시생태계 인공새집 내 둥지 재료 유형을 분석한 기초연구로 박새과 종 보전 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 목탑 상륜부 구조물의 진동 특이성을 분석하였다. 목탑 상륜부 구조물은 공예가들에 의해서 만들어지기 때문 에 공학적인 판단을 받지 않고 설치되어 불안정한 상황이 발생될 수 있다. 최초에 설계된 평화의 탑 상륜부는 전체 높이 7,720mm 중 에서 약 2/3높이에 해당하는 5,150mm까지는 스테인레스 스틸을 사용하고 나머지 2,570mm는 황동으로 설계되어 제작 의뢰되었다. 최 초 설계안에 대해 진동해석을 수행하고 모드별 유효질량을 산출한 결과 2차모드의 유효질량이 1차모드의 유효질량보다 크게 산출되 었다. 이런 현상의 개선을 위해 황동 부분을 스테인레스로 변경하여 2차 설계안이 준비되었고 2차 안에 대한 진동해석을 수행한 결과 1차모드가 지배적인 모드로 전환되었다. 본 연구의 결과로, 2차모드의 유효질량이 1차모드의 유효질량보다 큰 것이 전단력 미친 영향 의 정도를 정확하게 판단하기는 어렵다. 이 부분에 대해 추후 연구가 진행되어야 정확한 언급이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 2019년 경기도내 대형매장과 중소형매장 및 재리시장에서 유통 중인 스테인리스, 알루미늄, 철 등 금속제 주방기구 82건을 대상으로 중금속 등 11종(납, 카드뮴, 비소 등)의 오염도를 조사하여 금속제 주방기구의 위생관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 금속제 주방기구의 용출시험결과, 금속의 용출빈도는 철>알루미늄>크롬, 니켈>아연>구리>납>비소>안티몬>주석> 카드뮴의 순으로 이었고 용출률은 7.3-93.9%이었다. 조사 대상 82건 중 알루미늄 주방기구 1건에서 니켈이 기준을 초과(결과 1.4 mg/L, 기준 0.1 mg/L 이하)한 것으로 나타났으며 그 밖에 기준이 설정되어 있지 않은 철에 코팅한 주방기구에서 니켈이 식품용 기구 및 용기·포장 공전 금속제 기준을 5배-193배 초과한 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 기준규격의 설정이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 코팅하지 않은 금속제와 내부를 코팅한 주방기구 평균 용출량을 비교해보면, 알루미늄과 철은 코팅한 주방기구에서 낮게 나타났고 나머지 대부분의 중금속은 코팅한 주방기구에서 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 국산과 수입산으로 나누어 평균 용출량을 비교한 결과, 알루미늄과 철은 국산 및 수입산 모두 다른 중금속에 비해 높은 수준으로 나타났는데 알루미늄은 국산주방기구에서, 철은 수입산 주방기구에서 높게 나타났다. 주방기구의 코팅재질별로 평균 용출량을 비교한 결과, 불소수지 코팅에서는 알루미늄, 세라믹 코팅에서는 알루미늄, 철, 법랑코팅에서는 니켈, 알루미늄, 철, 구리, 기타(실리콘과 티타늄)코팅에서는 철의 용출량이 높게 나타났다.

The performance characteristics of a lead acid battery are investigated with the content of Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate (SPT, NaBO3·4H2O) in a positive plate active material. SPT, which reacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide, is applied as an additive in the positive plate active material to increase adhesion between the substrate (positive plate) and the active material; this phenomenon is caused by a chemical reaction on the surface of substrate. A positive plate with the increasing content of SPT is prepared to compare its properties. It is confirmed that the oxide layer increases at the interface between the substrate and the active material with increasing content of SPT; this is proven to be an oxide layer through EDS analysis. Battery performance is confirmed: when SPT content is 2.0 wt%, the charging acceptance and high rate discharge properties are improved. In addition, the lifetime performance according to the Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test is improved with increasing content of SPT.