Based on the nonlinear static analysis and the approximate seismic evaluation method adopted in “Guidelines for seismic performance evaluation for existing buildings, two methods to calculate strength demand for retrofitting individual structural walls in unreinforced masonry buildings are proposed.” The displacement coefficient method to determine displacement demand from nonlinear static analysis results is used for the inverse calculation of overall strength demand required to reduce the displacement demand to a target value meeting the performance objective of the unreinforced masonry building to retrofit. A preliminary seismic evaluation method to screen out vulnerable buildings, of which detailed evaluation is necessary, is utilized to calculate overall strength demand without structural analysis based on the difference between the seismic demand and capacity. A system modification factor is introduced to the preliminary seismic evaluation method to reduce the strength demand considering inelastic deformation. The overall strength demand is distributed to the structural walls to retrofit based on the wall stiffness, including the remaining walls or otherwise. Four detached residential houses are modeled and analyzed using the nonlinear static and preliminary evaluation procedures to examine the proposed method.

본 논문은 유한요소법과 유전알고리즘을 연동하여 지진하중을 받는 구조물의 강성저하(손상) 및 보강 후 효과를 추정하는 방법을 다루었다. 본 연구의 독창성은 지진하중을 적용하였고, 그 응답으로부터 구조물의 미지 변수를 추정한다는 점이다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법은 지진하중으로부터 손상된 부위를 추정할 뿐 아니라, 그 위치와 정도를 규명할 수 있다. 제안한 방법을 검증하기 위하여 El Centro 및 포항 지진하중을 적용하여 저층 뼈대구조물와 트러스 교량을 대상으로 알고리즘을 실행하였다. 수치해석 예제는 제안한 방법이 수치해석적인 효율성 뿐 아니라 지진으로부터의 심각한 피해를 예방하는 데 적용할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquakes led Koreans to acknowledge that the Korean peninsula is not an earthquake-free zone anymore. Among various buildings crucial to after-shock recovery, general hospital buildings, especially existing old ones, are very significant so seismic retrofitting of those must be an important issue. Self-centering energy dissipative(SCED) brace is one of retrofitting methods, which consists of tendon with restoring force and friction device capable of dissipating seismic energy. The strength of the SCED brace is that the tendon forces a structure to go back to the original position, which means residual drift can be negligible. The residual drift is a very important parameter to determine usableness of general hospitals after shock. To the contrary, buckling-restrained braces(BRB) are also a very effective way to retrofit because they can resist both compressive and tensile, but residual drift may exist when the steel core yields. On this background, the seismic retrofitting effect of general hospitals reinforced with SCED braces was investigated and compared to that of the BRD in this study. As a result, although the floor acceleration cannot be reduced, the story drift and residual drift, and the shear demand of walls significantly decreased. Consequently, seismic retrofitting by SCED braces are very effective for domestic low-rise general hospitals.

The interest for the stability of the structures against earthquake, which is increasing recently, is rapidly increasing. But, currently, school buildings among the reinforced concrete(RC) structures in Korea are not designed with seismic design or there are many cases of being designed with the old seismic design code, so it is estimated to have not only lives but also a great deal of economic damage are likely to occur when an earthquake occurs. In this study, proposed horizontal friction system(HFS) with rotary friction damper installed as a method to reinforce strength and hardness and to increase ductility for the low story structure of 5 stories or lower such as school buildings. For the seismic retrofitting design with horizontal friction system in which rotary friction damper is installed, Peak displacement response ratio according to elastic and inelastic behavior and ductility demand is calculated to decide elastic stiffness and strength of the HFS, design model and procedure to decide the capacity of HFS thereof is decided, and the feasibility and performance are reviewed through pushover analysis.

In this study, the seismic performance of RC school buildings which were not designed according to earthquake-resistance design code were evaluated by using response spectrum and push-over analyses. From the results of analysis, the efficiency of the seismic retrofitting methods RC shear wall, steel frame, RC frame and PC wing wall for existing RC school buildings was evaluated and analysised. The analysis result indicate that the inter-story drift concentrated in the first floor and most plastic hinge forms in the column of the first story. And results of analysis of the efficiency of the seismic retrofitting indicate that inter-story drift significantly reduced and ductile behavior is expected.

본 논문에서는 기존 도로교의 합리적이고 일관적인 내진성능향상 방법 선정을 위한 가중치 평가기법을 제안하였다. 한반도의 증가하는 지진위험도를 반영하여, 현재 기존교량의 내진성능향상 작업이 다양한 공법을 이용하여 진행 중이나 최적의 공법을 선정하기 위한 적절한 판단기준이 부재한 형편이다. 이에 제안한 기존가중치 평가기법은 구조적 적합성, 경제성, 환경적 영향, 시공성, 유지관리 측면의 다섯 가지 영향인자의 가중치를 부여하여 최적의 내진 보강방안을 선정하는 방법이다. 제안된 가중치 평가기법을 공용중인 도로교 160개교에 적용한 결과 최고점수는 실제 최종 보강방안과 대부분 일치하여 적절한 가중치로 설정되었다고 판단된다. 제안하는 방법을 기존교량의 내진 보강방안 선정 시에 활용한다면, 사회적 비용을 최소화하는 보다 합리적이고 일관적인 보강이 가능할 것이다.

