세포투과 펩티드를 함유한 고분자 미셀 및 리포좀을 이용한 배나무 잎 추출물의 피부 흡수 증진 및 화장품 성분으로의 응용가능성에 대해 알아보기 위해 항산화, 항균 실험 및 제형별 피부 침투 실험을 진행하였다. 총 polyphenol 함량은 배나무 잎 에탄올 추출물에서 118.83 ± 9.39 mg/g, 배나무 잎 열수 추출물에서 106.89 ± 4.45 mg/g로 확인되었다. DPPH radical 소거능 측정 결과, 500 mg/L 의 농도에서 배나무 잎 에탄올 추출물이 74.39 ± 7.48%의 가장 높은 라디칼 소거능을 나타냈다. SOD 유사 활성능은 1,000 mg/L의 농도에서 열수 추출물이 91.62 ± 0.43%로 가장 높은 효능을 나타내었다. 이 후 실험으로부터 항산화, 주름 개선, 미백 활성이 확인되어 배나무 잎 추출물이 항산화 및 항균 소재로서의 실현가능성이 높다고 판단했다. 배나무 잎 에탄올 추출물을 함유한 고분자 미셀 피부침투 실험에서는 24시간 동안의 실험 결과, 총 축적된 tannic acid의 투과량은 Formulation 2(55.45 μ g/cm²), Formulation 1(46.43 μg/cm²), Formulation 0(34.36 μg/cm²)의 순서로 확인되었다. 배나 무 잎 열수 추출물을 함유한 리포좀 피부침투 실험에서는 24시간 동안의 실험 결과, 총 축적된 tannic acid의 투과량이 Formulation 5(75.01 μg/cm²), Formulation 4(64.01 μg/cm²), Formulation 3(36.60 μg/cm²)의 순서로 확인되었다. 이 연구를 통해 배나무 잎 추출물이 가지고 있는 항산화, 주름개선의 효능에 대한 가능성을 확인하였고 고분자 미셀 및 리포좀을 이용한 배나무 잎 추출물의 피부 침투 결과를 통해 향후 화장품 산업에 긍정적으로 이용될 것이라고 사료된다.

계면활성제가 수용액 중에 용해되면 용액 내에서 micelle (< 20 nm) 이라는 응집체를 형성하며, micelle은 그 내부에 활성물질을 담지하여 가용화 제형이 형성될 수 있다. Swollen micelle은 50∼100 nm 정도로 일반 가용화 제형보다 더 많은 양의 활성물질을 담지할 수 있는 제형이다. Swollen micelle은 고압 유화와 같은 별도의 공정이 필요한 liposome이나 nanoemulsion과는 달리 특별한 공정이 필요 없어 생산적인 면에서 좀 더 효율성 있는 가용화 및 입자형성 방법이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 Poloxamer 407을 이용하여 swollen micelle 제형에 대한 안정화 실험을 진행한 후, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 을 이용하여 tocopheryl acetate 가용화에 대한 제형 최적화 실험을 진행하였다. 가용화에 영향을 주는 계면활성제와 활성물질인 tocopheryl acetate를 요인(factor)로 설정하고 서로 간의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 평가방법으로서 온도 및 시간에 따른 안정성과 입자 분포 및 크기를 확인하였으며, FIB를 통해 효능 물질 을 담지한 swollen micelle의 입자 구조 및 모양을 확인하였다. 이러한 실험 결과들을 통하여 tocopheryl acetate를 안정화시킨 swollen micelle은 poloxamer 407 0.500%, octyldodeceth-16 0.387%, tocopheryl acetate 0.945%일 때 가장 최적화된 처방이라 할 수 있다.

Using reverse micelle processing, ZnAl2O4 nanopowders were synthesized from a mixed precursor(consisting of Zn(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3). The ZnAl2O4 was prepared by mixing the aqueous solution at a molar ratio of Zn : Al = 1 : 2. The average size and distribution of the synthesized powders with heat treatment at 600 oC for 2 h were in the range of 10-20 nm and narrow, respectively. The average size of the synthesized powders increased with increasing water to surfactant molar ratio. The XRD diffraction patterns show that the phase of ZnAl2O4 was spinel(JCPDS No. 05-0669). The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized using a thermogravimetric - differential scanning calorimeter(TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). The effects of the synthesis parameter, such as the molar ratio of water to surfactant, are discussed.

