본 논문에서는 1973년 프랑스 파리에 최초로 한식당을 창업하여 30여 년간 운영한 한인 이민사업가를 대상으로 유럽에서의 요식업 종사 경험 을 구술생애사적 관점에서 고찰한다. 프랑스 한인사회의 역사적 변천 과 정의 맥락에서 구술자의 한식당 창업 동기와 사업에 도움이 되었던 요 인, 한식당 경영의 의미에 대해서 조사한다. 연구 결과에 따르면 구술자 는 유럽에서의 연속적 이주 과정을 통해서 축적한 다양한 사회적 네트워 크를 주요한 민족자원의 하나로 활용하였다. 또한 창업 당시 프랑스 한 인은 200명 남짓의 소규모였고 현지인들 사이에 한국, 한국 음식에 대한 인지도가 매우 낮았기 때문에, 입지 선정에 있어서 주프랑스 한국대사관 과의 근접성이 중요하게 고려되었다. 한식당 경영을 통해서 프랑스 한인 과 한국으로부터의 방문객들이 모국의 음식을 향유하고 한국적 정서를 접할 수 있게 하였고, 또한 프랑스 현지인들에게는 한국 음식문화와 한 인 예술을 알리는데 기여하였다. 본 연구를 통해 프랑스 한인 이주사, 한 인 디아스포라의 자영업 창업, 해외 한식문화의 전파와 의의에 대한 이 해 제고에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

뮤지컬은 음악을 포함한 다양한 분야들이 결합되어 있는 종합무대예술로써 무대 공간에서의 특 성과 함께 음악적 특성의 연구는 의미가 있다. 본 논문에서는 뮤지컬『노트르담 드 파리』무대 디자인에 나타난 시각적, 공간적 그리고 오브제 요소로 표현 특징을 분류하고, 주요 넘버의 장면 에 나타난 공간적 특성을 분석하였다. 아울러 무대의 공간적 특성을 바탕으로 음악적 특성과 공간 적 표현 특성을 도출하고자 하였다. 결과적으로 뮤지컬 『노트르담 드 파리』는 간결하고 단순하 지만 무대가 허전해 보이지 않는 공간적, 시각적 그리고 오브제의 요소들이 효과적으로 사용되었 다. 음악적으로는 뮤지컬『노트르담 드 파리』주요 넘버에서는 서사를 전달하거나 인물의 심리나 갈등 그리고 상징성의 특징을 가지고 있으며 이와 함께 무대에서는 상징적이고 건축적 오브제의 활용을 통해 극적 배경의 상황이나 시간 그리고 장소를 유동적이고 다의적 공간으로 연출하였다. 이러한 무대 공간에 대한 현대적인 접근은 무대에 있어서 절제적인 상징성을 나타내고 서정적인 선율을 가진 음악과 함께 프랑스 뮤지컬의 문학적 서사성을 효과적으로 전달하는 역할을 담당하였 다.

이 논문의 목적은 미국의 오바마 행정부가 유엔 기후변화에 관한 파리 협정에 가입한 요인과 트럼프 행정부가 파리협정에서 탈퇴한 요인을 이 론적 시각에서 설명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 활용하는 이론적 분석 틀은 외교정책이념 접근법과 국제협력에서의 절대적 이득 및 상대적 이득 요 인 분석이다. 분석의 결과로서 이 논문은 오바마 행정부와 트럼프 행정 부의 외교정책이념이 국제협력에서 각각 절대적 이득 또는 상대적 이득 의 중시 여부를 결정하고 그에 따라 파리협정에 가입하거나 탈퇴하는 결 과를 낳았다고 분석한다. 즉 오바마 행정부는 환경 및 경제 외교정책에 있어서는 자유주의적 국제주의 이념을 추구하는 경향을 보였다. 자유주 의적 국제주의 이념은 글로벌 기후변화 이슈에서 중국과의 협력을 권고 하고 파리협정과 관련하여 미국이 얻게 될 절대적 이득을 중시하도록 하 여 오바마 행정부가 파리협정에 가입하는 결과를 낳았다. 반면에 트럼프 행정부는 국제관계를 제로섬(zero-sum)적인 경쟁 관계로 간주하고 국제 협력에서 상대적 이득 요인을 우선시하는 경제적 민족주의 외교정책이념 을 지향하였다. 따라서 트럼프 행정부는 미국의 시장을 보호하고 경제력 을 증진하는 것을 최우선 과제로 설정하고 글로벌 환경협력에서도 상대 적 이득 요인을 중시하였다. 그리하여 파리협정이 중국이나 인도 등과 비교해서 미국에 상대적인 경제적 손실을 초래할 것을 예상하였기 때문 에 파리협정에서 탈퇴하는 결정을 내린 것으로 분석된다.