Earthquake resistant design was introduced to Korea in 1988 for tall buildings, in 1992 for highway bridges and even earlier than that for nuclear power plants. The apartments designed by large unit housing planning was constructed by tunnel form method for the construction convenient in 1980. As a results, many structures without any seismic resistance capacity were built during the 80’s. In this paper, to improve the seismic capacity in wall-slab joint, experiments which improve and retrofit a seismic capacity by steel reinforcing, unequal angle bracing, carbon sheet attachment are carried out. These methods also are economic and simple in mitigating seismic hazard, improving earthquake-resistance performance, and reducing the risk level of building occupants. Consequently these methods were confirmed its effectiveness in improving the seismic performance were confirmed its effectiveness.

Earthquake resistance design has been developed many countries like Japan, USA, Mexico, New Zealand etc., which countries have experienced many earthquakes. Nowadays, earthquake resistance design has come into worldwide use. In Korea, the seismic design regulations have been established since 1988 in order to minimize the economic losses. Recently performance based design method has been adopted as a new Earthquake resistance design method. These regulations, however, are targeted for newly constructed buildings, In Korea, there are no regulations for existing buildings that built before 1988. On the other hand, in Japan and USA, the seismic performance evaluation is coded. In Japan, the evaluation index which can measure seismic performance has been made. So, we need to prepare the regulations that evaluate the seismic performance, furthermore proper retrofitting design guideline needs to be proposed when remodeling old buildings. In this research, various seismic performance evaluation methods which are being used in Japan and USA are reviewed in order to establish seismic performance evaluation index for those existing old structures in Korea.

The structure which was designed until then had no resistance to earthquake, since enforcement ordinance for seismic design was established in 1988. Most of mid or low story building have no resistance to earthquake, though it is the structure which was designed since then. Prior to this experiment, the experiment, which was repair and retrofit method for seismic performance progress of the reinforcement structure which was not designed to be protected from an earthquake, had been performed and obtained good results. The aim of study is that repair the structure and evaluate seismic performance of the repaired structure in the case of the structure damaged by earthquake.

This paper studied the efficiency of retrofitting of reinforced concrete structure which was not designed to endure an earthquake. The earthquake in Kobe, Japan showed that there was a great possibility of having an earthquake even in big city and the damages were concentrated on mid or low story buildings which were not considered to be protected from an earthquake. This experiment used reinforced concrete structure which restrained side-by-side displacement-to test durability against an earthquake. This study deals with the structural performance of reinforced concrete frame structures strengthened with steel materials.

본 논문에서는 오래된 원자력발전소의 내진검증과 관련한 USI A-46 문제의 해결에 사용될 수 있는 캐비닛의 내진보강방안에 대해 연구하였다. 캐비닛 구조물의 동적거동특성을 파악하기 위하여 3종류의 모델링을 수행하였고 그 결과를 비교하였다. 또한 ICRS(In Cabinet Reponse Spectrum)의 저감을 위하여 1) 보강프레임, 2)감쇠기 설치, 3) 동조질량감쇠기 등 세 가지 내진보강방안에 대하여 구조물의 응답을 산정하였다. 해석결과, 가새보강 및 감쇠기를 설치하는 보강방법에서는 보강전의 구조물보다 큰 ICRS가 얻어지는 경우가 발생해 보강시 많은 주의가 요구된다. 동조질량감쇠기의 사용은 좋은 제진효과를 보였으나 실구조물과 정확한 진동특성을 반영한 모델의 작성이 중요한 것으로 판단되었다.

전 세계적으로 지진발생이 빈번하고 많은 인명피해와 사회기반시설물의 피해가 발생하고 있다. 지진에 대한 보수, 보강기법에 대 한 연구가 많이 있었지만 대부분은 강성보강형태로 반복적인 하중이 구조물에 작용하면 2차적 피해가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 강성보강이 아 닌 연성보강형태의 보수, 보강기법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 철근 콘크리트 기둥 부재에 적용할 수 있는 보강 공법으로써 폴리머계의 고인성 과 고연성 효과를 나타내는 경질형 폴리우레아를 내진보강용 재료로 선택하였고 재료의 열화 및 내화학적 특성에 대한 내구 성능을 평가하였 다. 내구 성능 평가는 폴리우레아의 산 환경 및 자외선 노출 시험을 실시하였고, 폴리우레아를 도포한 콘크리트의 탄산화 노출 및 동결융해 시 험을 실시하였다. 내진보강용 폴리우레아는 모든 시험을 통하여 내구성능과 저항능력이 우수한 것으로 판단되며 추후 내진 보강 재료로써 유 용하게 사용될 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the strain characteristics of frame retrofitting grid-type seismic member. The experimental investigation consisted of a cyclic load tests of one story-one bay reinforced concrete frame retrofitting grid-type seismic member.