NiAl2O4 nanoparticle was synthesized by a reverse micelle processing for inorganic pigment. N (NO3)2·6H2O and Al(NO3)3·9H2O were used for the precursor in order to synthesize NiAl2O4 nanoparticles. The aqueous solution, which consisted of a mixing molar ratio of Ni/Al, was 1:2 and heat treated at 800~1100 oC for 2h. The average size and distribution of synthesized NiAl2O4 powders are in the range of 10-20 nm and narrow, respectively. The average size of the synthesized NiAl2O4 powders increased with an increasing water-to-surfactant molar ratio and heating temperature. The crystallinity of synthesized NiAl2O4 powder increased with an increasing heating temperature. The synthesized NiAl2O4 powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscop (FE-SEM), and a color spectrophotometer. The properties of synthesized powders were affected as a function such as a molar ratio and heating temperature. Results indicate that synthesis using a reverse miclle processing is a favorable process to obtain NiAl2O4 spinels at low temperatures. The procedure performed suggests that this new synthesis route for producing these oxides has the advantage of being fast and simple. Colorimetric coordinates indicate that the pigments obtained exhibit blue colors.

Inorganic pigments have high thermal stability and chemical resistance at high temperature. For these reasons, they are used in clay, paints, plastic, polymers, colored glass and ceramics. CoAl2O4 nano-powder was synthesized by reverse-micelle processing the mixed precursor(consisting of Co(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3). The CoAl2O4 was prepared by mixing an aqueous solution at a Co:Al molar ratio of 1:2. The average particle size, and the particle-size distribution, of the powders synthesized by heat treatment (at 900; 1,000; 1,100; and 1,200˚C for 2h) were in the range of 10-20 nm and narrow, respectively. The average size of the synthesized nano-particles increased with increasing water-to-surfactant molar ratio. The synthesized CoAl2O4 powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and color spectrophotometry. The intensity of X-ray diffraction of the synthesized CoAl2O4 powder, increased with increasing heating temperature. As the heating temperature increased, crystal-size of the synthesized powder particles increased. As the R-value(water/surfactant) and heating temperature increased, the color of the inorganic pigments changed from dark blue-green to cerulean blue.

Trivalent cerium-ion-doped Y3(Al, Ga)5O12 nanoparticle phosphor nanoparticles were synthesized using the reversemicelle process. The Ce doped Y3(Al, Ga)5O12 particles were obtained from nitrate solutions dispersed in the nanosized aqueousdomains of a micro emulsion consisting of cyclohexane as the oil phase and poly(oxyethylene) nonylphenyl ether (Igepal CO-520) as the non-ionic surfactant. The crystallinity, morphology, and thermal properties of the synthesized Y3(Al, Ga)5O12:Ce3+powders were characterized by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. The crystallinity, morphology, and chemical statesof the ions were characterized; the photo-physical properties were studied by taking absorption, excitation, and emission spectrafor various concentrations of cerium. The photo physical properties of the synthesized Y3(Al, Ga)5O12:Ce3+ powders werestudied by taking the excitation and emission spectra for various concentrations of cerium. The average particle size of thesynthesized YAG powders was below 1µm. Excitation spectra of the Y3Al5O12 and Y3Al3.97Ga1.03O12 samples were 485nmand 475nm, respectively. The emission spectra of the Y3Al5O12 and Y3Al3.97Ga1.03O12 were around 560nm and 545nm,respectively. Y3(Al, Ga)5O12:Ce3+ is a red-emitting phosphor; it has a high efficiency for operation under near UV excitation,and may be a promising candidate for photonic applications.