Ms. Hee Choon Oh was a Jeju Haenyeo(woman diver) and one of the few surviving victims of the Jeju 4.3 (1948). As a Haenyeo: Jeju society was very poor at the time during the Japanese colonial period and the division of the two Korea, especially after the Korean War, so she had to work regardless of gender. It was hard to go into the sea, but it was the only thing to support my family. In retrospect, Going out to work in the sea was like a life-threatening adventure every day. While there were many emergency moments, She becomes one with the sea and forgot all the pain. After having spent a lot of time together with the sea, I had to stop working as a Haenyeo because it was hard to take care of nine children after having heart surgery. I was able to receive Honorary Haenyeo through continuous exchanges and dedication to the society. As a victim of the Jeju 4.3: I had no choice but to explain it why I had to do work as a Haenyeo and to understand my life. I am a woman who chose the job of Haenyeo, but I have lived through the pain of the dark modern and contemporary history of Korea. The unfair one-year prison life that I wanted to hide even from my children hurt me all my life. Over the past 70 years, sharing pain with the sea, neighbors, and family, serving the region, and hopefully waiting for a better society and justice to come. and finally It was not until 2019, 70 years after 1948, that I was officially acquitted by a Korean court. I regained my honor as a Haenyeo and was able to get rid of my deep sadness.

We submit a proposal ‘Jeju 6+1 Forum in France : World Environment University in Korea and its Sister University in Strasbourg in 2022’ for a private meeting for the IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020 at Parc Chanot in Marseille to 7 to 15 January 2021. The purpose of this study is not only to practice both Jeju Environment or bio diplomacy utilizing UNESCO Environmental Assets but also actualize Jeju peace island cultural and educational diplomacy making use of peace-promoting image of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province through institutionalization of 6+1 Wonsan Culture Forum, Jeju Peace Concert, Global Youth Peace Documentary Film contest by people to people democracy at grassroots level

본고는 이성자의 1950-1960년대 프랑스에서의 활약을 ‘누벨 에콜 드 파리’의 관점에서 살펴본다. 전후 프랑스는 미국과 문화 종주국으로서의 입지를 두고 경쟁하는 와중 ‘에콜 드 파리’ 개념에 주목했고 ‘전통’과 ‘자연’을 중시하는 아시아 작가들을 대거 포함시켜 ‘누벨 에콜 드 파리’ 라 칭했다. 문화적 충돌과 번역을 거듭하는 ‘사이 공간’으로 작용했던 파리라는 특수한 장소에서, 이성자는 프랑스 미술에 대한 깊은 이해와 중국, 일본과 차별화되는 한국성을 은유적이고 혼성성이 두드러지는 작업을 통해 드러냈다. 이를 통해 이성자는 ‘누벨 에콜 드 파리’의 일원으로 인정 받고 국제적으로 활약한다.

