이 논문은 재즈 솔로 연주 시 연주자들이 솔로에 활용할 수 있는 기법을 제시하고 연주에 적용 하고자 하였다. 전통 비밥의 특징을 잘 살려오며 현대의 기법을 조화롭게 사용하는 연주자인 베니 그린의 곡을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 특징이 발견되었다. 첫째, 다양한 시퀀스의 사용이다. 그린은 비밥 시대에도 빈번히 사용하던 단순한 시퀀스를 여러 가지 방법을 통한 시퀀스로 발전시켜 자신의 연주에 접목시켰다. 리드믹 시퀀스를 구사하되 시작 지점을 다르게 하여 리듬의 재배치를 통한 폴리리듬의 효과를 주기도 하며, 노트의 길이를 다르게 하기도 하여 프레이즈에 속도감을 주기도 한다. 리얼 시퀀스를 사용해 운지를 편하게 하며 프레이즈를 만들어내기 쉽게 만들기도 한다. 둘째, 코드를 주어진 범위가 아닌 앞, 뒤로 확장 혹은 축소시켜 마디를 넘나들며 연주한다. 일반적으로 프레이즈를 해결하는 곳에서 해결하지 않고 자유롭게 연주함으로써 해결감을 극대화시킬 수 있었다. 그린의 연주 기법을 분석한 결과 전통 비밥에서는 빈번히 사용하지 않는 발전된 형태의 비밥 연주 기법들을 도출해 낼 수 있었다.

본 연구는 신화적 장면을 그린 고전기의 아티카 지역의 도기화 가운데 대부분의 인물들이 고전기 양식으로 표현된 것과 달리 신상만이 아르카익 양식으로 묘사된 사례들을 선별하여 이러한 도상학적 현상의 의미를 살펴보고자 한다. 이들 아티카 지역의 고전기 도기화에서 의도적으로 아르카익 양식을 차용한 것은 양식적인 대조를 통하여 아르카익 양식의 신상이 고전기 양식으로 표현된 신화적 인물들 보다 더 예스러운 존재임을 드러내기 위한 의도로 사용되었다. 이들 고전기에 아티카의 도기화가들이 상대적 시간을 표현하기 위한 하나의 ‘고전적 규범’으로 아르카익 양식을 사용하였다는 사실은 고전기 미술에서 아르카익 양식이 지닌 시각적 역사성이 당대의 미술가들과 관람자들에게 공유되었음을 드러낸다는 점에서 미술사적으로 의미가 있다.

본고는 고등학교 한문Ⅰ 교육과정 중 ‘이해와 감상’의 성취기준 중의 하나인 ‘한문 산문의 다양한 서술 방식을 통해 글의 내용을 이해하고 감상한다.’가 교과서에 어떻게 수용되었는지 그 양상을 살펴보고 문제점에 대하여 검토한 것이다. ‘한문 산문’의 ‘이해와 감상’을 포괄하는 성취기준은 ‘한문 산문의 다양한 서술 방식을 통해 글의 내용을 이해하고 감상한다.’이다. 교과서를 살펴본 결과 글의 감상에 한문 산문의 다양한 서술 방식을 이용한 경우는 그리 많지 않다. 많은 교과서가 한문산문에 사용된 서술방식만 제시하였고, 한문산문의 다양한 서술방식을 이용하여 산문을 감상한 경우에도 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이러한 사실은 고등학교 한문Ⅰ 수준에서 한문 산문의 감상은 제대로 이루어질 수 없음을 증명하는 것이다. 현실적으로 학생들이 한문을 이해함에 있어 글을 읽고 내용과 주제를 파악하는 것만도 너무 어렵게 느낀다. 이러한 학생들에게 산문의 이해와 감상은 할 수 있으 면 좋겠지만 무리한 요구라고 할 수 있다. 이는 2009 개정 한문과 교육과정이 반영된 교과서를 학습할 때에도 그 어려움이 그대로 드러난 점에서 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 한문의 본질인 읽고 내용 파악하는 데 중점을 두고 산문의 이해와 감상과 관련한 ‘한문 산문의 다양한 서술방식’은 한문Ⅰ 교육과정에서 삭제하거나 한문Ⅱ로 이동시키는 것이 바람직하다고 생각한다.

