Aphids are well-known insect pests that, due to their feeding habits, affect various crops' productivity and marketability. Additionally, they cause significant damage worldwide as vectors of viruses. Chemical pesticides are widely used to control these agricultural pests. However, due to resistance to various chemical pesticides, pest control is becoming difficult in agricultural environments. Entomopathogenic fungi such as the genus Metarhizium and Beauveria are being extensively researched as alternatives to these chemical pesticides. In this study, the mycological properties of isolated from soil Metarhizium pemphigi IPBL-H and the insecticidal activity of this strain against Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii were evaluated for potential of development as a biopesticide.

The Euonymus defoliator moth, Pryeria sinica Moore (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae), is a pest that causes considerable damage to the Euonymus genus, especially Euonymus alatus and Euonymus japonicus. The biological characteristics of P. sinica have been studied in China, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States, but there has been no research conducted on this species in Korea. Also, P. sinica has two dormant phases in each generation, one as eggs in winter and the other as pupae in summer. Our purposes are to study the biological characteristics of Korean populations of P. sinica and to examine the effects of temperature and photoperiod on summer diapause. The biological characteristics were investigated in laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 ℃, 65 ± 1% R.H., 16L:8D) and the number of eggs in an egg mass, developmental periods and mortality rate in each larvae stage, and adults’ life span were determined. The results showed that 190.7 ± 31.64 eggs were contained in one egg mass and it took 25.57 ± 0.61 days from 1st larval stage to the pre-pupal stage. P. sinica has 4 larval stages and each stage took 4.28 ± 0.21, 6.2 ± 0.55, 6.02 ± 0.68, and 8.93 ± 0.88 days. The mortality rate of larvae peaked at 22.5% in 3rd larval stage. The adults’ life span was 4.67 ± 0.97 days in males and 4.61 ± 1.82 days in females. To study summer diapause, we divided pupae into 4 groups. Both low temperature and short daytime were effective in shortening the pupal stage. The pupal stage was the shortest in group D (122.12 ± 1.24 days), in which the initial condition was 25 ℃-16L:8D and the altered condition was 16 ℃ -12L:12D, and the longest in group A (161.92 ± 3.15 days, 25 ℃-16L:8D). These data could be utilized to propose the optimal timing for controlling the population of P. sinica.

Tropilaelaps mercedesae Anderson and Morgan, 2007 (Acari: Laelapidae) is a serious ectoparasite of the brood of several honey bee species. Among the four recognized species of Tropilaelaps, Korean population was renamed as T. mercedesae from T. clareae on the basis of morphological evidences and genetic data. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of T. mercedesae. The 15,119-bp long mitogenome has an identical gene arrangement to that of Chinese sample reported previously. Comparison of two geographic samples showed COII, ND5, ND4, ND6, CytB, and ND1 to have higher number of variable sites than COI, which is often used for population-level study, suggesting these genes to have potential usefulness for population genetic study. The mitogenome sequence of T. mercedesae from Korea could be useful for species identification for geographic samples, trace of the origin of local populations, and illustration of evolutionary distinction among Tropilaelaps species either using part of or whole genome.

After the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) came into effect, international cooperation through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) was required, and each RFMO established and adopted the Conservation and Management Measure (CMM) for the regional Observer Programs to collect data on fishing activities and biological information and to monitor compliance with its CMMs. The observer coverage required by RFMO is set differently for each organization, ranging from 5% to 100%. In addition, tuna-RFMOs recommend increasing observer coverage in longline fisheries by at least 20% for reliable quantitative analysis of not only target species but also bycatch species and ecologically related species such as sharks, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Therefore, in this study, we discussed ways to improve the national observer programs of Korean distant water fisheries that should be addressed in the future to respond to the RFMO trends.

The subfamily Acronictinae is established by Harris in 1841 based on the type species, Acronicta leporina.. In the Korean penisula, the acronictine moth Acronicta cuspis was initially reported by leech in 1889, and a total 45 species have been recorded to date. This brief overview cover adult and larval morphology, as well as ecological data, for more profound comprehension of the Acronictinae. Additionally, further research direction could involve conducting a phylogenetic analysis and clarifying the evolutionary relationships within the subfamily.