본 논문에서는 공공성의 개념이 포함하는 가치와 그 가치가 실현되는 공간, 그리고 공적 가치를 구 현하는 기관으로서 뮤지엄의 성격을 규명하고, 공공성 실천을 촉매하는 뮤지엄 교육의 사회적 역할을 확인하고자 한다. 이를 위해 공공 뮤지엄의 연합 운영 전략을 성공적으로 구사하고 있는 파리 시립 뮤지엄 그룹의 사례를 살펴본다. 파리 시립 뮤지엄 그룹은 파리 시에 의해 2012년 6월 20일 탄생한 이 행정 공공체로, 파리 시내 15개의 뮤지엄과 유적지를 운영, 관리한다. 파리 시립 뮤지엄 그룹은 파리 시민들의 공적인 문화 인프라 확충을 목표로, 콜렉션의 보존, 활용과 확충, 새로운 기술 발전을 반영한 전시 기획, 국내외 다양한 문화 예술기관과의 협력을 주 업무로 한다. 이들이 궁극적으로 추구하는 바는 시민들의 문화예술향유 기회를 확대하는 것으로, 이를 위해 시민의 문화 접근성 향상을 주요 목표 중 하나로 설정하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 작은 규모의 공공 뮤지엄들의 생존 방식이자 운영 전략이라고 할 수 있는 파리 시립 뮤지엄 그룹의 공공성 강화를 위한 노력에 대해 살펴봄으로써, 우리 뮤지엄의 공공성을 강화 하는 방향을 모색해보고 앞으로의 공공 뮤지엄이 지녀야할 새로운 역할에 대해서 생각해보고자 한다.

In March 2014 the Myanmar Hluttaw, or Parliament, enacted the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission Law, which provided a statutory basis for a national human rights body in Myanmar. The Myanmar government declared to the United Nations Human Rights Council that the Enabling Law was compliant with the United Nations Paris Principles that set international standards for national human rights institutions. Despite the claims of the Myanmar government, however, critics charge the Enabling Law is insufficient, with detractors claiming the law leaves the MNHRC with anaemic powers incapable of advancing human rights. This paper responds to such issues by conducting an independent evaluation of the MNHRC Enabling Law under the Paris Principles. In doing so, the analysis treats the Enabling Law as a case study demonstrating how the Paris Principles can be exercised by third parties as the UN-supported international standards for national human rights institutions.

Substantial knowledge about how electronic word of mouth (eWOM) relates to influentials, or, individuals who either intentionally or unintentionally have a great impact on the network, is lacking because influence patterns are hardly quantifiable when human and societal components are not deeply understood. The eWOM networks in social media platforms drive the theoretical and practical progress of the social structure of eWOM and the social role of influentials. The purpose of this study is to explore the diffusion of eWOM in a Twitter network by drawing from the Diffusion of Innovation theory in conjunction with Social Network Analysis (SNA) approach. Through a large amount of data collected from Twitter regarding the terrorist attack in Paris on November 13, 2015, this study examined the social structure of eWOM network groups and identifies the social role of influential users in the network of #prayforparis. To identify influentials of eWOM in Twitter networks, SNA was conducted with NodeXL, which is an Excel add-in network analysis software. The Twitter data set was uploaded at 11 am, on November 17, 2015 by applying hashtag prayforparis through Twitter Search Network feature of NodeXL. A total of 19,592 tweets (vertices) were downloaded with a total of 20,297 edges (relations between vertices). “Justin Bieber” was identified as the most influential and dominant user in the network of #prayforparis because he has the highest in-degree (4,196) and highest betweenness centrality (51,772,745.861). Justin Bieber lost one of his friends in the terrorist attack, and his tweet about the sadness from the loss was retweeted more than 50,000 times and received 77,000 likes. Throughout the network, top word pairs respectively repeated more than 4,000 times were “thomas, prayforparis,” “rt, justinebieber,” “rip, thomas,” and “justinbiber, rip.” “Ally Brook” and “Louis Tomlin” ranked 3rd and 5th respectively with the highest betweenness centrality also demonstrated the celebrity power in the eWOM network of #prayforparis. While the three celebrities as dominant influentials were prominent in the Twitter network of #prayforparis, the social roles of fans were also acknowledged. The celebrities’ fans and fan sites have constantly diffused the celebrities’ posts by retweeting and by mentioning every tweet posted by the celebrities that they support. Without the celebrities and their fans, the #prayforparis network would have depicted a completely different style of diffusion of eWOM. The study confirmed social role of fans that constantly presented idiosyncratic manners by identifying and by linking to the public figure. The distinctive characteristics of the fans also enabled identifying the social role of the celebrity while spreading the new ideas with hashtag. The celebrity played a key role as an information hub even in a network of socio-political events such as the #prayforparis Twitter network. Thus, identified overwhelming influence of the celebrities in the eWOM network extends the areas of marketing choices and applicable strategies with celebrities.