Fe/SiO2 core-shell type composite nanoparticles have been synthesized using a reverse micelle process combined with metal alkoxide hydrolysis and condensation. Nano-sized SiO2 composite particles with a core-shell structure were prepared by arrested precipitation of Fe clusters in reverse micelles, followed by hydrolysis and condensation of organometallic precursors in micro-emulsion matrices. Microstructural and chemical analyses of Fe/SiO2 core-shell type composite nanoparticles were carried out by TEM and EDS. The size of the particles and the thickness of the coating could be controlled by manipulating the relative rates of the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of TEOS within the micro-emulsion. The water/surfactant molar ratio influenced the Fe particle distribution of the core-shell composite particles, and the distribution of Fe particles was broadened as R increased. The particle size of Fe increased linearly with increasing FeNO3 solution concentration. The average size of the cluster was found to depend on the micelle size, the nature of the solvent, and the concentration of the reagent. The average size of synthesized Fe/SiO2 core-shell type composite nanoparticles was in a range of 10-30 nm and Fe particles were 1.5-7 nm in size. The effects of synthesis parameters, such as the molar ratio of water to TEOS and the molar ratio of water to surfactant, are discussed.

The preparation of Sm2O3 doped CeO2 in Igepal CO-520/cyclohexane reverse micelle solutions has been studied. In the present work, we synthesized nanosized Sm2O3 doped CeO2 powders by reverse micelle process using aqueous ammonia as the precipitant; hydroxide precursor was obtained from nitrate solutions dispersed in the nanosized aqueous domains of a micro emulsion consisting of cyclohexane as the oil phase, and poly (xoyethylene) nonylphenylether (Igepal CO-520) as the non-ionic surfactant. The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized by Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallite size was found to increase with increase in water to surfactant (R) molar ratio. Average particle size and distribution of the synthesized Sm2O3 doped CeO2 were below 10 nm and narrow, respectively. TG-DTA analysis shows that phase of Sm2O3 doped CeO2 nanoparticles changed from monoclinic to tetragonal at approximately 560˚C. The phase of the synthesized Sm2O3 doped CeO2 with heating to 600˚C for 30 min was tetragonal CeO2. This study revealed that the particle formation process in reverse micelles is based on a two step model. The rapid first step is the complete reduction of the metal to the zero valence state. The second step is growth, via reagent exchanges between micelles through the inter-micellar exchange.

This surfactant can be used as a cosmetics and chemical dispersants. The variation of critical micelle concentration(CMC) with temperature for N-eicosyl pyridinium bromide over the range 40℃ to 60℃ has been measured by drop methods. Thermodynamic quantities for micellization of N-eicosyl pyridinium bromide in water have been calculated by polynominal equation.

The preparation of Y2O3-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles in Igepal CO-520/cyclohexane reverse micelle solutions is studied here. In this work, we synthesized nanosized Y2O3-doped ZrO2 powders in a reverse micelle process using aqueous ammonia as the precipitant. In this way, a hydroxide precursor was obtained from nitrate solutions dispersed in the nanosized aqueous domains of a microemulsion consisting of cyclohexane as the oil phase, with poly (oxyethylene) nonylphenylether (Igepal CO-520) as the non-ionic surfactant. The synthesized and calcined powders were characterized by thermogravimetrydifferential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallite size was found to nearly identical with an increase in the water-to-surfactant (R) molar ratio. A FTIR analysis was carried to monitor the elimination of residual oil and surfactant phases from the microemulsion-derived precursor and the calcined powder. The average particle size and distribution of the synthesized Y2O3-doped ZrO2 were below 5 nm and narrow, respectively. The TG-DTA analysis showed that the phase of the Y2O3-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles changes from the monoclinic phase to the tetragonal phase at temperatures close to 530˚C. The phase of the synthesized Y2O3-doped ZrO2 when heated to 600˚C was tetragonal ZrO2.

