본 연구의 목적은 예비영유아교사의 행복감, 스마트폰 중독, SNS 중독의 관계에 대하여 알아보는 것이다. 연구 대상은 경기도 소재 4년제 및 3년제 영유아교육 관련학과에 재학 중인 남녀 대학생 220명이었다. 수집된 설문조사 결과는 SPSS 20.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 예비영유아교사의 행복감, 스마트폰 중독, SNS 중독 정도로는 행복감에서 외적행복의 평균이 3.64(SD=.54)로 가장 높았으며 내적행복이 3.32(SD=0.73), 조절행복이 3.08(SD=0.69)로 나타났고, 스마트폰 중독에서는 내성에 대한 평균이 2.10(SD=.73)으로 가장 높았으며, 일상생활장애가 2.10(SD=.73), 금단이 2.09(SD=.71)이었으며, 가상세계지향의 평균이 1.67(SD=.63)로 가장 낮았다. SNS 중독에서는 몰입 및 내성에 대한 평균이 2.26(SD=.57) 로 가장 높았으며, 조절실패 및 일상생활장애 2.14(SD=.56), 부정정서의 회피 2.11(SD=.56)이 었으며, 가상세계지향의 평균이 1.87(SD=.48)로 가장 낮았다. 둘째, 예비영유아교사의 행복감, 스마트폰 중독, SNS 중독의 상관관계에서는 행복감이 높을수록 스마트폰 중독과 SNS 중독은 낮게 나타났고, 내적 행복감이 높을수록 몰입 및 내성, 가상세계지향성 및 금단에 대한 중독성은 낮아진다는 결과가 나왔다.

Background: Numerous studies have used smartphone applications to measure the range of motion in different joints. In addition, studies measuring the active range of motion (AROM) of the craniocervical joint have revealed high reliability. However, the subjects in these studies were all healthy subjects. No study has yet been conducted to measure the inter-rater reliability for the AROM of the craniocervical joint in stroke patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the AROM of the craniocervical joint using a smartphone. Methods: The participants included 21 subjects who had strokes (17 males and 4 females). Two raters evaluated six types of craniocervical AROM, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, rotation to the hemiplegic side, and rotation to the non-hemiplegic side, using a goniometer and a smartphone to investigate inter-rater reliability. The inter-rater reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The inter-rater reliability of the smartphone was good for extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, and rotation to the hemiplegic side [ICC(2,k)=.86∼.88] and excellent for flexion [ICC(2,k)=.95]. The inter-rater reliability for rotation to the non-hemiplegic side was moderate [ICC(2,k)=.72]. Conclusion: These results suggest that the smartphone offers high inter-rater reliability for measurements of the craniocervical AROM in patients with stroke.

In recent years, the use of smartphones is becoming more common with the pace of development of society, and the development of technologies utilizing smartphones is proceeding rapidly. Although most LBS technologies are used in combination with a GPS system, there is a disadvantage that it is difficult to receive GPS signals according to the characteristics of buildings. Therefore, in this paper we conducted a study on the smartphone users’ indoor position estimation only using the built-in sensor of smartphone without a connection with smart devices, and it showed that the accuracy was increased.

본 연구는 부모의 스마트폰 중독이 유아의 놀이성에 미치는 영향에서 유아의 스마트기기 이용수준의 매개효과를 밝히고자 했다. 이를 위해 만 3∼5세 유아와 그들의 어머니 259명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 R version 3.5.1과 Mplus Version 7.4 Base Program Single-User을 이용하여 분석했다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모의 스마트폰 중독은 유아의 놀이성에 부적인 영향을 미쳤으나 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준에는 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 유아의 놀이성에 대해 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준은 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 부모의 스마트폰 중독과 유아의 놀이성의 관계에서 유아의 미디어기기 이용수준도 부분 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 스마트 기기를 사용할 수밖에 없는 현대인의 삶에서 유아의 스마트기기 이용 수준이 유아의 놀이성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인임을 시사한다.

Background: At present time, smartphones have become very popular and powerful devices, and smartphone applications with the good validity have been designed to assess human balance ability. Objects: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of smartphone acceleration in the assessment of postural control ability for six different conditions. Methods: Twenty healthy college-aged individuals volunteered. Static balance ability was measured twice with one-day interval using smartphone application and 3D motion capture system under the six different conditions. Results: Dominant frequencies for each test condition did not show significant differences except for two conditions. The intra-rater correlation coefficient between the first and second tests showed high correlations in six conditions(r>.70, p<.05). Smartphone acceleration and the acceleration calculated from the 3D marker position data showed high correlation coefficient(r>.80, p<.001). Conclusion: Acceleration recorded from a smartphone could be useful assessment variables for balance test in the clinical field.

