We examined the efficacy of various pretreatment solutions on the postharvest longevity and quality of ‘Hessa’ cut spray roses (Rosa hybrida L.) to develop an inexpensive and innocuous preservative solution for the cut flower industry. Cut flowers were pretreated with 4 preservatives for 10 hours: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract (SC) at 300 μL·L-1, hydrosol (H), S. baicalensis Georgi extract 300 μL·L-1 + sucrose 1% (SC + Suc), and H + sucrose 1% (H + Suc). The results showed that pretreatment with all the solutions except H + Suc improved the postharvest longevity and extended the longevity of cut rose flowers. We found that 300 μL·L-1 of SC was the most effective preservative, which significantly prolonged the postharvest longevity in cut flowers from 9.7 days (control) to 14.1 days. The beneficial effects of 300 μL·L-1 SC pretreatment were associated with inhibition of bacterial accumulation at the basal portion of cut stems, enhanced water uptake, improved fresh weight, and a positive water balance. SC also effectively maintained chlorophyll fluorescence ratios in the leaves and reduced water stress in cut roses. The results demonstrate the potential of SC as an alternative preservative in the cut rose flower industry.

In this study, baicalin, as a marker substance of Scutellariae Radix, was quantitatively analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). We identified wogonoside, baicalein, and wogonin in the Scutellariae Radix by a high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS). The baicalin was separated on a Xterra C18 column (5 ㎛, 4.6 x 250 ㎜) using mobile phase consisting of 38% acetonitrile in 0.68% phosphoric acid. The baicalin spectrum in the Scutellariae Radix extracts was coincided by comparing with UV-visible spectrum (200-550 ㎚) of baicalin standard in the library. The amount of baicalin in Scutellariae Radix was 10.46%, which is higher than KFDA’s guideline. The marker substances of Scutellariae Radix showed a strong base peak [M]+ in the positive detection mode following as; baicalin (m/z; 271 [MH+-sugar]+, 447 [M+H]+), wogonoside (m/z; 285 [MH+-sugar]+, 461 [M+H]+), baicalein (m/z; 271 [M+H]+), wogonin (m/z; 285 [M+H]+). These results are consistent with the fragment pattern and molecular weight of standard components from literature.

Background:The purpose of improving the quality of oriental medicinal herbs is to contribute to the improvement of the income of farm. The present study investigated the effect of reasonable drying methods, different storage conditions and packageing materials on quality and stability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and for developing GAP (good agricultural practice) guide book.Methods and Results:Three methods of drying Scutellaria baicalensis roots produced over two years were used to estimate loss rate owing to drying, storage, and packaging. The methods of drying were categorized into natural drying (36 - 60 h by sunshine), drying with heat dryer (2 - 10 h), or drying with gas bulk dryer (2 - 10 h). After cleaning, and initial drying for a few days under controlled temperature conditions, the second phase of drying was carried out at 35, 45 and 55°C. Changes in hunter color values and quality under the two studied storage treatments (at 20°C indoors and at 4°C in a refigerator) were evaluated. Storage period for 60, 120, and 180 days in three packaging materials, PE (polyethylene package), PP (polypropylene gunnysack), and WP (watertight packing paper) were studied.Conclusions:Initial cleaning, reasonable gas drying and hot air drying, and drying in an oven at 35 and 45°C after cutting the roots resulted in the lowest loss rates in S. Baicalensis root. Hunter color valuse indicated that stroage of dry roots at room temperature was better than PP packaging, and that cold stroage was better than PE packaging for long-term stability.

