전기공사 분리발주 제도는 전기설비의 시공품질 향상과 전기공사업의 경쟁력 강화를 위하여 지난 1976년 도입된 이후 현재까지 운영되고 있다. 국민들의 실 생활과 산업 발전에 필수적인 전기를 효율적이고 안정적으로 사용하기 위해서 는 고품질의 전기설비를 구축하는 것이 요구된다. 제도 도입 이후 전기공사 분 리발주를 통해 당초의 취지에 맞게 시공 품질 향상과 중소기업의 경쟁력 강화 라는 성과를 내며 운영되고 있다. 하지만, 전기공사 분리발주 제도가 완전히 정착되었다고 평가할 수는 없는 상황이다. 국가, 지자체, 공공기관 등 공공발주 자는 전기공사업을 준수하여 분리발주를 지키고 있으나, 민간 영역에서는 아 직 분리발주 제도가 익숙하지 않고, 입찰과 발주 관련 전문성도 부족하여 분리 발주를 지키기 어려운 상황에 있다. 또한, 공공 영역에서도 기술제안 입찰과 민간투자사업 등이 분리발주 예외공사로 운영되고 있어 당초 분리발주 제도의 도입 취지에도 역행하고 있는 실정이다. 전세계적인 탄소중립 추진과 화석에 너지 저감 정책으로 친환경 에너지로 평가받고 있는 전기에너지의 수요는 폭 발적으로 증가할 것으로 예상되기 때문에 고품질의 전기설비를 생산할 수 있 도록 법과 제도의 정비가 반드시 요구된다. 이에 전기공사 분리발주 제도를 공 고히 하기 위해서는 분리발주 이행기반 구축, 인센티브 제공과 더불어 이를 위 반할 경우 처벌강화 등의 제도적 보완을 만들어 가야 할 것이다.

Compound characters in oracle bone inscriptions refer to the form of two or three oracle bone characters combined together. These characters, formed after combination, are called compound characters and represent one of the structural features of oracle bone scripts. The phenomenon of compound characters is prevalent among river names in oracle bone inscriptions. Based on this observation, we propose that the formation of river names in oracle bone inscriptions was initially the combinations of geographic names and rivers, and these compound character forms have generally gone through a development process from separate characters to compound characters. Through the study of the structure formation of river names in oracle bone inscriptions, a deeper understanding of the people’s perceptions of river systems and geographical environments during the Shang Dynasty can be obtained, as well as the relationship between geographic names and rivers.

The rapid digital transformation and the ever-changing needs of consumers have provided both academia and practice a stimulating setting and chance for grasping evolving opportunities and reinventing the traditional marketing approaches. Agility is one emergent approach to manage challenges like increasing uncertainty or high volatility. Due to its relative novelty, the extant academic literature on marketing agility is narrow, and although the operationalization of the construct is slowly expanding, there is yet the need for further refinement of the definition, the construct, terminology, and its dimensions. Similarly, in practitioner circles there is a growing “buzz” about implementing agile practices (e.g., continuous feedback-learning cycles, collaboration, flexibility, and speed) in the field of marketing to manage changing market environments. What exactly makes an organization, a department, or a team agile is, however, still blurred.

최근 전 세계적으로 지진 발생빈도가 급증하면서 초고층 건축물에 다양한 피해가 발생하고 있다. 특히 고층 건물에 가해지는 수평하중이 구조물의 주요 구조요소 뿐만 아니라 외부 패널의 파손으로 유리 외장재가 낙하하는 등 2차 피해가 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 문제의 심각성을 고려하여 비구조 요소에 대한 2차 손상 방지 방안을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서 는 기존 건축물 외부 패널이 가진 문제점에 대하여 실대형 시험과 유한요소 해석을 토대로 구조적 성능을 분석하고 취약부를 도출하였으며, 이를 보완하기 위해 층간 분리형 커튼월 모듈과 이동형 패스너를 적용한 커튼월 모듈에 대한 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과를 바탕으로 기존 커튼월과 비교시 구조적 안정성을 확보할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