In this study, experimental research was carried out to evaluate and improve the seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam-column joint regions using strengthening materials (CFRP sheet, AFRP sheet, embedded CFRP rod) in existing reinforced concrete structure. Therefore it was constructed and tested seven specimens retrofitting the beam-column joint regions using such retrofitting materials. Specimens, designed by retrofitting the beam-column joint regions of existing reinforced concrete structure, were showed the stable failure mode and increase of load-carrying capacity due to the effect of crack control at the times of initial loading and confinement of retrofitting materials during testing. Specimens LBCJ-CRUS, designed by the retrofitting of CFRP Rod and CFRP Sheet in reinforecd beam-column joint regions were increased its maximum load carrying capacity by 1.54 times and its energy dissipation capacity by 2.36 times in comparison with standard specimen LBCJ for a displacement ductility of 4 and 7. And Specimens LBCJ-CS, LBCJ-AF series were increased its energy dissipation capacity each by 2.04~2.34, 1.63~3.02 times in comparison with standard specimen LBCJ for a displacement ductility of 7.

This study is about earthquake-proof reinforcement through structural function evaluation of an existing structure. The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze structure reinforcement measures in consideration of safety and usability through structural function evaluation of existing structures, to offer rational measures for earthquake-proof function and to provide help in maintaining safe structures against earthquake. For this purpose, was selected for this study as an existing school building, earthquake-proof function evaluation was conducted, and measures to reinforce earthquake-proof function was offered. As for the research method, the first and the second earthquake-proof function evaluations were conducted which is an existing reinforced concrete school building. Through the abovementioned methods, earthquake-proof function evaluations were conducted, the results were analyzed and the measure to reinforce earthquake-proof function were offered(reinforcement brace, RC shear wall reinforcement). The offered measure to reinforce earthquake-proof function was applied to the subject structure, and comprehensive results were derived from earthquake-proof function evaluation regarding before and after earthquake-proof function reinforcement.

In this study, we model the pillars was actually performed finite element analysis while changing the amount of reinforcement in the top and bottom of the column the FRP sheet. The behavior of reinforced concrete structures and reinforced by examining the optimal amount of FRP reinforcement decided.

최근 세계적으로 뉴질랜드 크라이스트처치 지진(규모 6.3), 아이티 지진(규모 7.0), 중국 쓰촨성 지진(규모 7.9) 등의 지진발생 횟수가 증가하고 지진규모도 대형화 되는 추세이며, 우리나라에서도 대형지진발생 가능성이 제기되고 있다. 지진이 발생할 경우 국내 기존 저층건축물의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 조적조 건축물의 피해가 상당할 것으로 예상된다. 조적조 건축물은 연직하중에 대해서는 상당한 저항력을 가지고 있으나, 연성능력이 부족하여 지진 등과 같은 횡하중에 대하여 매우 취약한 단점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 조적조 건축물은 지진에 대한 예방책이 마련되어 있지 않은 실정이며, 이러한 피해를 막기 위해서 조적벽체의 내진성능 평가 및 국내 실정에 적합한 내진보강기법의 개발이 절실히 필요하다. 조적조 건축물의 내진성능을 확보하기 위해서 선행연구1)에서 지진취약부 보강을 위한 보강공법이 제안되었다. 본 연구에서는 제안된 내진보강공법의 적용유무에 따른 비보강/내진보강 조적벽체의 파괴모드 및 내진성능을 파악하고 실험결과 분석을 통해 제안된 내진보강공법의 효과를 검증하고자 한다. 조적벽체의 내진성능을 파악하기 위한 실험을 통해 조적벽체의 개구부 유무에 따른 파괴양상과 전단내력의 변화 등을 관찰하고, 제안된 내진보강방법을 적용한 변수 실험을 통해 제안된 공법이 내진성능에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 내진보강방법은 지진취약부 보강 위주로 설계되었으며, 기존의 조적조 건축물의 내진보강방법을 조사하여 시공성 및 경제성 면에서 뛰어난 면외방향 보강을 위한 메탈라스와 지진취약부를 보강하는 강판을 부착하는 형태를 사용하였다. 비보강 조적벽체는 Rocking과 Sliding에 의한 파괴와 개구부가 있는 시험체의 경우에는 개구부 전단균열이 발생하였다. 비보강 조적벽체의 실험결과를 분석하여 메탈라스와 강판으로 보강하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 내진보강방법을 적용한 조적벽체는 비보강 조적벽체 정적실험에 비해서 강성, 강도, 연성능력 면에서 우수하였다.