The striped fruit fly, Zeugodacus scutellata., is ubiquitous in agricultural areas, making it a critical pest to monitor and manage. It is necessary to develop a technique for rearing Z. scutellata in the laboratory to achieve mass production for biological control. The pumpkin is an important host plant for Z. scutellata; females lay their eggs on the tops of pumpkin flower buds, and larvae consume the stamens from top to bottom before dropping to the ground. Several types of diets are considered in the present study, including liquid, solid, and semisolid diets. Methyl benzoate, propionic acid, sodium benzoate, and citric acid were tested for their ability to suppress microbial contamination and improve the shelf life of diets. Fresh pumpkin, pumpkin flower, and pumpkin powder were used as primary ingredient. Reared adults were tested for their egg laying and survival abilities based on different diets. Approximately 86% of adults emerged from liquid and semisolid diets. Solid diets reduce pupae production and adult emergence. The diets with a total viability of less than 75% were discarded, which is considered as a reasonable threshold to determine whether a diet is nutritionally sufficient to rear the flies. Based on the results of the present study, we have developed a diet for mass rearing in laboratories, which may assist in providing a scientific basis for the effective control of Z. scutellata.

최근 제주도 용연계곡 일대에서 새로운 알락하늘소속 외래해충 (가칭)노랑알락하늘소가 발견되었다. 2023 년 7월부터 제주 용연계곡 일대 팽나무에서 우화한 성충이 대량 발생하고 있으며, 제주 전역과 육지로 확산할 가능성이 있어 시급한 모니터링과 박멸이 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 노랑알락하늘소의 국내 기후적합성 분석을 통해 잠재적으로 정착이 가능한 지역을 사전에 탐지하는 것을 목표로 하였다. GBIF에 보고된 전 세계 분포자료와 WorldClim의 생물기후변수를 이용하여 앙상블 모델을 만들고 노랑알락하늘소의 정착 확률 지도를 제작하였다. 또한 제작된 정착 확률 지도를 바탕으로 향후 주변 지역으로 확산 패턴을 시뮬레이션하였다. 기후적 합성 분석 결과 노랑알락하늘소는 원산지인 중국 남부, 대만 등 아열대 지역을 포함하여 일본과 국내에서도 정착 이 가능할 것으로 추정되었다. 국내로 한정하였을 때는 이미 정착이 확인된 제주 지역 전체와 부산, 여수 등 국내 남부지방 해안가에서 기후적합성이 매우 높을 것으로 예상되었다. 확산 패턴 시뮬레이션 결과 노랑알락하늘소 는 예찰 및 박멸이 이루어지지 않을 경우 빠르게 제주 전역으로 확산될 수 있을 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 노랑알 락하늘소에 대한 생활사 연구와 함께 현재 확산 범위에 대한 시급한 모니터링과 박멸 프로그램이 필요하다는 것을 암시한다.

Solar cells based on p-conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) organic molecular systems are a promising alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. D-A molecular systems, which have a triphenylamine (TPA) moiety linked with a benzothiadiazole (BTD) moiety, open the potential development of new small molecule donors for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Here, a series of donor-acceptor-π-acceptor (D-A-π-A) small molecule donors (SMD) derived from triphenylamine (TPA) donor and benzothiadiazole (BTD) acceptor building blocks, were designed for BHJ organic solar cells. The small molecule donors SMD1-4 were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TDDFT) methods, to understand the effect of cyano and fluorine group functionalization on their properties. The effect of structure alteration by cyano and fluorine group functionalization on the optoelectronic properties, the calculated highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) and the HOMO-LUMO gaps were theoretically explored. The Voc (open-circuit photovoltage) and fill factor (FF) for SMD1-4 were obtained with a PC71BM acceptor, which showed that these organic small molecules are potential small molecule donors for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells.

Because magnets fabricated using Nd-Fe-B exhibit excellent magnetic properties, this novel material is used in various high-tech industries. However, because of the brittleness and low formability of Nd-Fe-B magnets, the design freedom of shapes for improving the performance is limited based on conventional tooling and postprocessing. Laserpowder bed fusion (L-PBF), the most famous additive manufacturing (AM) technique, has recently emerged as a novel process for producing geometrically complex shapes of Nd-Fe-B parts owing to its high precision and good spatial resolution. However, because of the repeated thermal shock applied to the materials during L-PBF, it is difficult to fabricate a dense Nd-Fe-B magnet. In this study, a high-density (>96%) Nd-Fe-B magnet is successfully fabricated by minimizing the thermal residual stress caused by substrate heating during L-PBF.