In 1961, the Republic of Korea’s first newly-constructed government building was completed. The government building, as ROK office, was erected as a twin with the USOM office in Sejong-ro. The reason why the ROK office and the USOM office were erected as a twin building is that the two offices were part of Foreign Operation Administration’s Seoul Buildings Project in 1954. Within the project, the FOA office and the ROK office were rarely separated, and naturally, the ROK office was built according to the US standards. The planning, design, and construction phases which led by the US government were involved in the US architecture, engineering-construction companies. Because those AEC companies were familiar with the US technology and standards. In the phase of construction, Korean companies took part in the process under the supervise of Vinnell Corporation. The US expected to transfer its ‘modern’ and ‘developed’ technology through this process. The completed ROK office was widely known as the ‘modern style (hyundae-sik)’ building, which was body forth as glasses and new facilities. These factors were what the US emphasized for exporting architecture. The modifier, ‘modern style (hyundae-sik)’, given to the ROK office in the 1950s was a synonym for any new feeling that had never been seen hitherto. The newness of the ROK office, the ‘modern style (hyundae-sik)’ building, was specified as materials and facilities that indicates modern technology while in the absence of adequate knowledge.

The paper provides a context to the reasons why there may be benefits in revitalising the original method of teaching costume construction for performance, reporting on reflections from personal experience and a relevant literature review to support the concept. It outlines the research to date and the following research stages.

The essence of any successful personal selling interaction is effective communication. Evidence from research on personal selling has provided extensive support for the effectiveness of nonverbal communication. Nevertheless, an individuals’ nonverbal communication style is difficult to measure during a sales conversation, as it is “encoded and decoded unconsciously” (Stewart, Hecker, & Graham, 1987, p. 305). This research introduces wearable sensor technology as a novel and objective approach for measuring nonverbal behaviors (i.e., kinesics, paralanguage, and proxemics) in a sales context using sociometric badges (Kim, McFee, Olguin, Waber, & Pentland, 2012). Findings reveal that salespeople can improve their appeal by making use of a more dynamic communication style (i.e., enhanced posture activity and variation in speech and volume), as opposed to a rather static, adhesive, and monotone communication. We contribute to the sales literature by relating a salesperson’s nonverbal communication behaviors to customer responses. In addition, we reveal various implications for sales executives and offer guidance on how to improve their sales effectiveness and performance.

The strategic stakes of differentiation are so great for companies that the adequacy between aesthetic perception of the products and functional benefits for consumers must be taken into account (Alba and Williams, 2013; Bloch, 1995; Reimann et al., 2010). In order to examine the consumer's aesthetic perception, we tested an exploratory measurement scale of aesthetic style (Lagier, 2006), which we first validated for different kinds of products. Exploratory and confirmatory analysis of this scale were conducted and obtained results which proved the stability of the scale for design products. The three dimensions of the factor analysis can be interpreted within the conceptual framework of the perception of design products. We effectively find two clearly distinct dimensions which measure: “affective intensity” and “tolerance for ambiguity”. The last dimension is composed of items which fall both in the domain of “cognitive differentiation” and “cognitive discrimination”. To segment our sample and quantify the different profiles of aesthetic style, eight groups of consumers were formed from the scores on the three dimensions. Finally, the structure of aesthetic style on consumer preference for four design objects was also tested. We seek to show that our scale can also explain the choice for some objects. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there were significant differences in preference for each object based on intensity scores of affective intensity, cognitive discrimination/differentiation and tolerance for ambiguity. Our measurement scale of aesthetic style, in the context of this test, explained consumer preference for some design objects.