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro greenhouse gas mitigation activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Seven starter cultures were used, comprising four of lactic acid bacteria and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ten grams of S. baicalensis Georgi powder was diluted in 90 mL autoclaved MRS broth. Each seed culture was inoculated with 3-10% (v/v) S. baicalensis Georgi MRS broth and incubated at 30℃ for 48 h. Among the starter cultures used, only Lactobacillus plantarum EJ43 could withstand the fermentation conditions. This fermentation broth was dried and extracted with ethanol to assess its antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro methane mitigation activities. The extract of S. baicalensis Georgi fermented by L. plantarum EJ43 (SBLp) showed higher antibacterial activity (bigger clear zone) compared to the unfermented S. baicalensis Georgi extract (SB0). SBLp also presented 1.2 folds higher antioxidant activity than SB0. During in vitro rumen fermentation, SBLp showed reduction in methane production compared to SB0 or the control. In conclusion, fermentation by L. plantarum EJ43 may enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities of S. baicalensis Georgi and decrease enteric methane production.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to reduce seeding expenses, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at 4℃ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm GA3 with the cold storage at 20℃ and 25℃, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 ㎝ apart in rows 30 ㎝ apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, N-P2O5-K2O (12-10-10) was applied at 600 ㎏• 10 a−1. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at 25℃ and cold storage after submerging in GA3. The highest seed yields (4.5 ㎏• 10 a−1) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions.

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SJ) is a perennial plant and its root has been used in oriental traditional medicine for treatment of fever, inflammation, diarrhea and anticancer effect, etc. In this study, plant tissue culture system for SJ was developed. Stem piece of younger plant was optimum explant for callus induction and growth on MS medium supplemented with NAA 1.0 ㎎/L plus BA 0.5 ㎎/L. Plantlet regeneration through callus culture was well on MS medium containing NAA 1.0 mg/L. SJ has been known biologically active substances such as baicalin, baiclein, and wogonin. This study was carried out to examine the effect of plant growth regulators for production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin through callus culture. The HPLC pattern of callus extract was identical to that of standard solution, it shows that the callus produced by tissue culture has the same flavonoids composition of SJ. Baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin production was 471.5~52.8 ㎍/g, 137.6~4.0 ㎍/g, and 16.6~1.3 ㎍/g, respectively, on MS media with nine different plant growth regulator combinations. This may indicate that plant tissue culture of SJ possible to produce the biologically active substances effectively.

Some flavonoids such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin and skullcapflavone are present in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as main components. We fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (it called as SB) extract with mycelium of Leatiporus sulphureus var. miniatus, Grifola frondosa and lsaria japonica respectively for 6 days. As a result, we found that baicalin was converted into baicalein through bioconversion process only when fermented by mycelium of Leatiporus sulphureus var. miniatus, but not by other. We confirmed that baicalein was increased from 3241.4 ppm to 18622.6 ppm while baicalin was decreased from 35970.5 ppm to 11833.8 ppm after fermentation by HPLC analysis. It ment that bioconversion by fermentation increased baicalein contents 5.8 times (It called as G/Baiclein).

본 연구에서는 소염, 항염 작용이 뛰어난 작물로 알려진 황금을 유산균인 Lactobacillus rhamnosus를이용해 발효를 통한 황금의 추출물에 대한 추출공정별 항염증 효과 증진을 측정하였다. 추출 공정으로는 일반열수추출(WE), 일반 70% 에탄올 추출(EE), L. rhamnosus 발효 열수 추출(FWE), L. rhamnosus 발효 70%에탄올 추출(FEE)로 나누어 진행하였다. 각각의 추출 공정별 수율 측정결과 발효 70% 에탄올 추출이 25.9%로최대 수율을 얻었으며, 발효 열수 추출, 일반 70% 에탄올 추출, 일반 열수 추출 순으로 높은 수율을 얻었다.추출 공정별 세포독성 측정에서 발효 황금 에탄올 추출물의 농도가 1.0 mg/mL일때 9.8%로 가장 낮은 세포독성을 나타냈으며, 일반 에탄올 추출의 경우 22.6%로 가장 높은 세포 독성을 가졌다. Hyaluronidase 저해 효과는 발효 황금 에탄올 추출물의 농도가 1.0 mg/mL에서 최대 46.8%의 hyaluronidase 저해 활성을 보였으며,NO 생성량 및 PGE2 생성량 측정도 1.0 mg/mL 농도의 발효 황금 에탄올 추출물이 각각 36%의 최대 NO 생성량 감소 및 810 pg/mL의 낮은 PGE2 값을 나타냈다. 따라서 황금의 항염증 관련 효과를 위한 최적 추출 공정으로는 발효를 통한 황금의 70% 에탄올 추출 수율이 가장 높았으며, 이에 따라 항염증 관련 생리활성 물질이보다 더 많이 용출됨을 확인할 수 있다.