본 연구는 어머니의 놀이신념 및 참여와 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입 간의 관련성을 살펴봄으로써, 디지털 시대를 살아가는 현대 유아기 부모의 바람직한 역할 및 놀이지도 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 만 3-5세 유아 어머니 267명을 대상으로 놀이신념 및 참여도, 자녀의 스마트폰 몰입수준을 알아보고 그 관계성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 어머니의 놀이 신념 중 놀이지지 신념이 학습중심 신념보다 높았으며, 놀이신념 수준이 높은 것에 비해 놀이참여 수준은 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 배경변인 중 취업유무, 자녀수, 월 소득, 학력 등에서 놀이신념의 차이가 있었고, 자녀의 출생순위에 따라 놀이참여 빈도수준이 다르게 나타났다. 스마트폰 과몰입 수준은 어머니의 연령대에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 어머니의 놀이신념과 놀이참여, 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입 간의 관계에서 어머니의 놀이지지 신념과 스마트폰 과몰입 간에 부적 상관을 보였으며, 학습중심 신념과 스마트폰 과몰입 간은 정적 상관이 나타났다. 또한 어머니의 놀이참여에서 평일과 주말 놀이시간, 놀이참여 빈도, 놀이참여 수준이 높을수록 유아의 스마트폰 과몰입은 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

Mobile shopping motivations affects the interaction between mobile shoppers and mobile retailers. This study examines how mobile shopping motivations affect value co-creation, customer equity drivers, and customer lifetime value through a structural equation model. Mobile shopping motivations as mobile shoppers’ needs are time saving, right purchase and money saving. To meet mobile shoppers’ needs, mobile shoppers, mobile retailers, and other customers are willing to collaborate. Value co-creation that Yi and Gong (2013) scaled includes customer participation behaviour such as information seeking, information sharing, responsible behaviour, and personal interaction, and customer citizenship behaviour such as feedback, helping, advocacy, and tolerance. The results indicate that mobile shopping motivations are significant determinants of value co-creation behaviours, implying that mobile shopping motivations are driving factors of value co-creation. Customer participation behaviour has significant effects on value equity and brand equity while customer citizenship behaviour shows positive effects on brand equity and relationship. As for customer lifetime value, relationship equity has significant positive effect, while value and brand equity had no significant influence. This study also shows that mobile shopping motivations affect both value equity and relationship equity of mobile shopping apps by improving information sharing, responsible behaviour, and personal interaction, feedback, helping, and advocacy. Value equity and relationship equity also have significant effects on customer lifetime value. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications for their findings.

Introduction The study chooses smartphone applications which have update experience as the study case to analysis if it will cause customer attrition. Application updates aims to make up the bugs which may cause bad effects on using, while in fact, most changes will be resisted by customers. We adapt three elements to collect data about the attitude of customers toward applications update, the conclusion illustrates, customers will resist changes in some conditions and cause customers attrition. Therefore, application developers should focus on the personal emotional reaction and cognitive evolution as well as predict what may influence the customers normal use after the applications update to make correct update decisions. In order to define the relationship between variable and result., we take smartphone application which had experienced update as examples and choose fsQCA as the methodology to analysis. Literature Review Resistance to change is a psychological process, Brehm（1966）claims customers resist to change origins from their believe that they have rights to control free, when this rights be challenged, this resistance behavior will happen due to they want to protect their own rights. Some scholars distinguished the concept of resistance to change: when receptors in the low involvement or limited cognize, their resistance behaviors is likely to be considered as the passive resistance; otherwise, the behaviors would be recognized as active resistance (Nabih,1997). Bagozz and Lee（1999) think that functional barrier is an important factors which influence the degree of innovation receptance, when customers think products after update cannot meet their function needs will cause resistance to change. Resistance always occur passively, bemuse of the disturb of the former habits of using (Ram &Sheth 1989), and former studies also indicate that prejudice towards changes is one of significant factors. Because changes are uncertainty, Fiske and Taylor（1991）claims that uncertainty can make people hate changes and Whitson and Galinsky（2008）consider aversion will be the strong driver of resistance to change to reduce uncertainty and risk. In terms of a company, the cost of maintaining a old customer is much lower than these of develop a new user, Actually, customer attrition is response of entrepreneur revenue and the vital section in development of companies. The famous american honesty management scholar Frederic Reichheld’s research indicates that when the extension of the commercial relationship of entrepreneur and customers, companies can acquire fatter profit through the relationship. Conclusions This study chooses fsQCA as methodology to define the relationship between resistance to change and customer attrition instead of using structural equation modeling. Sometimes, even customers have right cognitive evolution towards changes, when they find their efficiency be influenced by it, they also resist to change; while adverse emotional reaction also has an adverse effect on customer retention though they build positive cognitive evolution about changes. there is a remain circumstance of lossing of customers that when customers hate changes and they find their efficiency be influenced by update, the honesty of this product will also decrease. This three condition all contribute to customers attrition which should be paid more attention by companies.