2006년 “재래시장 및 상점가육성을 위한 특별법”이 시행된 이후 다수의 아케이드가 본격적으로 출현하게 되었다. 대부분 전통시장의 아케이드들이 구도심에 위치하고 있어 도시경관계획 측면에서 연구할 필요성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 현대 아케이드의 원형이 되는 파리 passages들의 역사를 소개하고 도시경관의 특성과 요소 측면에서 passages와 국내 아케이드를 비교하였다. 파리에 현존하는 17개와의 비교를 위한 국내 사례로서는 최근 전통시장 활성 화 사업이 활발히 이루어지고 있는 부산광역시 11개 전통시장의 아케이드 사례를 연구의 대상으로 선택하였다. 분석의 결과 파리의 passages는 기존 도로체계에 부가적으로 가로가 만들어지는 반면 부산의 아케이드는 기존도로체 계를 그대로 이용한다는 다른 점도 있었으나 보행네트워크를 구성한다는 공통점이 있었다. 또한 파리 passages의 경우 내부 가로입면의 대칭성과 통일성이 부산의 사례보다 더욱 강하게 나타났으며 내부가로의 경관적 요소의 사용 또한 파 리의 경우에 비해 부산의 아케이드는 매우 부족한 상태였다. 향후, 국내의 아케이드 설치에 있어 의장적 측면에 대한 더 많은 고려가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Today all nations in the world focus on remaining competitive advantage by adding high values to their fashion businesses. The most typical example of such added value is fashion collection. In case of London Fashion Week, which is among the world’s top 4 most famous fashion collections where more than 5,000 journalists and buyers from 25 nations can be expected every season, it has great contribution to the economic wealth of London. It induces consumption of 20 million GBP and economic production effects of one hundred million GBP. According to Joo (2009), one of the main purposes of fashion collections can be defined as the invigoration of international marketing and the creation of consumption demand. Fashion collections lead to increased direct sales and consumption demand by developing new products based on leading fashion trends that are presented in the collection. The so-called Big four collections in Paris, Milan, New York and London have their own Country of Origin (COO) image, which represents each country, cities, brands, products and services. For example, Paris collection has been established as luxury image with hand-made and Haute Couture. Not only fashion collection but also fashion brands have applied specific country characteristics to their fashion brand’s image. This serves as a critical factor of competitiveness that communicates an integrated image of brands to the customers. Also, within the purchase decision-making process, consumers consider COO as an important element. Therefore, organizer of fashion collections as well as brands that engage in such should consider COO as a key factor. Most of the previous studies about fashion collections focused on content analyses. For example, Joo (2009) compared characteristics and current situations between four major overseas cities’ collections and Seoul collection. Additionally, there are studies about fashion style, trend, design and textile. Characteristics of color change in 1990s fashion collection (Kim & Kim, 2007) and an analysis of design of hats and fashion images in collections (Jeong & Jeong, 2008) have been conducted as well. Previous studies related to COO mainly focused on the product (Bilkey & Nes, 1982) and how the image of the producing country affects product evaluation. Thus, the purposes of this study are 1) to examine of fashion collection’s COO and fashion brand image effects on brand evaluation and purchase intention, 2) to analyze differentiation factors of COO image, brand evaluation, purchasing intention on Seoul, New York and Paris collection. We surveyed Korean, American and French who have experience in their own country’s fashion collection and used SPSS 21 for data analysis. Fashion collection’s COO and brand image has a great effect on brand evaluation and purchase intention. Moreover, it seems to increase the purchase intention by affecting brand evaluation. Therefore, the results of the study are as follows. First, we can confirm that the better the fashion collection’s COO and fashion brand image, the higher brand evaluation and purchase intention is. Second, when assessing fashion collection’s COO image and fashion brand image, brand evaluation and purchase intention differ according to Korea, US and French national stereotypes. This study goes beyond the general product-centric COO studies and introduces the fashion collection’s COO that can be valuable research in terms of contribution not only to academia, but also to the industrial field.