This study is to improve the efficiency of BTL (Build Transfer Lease) project operation by comparing the infiltration rate based on the data of 5 years of infiltration of the separate sewer system and combined sewer system. In the survey site, the separate sewer system area consists of eight flowmeters in seven treatment basins, and the combined sewer system area consists of eight flowmeters in five treatment basins. The infillration rate was analyzed by night-time domestic flow evaluation method, and the average infiltration rates of the separate sewer system and combined sewer system were 13% and 16%, respectively. Combined sewer system was about 1.3 times higher than the separate sewer system. The average BOD of separate sewer system was 233 mg/L, which was about 2.4 times higher than the combined sewer system was 107 mg/L. In the comparison of the average pipe diameter-length infiltration of separate sewer system and combined sewer system, the separate sewer system and the combined sewer system were about 0.150 m3/d/mm/km and about 0.109 m3/d/mm/km, respectively. The floating population in mixed residential and commercial areas has been identified as the cause. Therefore, we propose a method to calculate the infiltration rate in consideration of the margin ratio in the area where the night active population is concentrated.

도로측구는 도로 노면배수 기능 및 도로포장 양단면에 구조적 지지력을 제공하고, 주행차로로부터 분리된 공간을 확보함으로써 차량이 도보로 침입하는 것을 방지하여 안전성 확보를 하는 기능을 가지고 있다. 하지만, 도로측구는 예상치 못한 차량하중 재하 및 극심한 환경 및 기후조건 등의 영향으로 손상을 입는 경우가 많으며, 특히 측구 시공 시 기존면 처리 미숙으로 인한 반사균열이 발생하는 사례가 많다. 본 연구에서는, 도로측구 반사균열 저감을 위해서 합성 분리막의 적용성을 실내, 수치해석, 현장실험을 통해 평가하였으며, 평가결과 도로측구 시공 및 유지보수에 효율성이 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of sewerage facilities through I/I analysis by rainfall by selecting areas where storm overflow diverging chamber is remained due to the non-maintenance drainage equipment when the sewerage system was reconstructed as a separate sewer system. Research has shown that wet weather flow(WWF) increased from 106.2% to 154.8% compared to dry weather flow(DWF) in intercepting sewers, and that the WWF increased from 122.4% to 257.6% in comparison to DWF in storm overflow diverging chamber. As a result, owing to storm overflow diverging chamber of partially separate sewer system with untreated tributary of sewage treatment plant, rainfall-derived infiltration/inflow(RDII) has been analyzed 2.7 times higher than the areas without storm overflow diverging chamber. Meanwhile, infiltration quantity of this study area was relatively higher than that of other study areas. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce infiltration quantity through sewer pipe maintenance nearby river. Drainage equipment maintenance should be performed not to operate storm overflow diverging chamber in order to handle the appropriate sewage treatment plant capacity for rainfall because it is also expected that RDII due to rain will occur after maintenance. In conclusion, it is necessary to recognize aRDII(allowance of rainfall-derived infiltration/inflow) and to be reflected it on sewage treatment plant capacity because aRDII can occur even after maintenance to the complete separate sewer system.

The presence of the microorganisms of untreated canals is one of the main reasons of the failure in the endodontic treatment. The knowledge of variations in the canal systems of the tooth is important for the successful endodontic treatment. In the maxillary molars, the presence of the two separate palatal roots is very rare variations. Although there have been several case reports of maxillary first and second molars, the case reports of maxillary third molars are very few. This case report presents the endodontic treatment of a maxillary third molar with two separate palatal roots. It is important to notice the clinical signs and analyze the radiographs carefully. The use of a microscope is helpful for the visualization of pulpal chamber, and pulpal chamber floor should be investigated thoroughly with endodontic explorer. The straight-line access for all the canal orifices is important for the success in the endodontic trea

This study is prepared on the ground of consulting business in an objective of an improvement of productivity that was proceeded on industrious-purpose reel manufacturer, S corp. the purpose of this study is to achieve an improvement of productivity of the production line of industrious-purpose reel via 4M analysis and separate team activities. The method for study was proceeded with 4M analysis via video recording, one of the steps of separate team activities. Separate team activity is newly established concept, indicating what is modified and expanded partial process among previously existing 6-Sigma methodologies so that measures of various variables in the manufacturing production line are applied. The first procedure is a 4M analysis via video recording. firstly, consultant records videos for relevant process, conducting 4M analysis based on collected data to derive wasting factors in each process. Secondly, it is a procedure to derive and select proper measures, meaning that measures for removing wasting factors based on derived results are elicited, selecting a measure with high probability of application via negotiation between consultants and separate teams. The last procedure is an application of selected measures to real production line, reflecting an environment of production field to derive an effect of increasing practical productivity rather than a qualitative effect as a measure with trust and flexibility.