A preparation of NixMn1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles produced via the reduction of Nickel nitrate hexahydrate, Manganese (II) nitrate hexahydrate and Iron nitrate nonahydrate with hydrazine in Igepal CO-520/cyclohexane reverse micelle solutions was investigated. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses showed that the resultant nanoparticles increased the molar ration of water to Igepal CO-520 as the concentrations of Nickel nitrate hexahyrate, Manganese (II) nitrate hexahydrate and Iron nitrate nonahydrate increased. The average size of the synthesized particles calcined at 600˚C for 2hrs was in the range of 20 nm to 30 nm, and the particle distribution was broadened. The phase of the synthesized particles was crystalline, and the magnetic behavior of the synthesized particles was superparamagnetism. The effect of the synthesis parameters of the molar ratio of water to surfactant and the calcination temperature was discussed.

화장품과 유처리제 등에 응용할 수 있는 양이온 계면활성제인 N-octadecyl pyridinium bromide를 사용하여 온도 40~60℃ 범위에서 적하법을 이용한 임계미셀농도를 적용 미셀형성에 따른 열역학적 특성(자유에너지, 엔탈피, 엔트로피, 열용량)을 조사하였다. 그 결과 자유에너지 변화는 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

화장품과 유처리제 등에 응용할 수 있는 계면활성제인 hexadecyl pyridinium bromide를 사용하여 온도 40~60℃ 범위에서 임계미셀농도를 적하법으로 측정한 결과를 이용하여 미셀형성에 따른 열역학적 양을 다항식으로 계산하였다.

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) at which micelles start to form from a surfactant solution is usually measured in terms of conventional concentration units. However, the thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of mole fraction XCMC and XCMC cannot be directly measured experimentally. The Gibbs free energy, δG*mic, in particular is related to XCMC through δG*mic = RTlnXCMC. When it comes to CMC, the molar CMC, CCMC, differs only by the proportionality C-1w with Cw being the molarity of water. Hence, CCMC is found to be a proper representation of CMC. However, in calculation of δG*mic and other thermodynamic potentials from the CMC, XCMC or CCMC/Cw should be used.

Surface tension as a function of concentration and temperature was measured for aquous solution of sodium N-acyl sarcosinate, RCON(CH3)CH2 COONa, From the intersection points in the (γ-logC) curves, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) was determined at 20, 30, 40, and 50℃. Structural effects on the cmc maximum and the minimum area per molecule at the aquous solution/air interface were discussed. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of micellization and adsorption of surfactant solution also were investigated. Numberous investigators have dealt with sodium N-acyl sarcosinates and their applications as wettings, flooding and reducing agents and as corrosion inhibitors.

계면활성제는 수용액에서 미셀을 형성함에 있어서 자기확산이 분자 운동과 상변화에 대하여 자세한 정보를 제공하고 공업적으로 응용할 수 있는 기술이 점차 증가하고 있다. 계면활성제가 미셀을 형성함에 있어 자기확산 정도는 화학구조의 변화성과 상호 결합 및 회합현상에 매우 민감한 것은 사실이다. 특히 계면활성제 용액의 넓은 범위의 분자 시스템과 콜로이드 상태의 변화성은 다향한 물리, 화학적 성질에 기여됨이 많다. 더욱이 미셀 형성에서 자기확산 계수는 분자 치환에 직간접적으로 상호관계가 있어 NMR 분광학에서 스핀 이완속도의 해석과 분자의 재배열, 스핀 이완에 대한 모델선정 등에 많은 관심을 갖는다. 그중 미셀형성에 있어서 자기확산에 대한 측정 방법중 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 Fourier Transform Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo(FT-PGSE) 측정법은 계면활성제의 미셀형성에 대한 상변화성 및 물리, 화학적 성질을 다루는데 새로운 도구로 제공되고 있다. 이는 이 계통의 기술적 측정방법에 있어서 적절한 개선과 새로운 응용분야를 확장하는데 있어서 많은 가능성을 갖고있다. 그리하여 이들에 대한 역사적 배경과 기초적인 이론을 가지고 미셀 형성에 있어 자기확산에 대한 개념을 말하고 그에 대한 응용성을 계통적으로 설명하고자 한다.