The international community has been collaborated for the preservation of Angkor site in the last twenty years. This case which is the heritage conservation through cooperation is an exemplary instance for developing countries and warring nations. For this study, we analyze each of declarations that is adopted through three intergovernmental conferences for the preservation of Angkor and study how the policies of the conservation work. Tokyo Declaration at 1993 is included a pledge of the cooperation from all the countries of the world and an emergency measure and an advice of the policy for conservation on Angkor. Paris Declaration at 2003 is mentioned that the emergency measure for last ten years is effective for conservation of Angkor and emphasized the necessity of practical use of heritage like sustainable development and ethical sightseeing. Angkor Declaration at 2013 assures exertions of last 20 years and convinces that all of activities about Angkor is a commendable precedent to another World Heritages in danger. And it is mentioned a practical use of heritage which is more crucial and new conservation of Angkor.

France is known to be making particular efforts to maintain its traditional urban architectural culture by diverse measures including the implementation of urban policies. However, France is facing up to the need to pursue modern urbanization in keeping with the requirements of the current times. Thus, this paper examines with what priority France is attempting to reflect in its current urban policies its determination to retain its urban architectural tradition and to recreate its capital city of Paris as a future European hub city. To that end, the paper first seeks to analyze Paris' policies for urban architecture from diachronic perspectives in a bid to determine Paris' urban architectural culture. Second, the study attempts to examine within the purview of the paradigm of contemporary urban architectural designs how Paris is pursuing the two conflicting purposes of the preservation of tradition and modern urbanization through the Paris Local Urbanization Plan (or Plan Local d'Urbanisme [PLU]). First, the findings indicate that Paris is applying the principle of a sustainable development plan in all fields of environment, economy and society. In terms of environmental sustainability, Paris is trying to improve the life quality of its citizens through the establishment of efficient mass transportation systems and the expansion of its green belt areas. In terms of social sustainability, Paris is implementing policies to ensure social diversity through housing policies. Also, in terms of economic sustainability, Paris is trying to expand employment and bolster its urban functions by conserving commercial activities and developing peripheral urban areas. Second, the findings indicate that Paris' policy of recovering its traditions takes priority over that of creating a sustainable city.

System L amino acid transporter is a major route for providing living cells with neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. To elucidate the expression pattern of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) in the bone formation process, the expressions of LAT1 and its subunit 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc) were investigated in the healing process after the implantation of bone graft materials in the calvarial osseous defected rats. Circular calvarial defects (1 cm in diameter) were made midparietally. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. In the control group, the defect was only covered with soft tissue flap. In the experimental groups, they were filled with human particulate dentin (particulate dentin group), with plaster of Paris (plaster of Paris group) and with the mixture of human particulate dentin and plaster of Paris with ratio of 2 : 1 by weight (mixture group). The rats were sacrificed at the 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after operation and the RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemical analysis were performed. In the RT-PCR analysis, the mRNAs of LAT1 and 4F2hc were strongly detected in all 4 groups. In the immunohistochemical analysis, at 1 week after operation, the LAT1 protein and its subunit 4F2hc protein were mainly expressed in the osteoblasts, osteocytes and interstitial tissues of the around the defect and inner part of newly forming bone in all 4 groups. The expressions of LAT1 and 4F2hc proteins were decreased at 2 and 4 weeks after operation. The LAT1 and 4F2hc proteins were scarcely expressed at 8 weeks after operation in all 4 groups. These results suggest that the LAT1 and its subunit 4F2hc highly expressed at the early stage of new bone formation and may have an important role in providing cells with neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids at that stage.