Project owner, asbestos removal specialist, experts on asbestos removal work, as counter parts to be defined in the study to make out research goals have been asked with questionnaire survey and replied with 65, 275, 32 cases, respectively. And additionally, direct interview 73 sheets have been collected to find out current status of required engineers and equipments assigned and provided to the field, from them, three(3) concerned parties. Questionnaire subjects are composed of common items, reasonable unit cost, need of separate contract-awarding system, status of performing standard contract, status of providing legal engineers and equipments. Concentrated review of two~three questions by subject has been made to find out and compare idea results between three(3) concerned parties. First, legal and practical work status survey have been made to determine reasonability of introducing separate contract-awarding system, as a part of ensuring reasonable unit work cost. And then, two different status have been compared and there is introduction possibility of separate contract-awarding system, it is found out. The possibility of separate contract also has been confirmed by comparison of domestic legal grounds. Justificating grounds to introduce separate contract-awarding system have been shown. Standard contract status between asbestos removal specialists has been compared using two cases of providing removal work contract and receiving it. It is shown that case of 50 percent or less contains 38.5% when they receive contract, but only 10 percent reduction of original contract amount has been made when they provide it. It means that asbestos removal specialists do not keep occupational safety and health regulations.

바이오매스는 지속가능한 에너지원의 일종으로 다양한 공정에 따라 바이오 에탄올, 바이오 디젤, 바이오 가스 등으로 회수하여 석유자원의 대체제로 사용 가능하다. 그 중 목질계 바이오매스는 주로 셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스, 리그닌으로 이루어져 있으며, 셀룰로오스는 바이오 에탄올 등의 연료화를 통해 이용되고 있으나, 리그닌의 경우 펄프 공정 내 부산물로 여겨져 단순 연소를 통한 열에너지원으로서의 역할을 하고 있다. 하지만 리그닌은 자연에서 가장 많이 존재하는 페놀성 고분자 화합물의 일종으로, 이를 이용한 페놀 수지, 에폭시 수지, 접착제 등의 화학약품화 및 탄소섬유로 소재화하는 등의 리그닌 부가가치화 연구사례가 많아지고 있다. 본 연구 대상인 폐목재는 2015년 기준 연간 약 170만 톤이 발생하고 있으며 약 70%가 재활용되어지고 있으나, 3등급 폐목재의 경우 가공과정에서 페인트, 기름, 방부제, 접착제 등 다량의 불순물이 함유되어 재활용 시 많은 제약을 두고 있다. 이러한 폐목재의 특성을 고려한 재활용 방안에 대한 연구의 필요성이 존재한다. 본 연구는 3등급 폐목재를 대상으로 organosolv 전처리법을 이용한 최적 리그닌 분해 조건 도출 및 UF/NF 멤브레인 시스템 적용을 통한 폐목재 내 목적으로 하는 분자량을 가진 리그닌의 고순도 분리 추출을 목적으로 하고 있다. 또한 분리된 리그닌의 FT-IR, NMR, TGA 분석을 통해 폐목재 리그닌의 재활용 가능성을 검토해보고자 한다.

In the past, the role of incineration facilities was mainly to reduce waste and stabilize disposed material. However, as a key aspect of waste management policy, the concept of “waste Minimization and sustainable resource circulation society” has become an issue, and the effective use of waste has been emphasized. As a result, to promote the recycling of wastes from January 1, 2018, the Framework Act on Resource Circulation has been implemented. In this study, estimation factors that can affect the increase of energy recovery are selected by reviewing the estimation method of industrial waste incineration facilities having a separate boiler; moreover, the effect of calculation factors on energy recovery was quantitatively evaluated. According to this study, when the heat loss, condensate temperature, and power consumption decrease by 10%, the energy recovery of the target facilities increase by 0.4% (0.22 ~ 0.63%), 1.09% (0.57 ~ 1.32%), and 1.16% (0.52 ~ 2.13%) on an average.