본 연구에서는 전문대학생들의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 파악하고자 하였다. 전문대학생들의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준이 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향을 밝히는데 목적을 두었다. 수집된 285부의 자료는 SPSS WIN 22.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 첫째, 전문대학생의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 스마트폰 중독의 일반적 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 둘째, 전문대학생의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 자아존중감, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 셋째, 스마트폰 중독에 영향을 미치는 자아존중감, 자아분화 수준의 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 전문대학생들의 자아존중감이 낮아질수록 전문대학생들의 스마트폰 중독 정도 가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 전문대학생들의 자아분화수준이 낮을수록 스마트폰 중독 정도가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 스마트폰으로 야기되는 문제들을 개선하고 건강하고 바람직한 스마트폰 사용 습관을 위한 프로그램의 기반이 되고자 한다.

The Location Based Service is growing rapidly nowadays due to the universalization of the use for smartphone, and therefore the location determination technology has been placed in a very important position. this study suggests an algorithm that can provide the estimate of users' location by using smartphone sensors. And in doing so we will propose a methodology for the creation and update of indoor map though the more accurate position estimation using smartphone sensors such as acceleration sensor, gyroscope sensor, geomagnetic sensor and rotation sensor.

The rate of fire in buildings is gradually increasing in these days and the damage of property are severely increasing. This study suggests a methodology that provides information of the emergency exits based on indoor location services. The methodology uses determination technology and the latest update of indoor map generation via the built-in sensors of smartphone. This paper enhances the accuracy of indoor localization, and also it is to study how to provide exact indoor layout for rescuing the workers in emergency, such as fires and natural disasters.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of smartphone size and use on fatigue of the extensor pollicis longus and abductor digiti minimi, and digiti minimi deformity. The 40 people assigned to the experimental group spent at least 6 hours using the smartphone and used the digiti minimi for support. The control group spent at least 3 hours using the smartphone, however did not use digiti mini for support. Questionnaires were used to measure smartphone usage, daily use duration, and method of holding the smartphone device. X-rays of distal interphalangeal joint angle deformity of the digiti minimi were assessed. Surface electromyography was used to analyze muscle fatigue. The angle deformity was significantly different between the experimental group and the control group, and fatigue of the extensor pollicis longus and abductor digiti minimi of the large smartphone users were high. The muscle fatigue was reduced when the smartphone size fit well with the user's hand. This study suggests that the size of the smartphone influence the fatigue of the hand muscles.

This study aims to gather precise information on the real fabric color and texture, and purchasing intention of mobile shoppers buying clothes. Eighty volunteers participated in the sensory test on three smartphones with four colors and two fabricssmooth taffeta and hairy doeskin. This study carried out the posteriori test using the one-way ANOVA and Duncan test by SPSS21.0. In the analysis’ results of color preference, there were no differences among the four colors of taffeta between the smartphones, but different preferences between the red and yellow doeskin exist. In the case of the Samsung phone, which has an immense color distortion, the red fabric has a low color preference. In contrast, on the Apple phone yellow fabric had the highest preference because of its brightness. The Apple phone also has the highest purchasing intention of yellow colored taffeta, which is similar to the color preference results, although the real fabric has the opposite result. For doeskin, the real red and blue colored fabric has the highest purchasing intention. The Samsung phone has the biggest color mismatch with the real fabric. It also has the lowest purchasing intention of red taffeta fabric, while the LG phone has the lowest purchasing intention of blue fabric. Using the paired comparison method of the similarity between ‘real’ fabrics and the mobile version of fabric colors has a low similarity on all four colors of taffeta and doeskin fabrics. Therefore it can be concluded that phones do not represent the ‘real’ fabric color.

In the present study, we investigated the physiological effects of smartphone use at night when the display luminance and white balance were differently manipulated. Two levels of luminance and two types of white balance were combined to form four types of displays. Subjects were instructed to use smartphones between 23:00 to 01:00 twice a week for two weeks, and for each trial, subjects were given one of the four display types. Melatonin concentration in the saliva, body temperature and heart rate were measured before and after each experiment. The experimental result showed that the low luminance display supported melatonin secretion and thermoregulation compared to the high luminance display. With regard to the white balance, higher melatonin level was observed when using the display that filtered blue light. The low luminance display together with yellowish tint best supported restful sleep at night in terms of every physiological response. This study collectively demonstrates that bright and blue light emitted from smartphone displays adversely affect melatonin secretion, body temperature, and heart rate, and therefore, suggests the use of a display with low luminance or a display that filters blue light for a restful sleep at night.