본 논문은 디지털 성범죄 사건이 증가하고 있는 가운데, 이들에 대한 형사사법기관 의 처분이 가해자의 행위를 교정하거나 직접적으로 제재하지 못하는 현실을 지적하고 이에 대한 대안을 고민하기 위하여 시작되었다. 이를 위해 미국에서 시행되고 있는, 성범죄자 대상 ‘음란물 금지’와 ‘인터넷 및 컴퓨터 기기활용 제한’의 내용을 비교법적 으로 검토하면서 피해자의 삶이 아닌 가해자의 삶에 타격과 변화를 줄 수 있는 법률 내용을 제안하는 것을 주요 목적으로 하였다. 미국의 ｢성범죄자 신상등록 및 고지법｣ 에는 성범죄를 행함에 있어 인터넷 또는 컴퓨터 기기를 활용한 성범죄자에 대하여 일 정 기간의 사용제한을 법원이 선고하고 이의 이행 여부를 보호관찰관이 지도･감독하 는 내용이 규정되어 있다. 관련 제도가 정착되는 과정에서 반복적인 항소도 제기되었 지만, 미국의 판례는 인터넷 활동과 컴퓨터 사용의 제한 내용이 구체적인 경우에는 큰문제가 없다는 태도를 견지하고 있다. 이 법률 규정이 적용되는 경우, 보호관찰관은 대상 성범죄자에게 모든 디지털 기기의 등록과 해당 기기에 대한 포렌식 동의서를 요 구한다. 또한 보호관찰관은 대상 성범죄자의 디지털 기기에 대한 주기적 검사를 시행 하고 대상자의 휴대폰 활동 내용을 모니터링하고 필터링하는 소프트웨어를 설치하여 집행한다. 이러한 내용은 실제 디지털 성범죄자에 대한 행동 제약이 전무한 우리나라 의 보호관찰 현실과 상당히 대비되는 모습이다. 과거 접촉성 성범죄자를 향해 시행되 었던 형사정책들이 사회적 논의 속에서 설득되고 사회제도로 자리를 잡아갔던 것처럼, 디지털 성범죄 가해자에 대한 규제와 교정, 피해 방지 대책을 더욱 직접적인 가해자 행위 규제 관점에서 고민할 필요가 있다. 이러한 측면에서 미국의 인터넷 및 컴퓨터 활동 제한 관련 법률 규정은, 우리나라에서의 효과적 디지털 성범죄자 관리대책 수립 을 위한 의미 있는 비교법적 자료가 될 것으로 판단한다.

We explored the frequency response of krill target strength (TS) to understand the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) using the stochastic distorted-wave Born approximation (SDWBA) model. The results showed that the distribution of orientation and the fatness factor could significantly impact on the frequency response of TS. Krill TS is clearly depended on acoustic properties, which could affect to estimate the biomass of two krill species. The results provide insight into the importance of understanding TS variation to estimate the Antarctic krill and ice krill biomass, and their ecology related to the environmental features in the Southern Ocean.

Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) began to operate in earnest in the early 1980s. Since then, the total catch has shown an increasing trend and the target species are skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacare) and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Based on the operational data of Korean tuna purse seine fishery from 2016 to 2020, the catch rates of target species (skipjack and yellowfin tunas) were analyzed by operation time for set types (free school and FAD sets). In the case of the free school sets, they were usually made from sunrise to sunset, and the catch rate was high before and after sunrise for skipjack tuna and before sunset for yellowfin tuna. On the other hand, for the FAD sets, more than 90% of them were made just before sunrise, and there were few operations during the daytime. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are differences in the catch rate of skipjack and yellowfin tunas by operation time and by school type for Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the WCPO, which could be helpful in understanding its fishing characteristics and providing useful information for developing the stock indices of the target species.

With respect to the geologic repository, intrusion of groundwater has been considered as a major factor that can transfer radionuclides to the natural environment. Moreover, the migration of radionuclides in the natural groundwater system is significantly influenced by the interaction between the radionuclides and groundwater constituents. Among various hydrogeochemical reactions, hydrolysis is one of the major reactions that can affect the aqueous solubility of radionuclides. Therefore, a precise understanding of relevant chemical thermodynamic behavior is of cardinal importance for the reliable prediction of migration/retardation behavior of radionuclides in the natural groundwater system. The objective of the present work is to investigate the solubility behavior of Nd(OH)3(s) to provide relevant chemical thermodynamic data of Nd(III) as a chemical analogy of major radiotoxic elements such as Am(III) and Cm(III). All the experiments were performed with Ar gas-filled glovebox under inert atmospheric condition. The aqueous Nd(III) solution was prepared by dissolution of 0.5 g NdCl3·6H2O (Sigma-Aldrich) in 10 ml of deionized water. The Nd(III) solid phase was precipitated by dropwise addition of ca. 10 ml of 4 M NaOH (Sigma-Aldrich). The Nd(III) precipitate was identified to be crystalline Nd(OH)3(s) nanorod by using XRD and TEM. For the solubility experiment, the solid Nd(OH)3(s) was equilibrated at the pH range from 5.0 to 9.0 at 0.1 M NaCl condition. The total concentration of the Nd(III) was quantified by using UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and ICP-MS after the phase separation. In the present work, the solubility behavior of the solid Nd(OH)3(s) phase was investigated by using colorimetric analysis. The chemical thermodynamic data obtained in this study are expected to enhance the reliability of solubility prediction for the trivalent lanthanides and actinides.