목적 : 장애유형별로 스마트폰 사용의 특성과 사용실태를 확인하여 적합한 컨탠츠의 개발과 임상현장에 필요한 중재프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 한국정보화진흥원에서 조사한 ‘2016년 인터넷 과의존 실태조사’의 원 자료 사용 동의 후 장애인 스마트폰 사용 실태를 분석하였다. 대한민국에 거주하는 만 3세 이상 69세 이하 가구원 중 최근 1개월 이내 1회 이상 인터넷 또는 스마트폰을 사용한 24,386명 가운데 장애인 559명을 지체장애, 뇌병변장애, 청각장애, 시각장애로 분류하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 장애인들이 가장 많이 사용하는 콘텐츠는 메신저(94.8%), 웹서핑(74.9%), SNS(62.3%)였다. 장애인들은 가상현 실, 증강현실, 혼합현실에 대한 선호도가 높았으며, 지체장애, 뇌병변장애, 청각장애의 경우 스마트 미디어를 많이 사용하며 시각장애의 경우 PC를 가장 많이 사용하고 있었다. 모든 장애유형에서 인터넷 사용에 대한 만족도는 높았으며 주중 보다 주말에 인터넷 사용횟수와 시간이 높았다. 결론 : 장애인들은 가상현실과 관련하여 사용하고 있지는 않지만 높은 기대감을 보이고 있으며, 시각장애의 경우 장애의 특성과 함께 사용의 특성까지 고려된 콘텐츠 개발과 중재프로그램이 제공되어야 할 것이다.

This study was conducted to investigate the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, dietary behaviors, smartphone usagerelated dietary habits, and health-related lifestyles of higher grade students in elementary school according to risk level of smartphone overdependence. Subjects were 286 fifth and sixth grade students of elementary school in the Siheung and Ansan areas. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS v. 20.0. Based on scores of S-scale (smartphone overdependence scale for adolescents), subjects who used smartphone were classified into an overdependence group (ODG, n=52) and a normal group (NG, n=234). The ODG showed a significantly longer usage time than NG on both weekdays and weekends (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in total scores of nutrition knowledge between the ODG and NG. Average total scores of dietary attitude and dietary behavior in the ODG were significantly lower than in the NG (p<0.001). There were higher risks of ODG for skipping meals (OR=8.3, 95% CI=4.027-17.099), changing eating speed (OR=4.4, 95% CI=2.209-8.822), and changing meal amount due to smartphone usage (OR=2.9 95% CI=1.233-6.623). Therefore, education programs are needed to ensure proper dietary behaviors and habits among smartphone overdependent elementary school students.

Mobile shoppers have encountered frequent color mismatch in the products that they have purchased, as they can only rely on their sense of sight. Therefore, fabric color and color difference recognized by smartphone display during mobile shopping were studied using instrument analysis method. It aimed to gather precise information on actual fabric color understanding of the mobile shoppers purchasing textile products. Three smartphones were selected from LG, Samsung, and Apple companies, and four colors were researched (red, yellow, green and blue) to both polyester and wool test fabrics for color analysis though color measuring instruments. The results from the spectrophotometer indicated that the color coordinate location of smartphone fabric color is similarly distributed regardless of the type of fabric. The Samsung smartphone displays a relatively high color chroma (especially on red-colored fabric) regardless of the type of fabric due to a high color reproduction range. In contrast, the LG smartphone, which has high color temperature, displays high color chroma on the blue colored fabric with a significant color mismatch between the actual fabric color and smartphone fabric color. From the results of this study, issues related to mobile shopping can be addressed through an analysis of the products sold, the smartphone’s color representation, and user understanding.

Mobile shoppers have encountered frequent color mismatch in the products that they have purchased, as they can only rely on their sense of sight. Therefore, fabric color and color difference recognized by smartphone display during mobile shopping were studied using instrument analysis method. It aimed to gather precise information on actual fabric color understanding of the mobile shoppers purchasing textile products. Three smartphones were selected from LG, Samsung, and Apple companies, and four colors were researched (red, yellow, green and blue) to both polyester and wool test fabrics for color analysis though color measuring instruments. The results from the spectrophotometer indicated that the color coordinate location of smartphone fabric color is similarly distributed regardless of the type of fabric. The Samsung smartphone displays a relatively high color chroma (especially on red-colored fabric) regardless of the type of fabric due to a high color reproduction range. In contrast, the LG smartphone, which has high color temperature, displays high color chroma on the blue colored fabric with a significant color mismatch between the actual fabric color and smartphone fabric color. From the results of this study, issues related to mobile shopping can be addressed through an analysis of the products sold, the smartphone’s color representation, and user understanding.