Introduction Celebrities are actively capitalizing on their fame and credibility by launching their own brand extensions which are heavily promoted on Instagram. This situation is especially prevalent in Malaysia among many local Malay ‘celepreneurs’. While consumers’ constant involvement with a celebrity on Instagram is believed to result in the purchase of celebrity branded products, the central question of how a causal variable such as Instagram involvement has an effect on the outcome of purchase has been less explored in contemporary studies. The role of celebrity adulation and style conformity in the context of celebrity branding-cum-entrepreneurship deserves much attention given the strong influence celebrities exert on young consumers in this digital era of accessible information. Research framework Given the admiration that young consumers have towards the celebrities they follow on Instagram, celebrity worship, in both pathological and non-pathological form, is believed to be a crucial link between their involvement with the social media and their desire to imitate their favourite celebrity’s style. Eventually this paves the way for the purchase of celebrity brand products given that getting the products is an avenue for the young consumers to attain their celebrities’ style. Therefore in this study, four variables that mediate the relationship between Instagram involvement and purchase of celebrity branded products are examined: celebrity worship as manifested across three varying levels particularly entertainment-social (lowest form of worship); intense-personal (mid-level); borderline pathological (highest level); and style conformity. Method Data was collected from 226 Malaysian women of Malay ethnicity who are active Instagram users and fall under the technology-savvy Millennial segment using a self-administered questionnaire. This segment of consumers is technology savvy and has personalities and lifestyles (Gurau, 2012). They also tend to imitate their favourite celebrity in contrast to their male counterparts (Djafarova & Rushworth, 2017). Measures for the mediating variables were derived from McCutcheon et al.’s (2002) Celebrity Worship Scale and Park and Yang’s (2010) items on celebrity style conformity. A five-point scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) was utilized to capture the responses to the variables measured. Analysis and results Serial multiple mediation testing was applied on the data using variance-based structural equation modelling. The multiple mediation analysis showed that of all the three levels of celebrity worship which mediate the link between Instagram involvement and style conformity, only celebrity worship (entertainment-social) was found to be a significant mediator between Instagram involvement and style conformity (Indirect effect=0.127; t-value= 3.285, 95% Boot CI: LL=0.059, UL=0.216). In addition, the presence of a serial mediation was detected for the link between Instagram involvement-celebrity worship (entertainment-social)-style conformity-purchase of celebrity brand products (Indirect effect=0.04; t-value=2.954, 95% Boot CI: LL=0.02, UL=0.08). Conclusion The serial mediation testing in this study has demonstrated that celebrity worship and style conformity serve as the missing link between the involvement-purchase relationship. Furthermore, the multiple mediation testing has shown that only celebrity worship at the basic level functions as a mediator. The findings of this study imply that the use of Instagram is indeed a compelling marketing communication tool that fosters the purchase of celebrity brand extensions. Constant involvement in Instagram by following the celebrity, liking, reposting, commenting or hashtagging on the celebrity’s account builds a keen sense of devotion for the celebrity whereby the individual will constantly watch, read and learn about the celebrity. This then heightens the user’s desire to emulate the style of the celebrity which may well lead them to purchase the celebrity’s products in an effort to imitate the celebrity’s look and demeanour. strong desire for and high willingness to spend on branded products that match their

We investigate the effect of individuals’ thinking style on their evaluation of a company that engages in a corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative with varying degrees of a company-cause fit. A substantial body of research suggests that consumers’ evaluation of CSR depend on the degree of a fit between a company and a social cause that the company aims to support. Although a high fit CSR initiative has been associated with more favorable consumer evaluation than a low fit CSR initiative, we suggest that this is true only for analytic thinkers. In two experimental studies, we show that analytic thinkers tend to react more sensitively to the degree of CSR fit than do holistic thinkers. Specifically, analytic thinkers perceive a high fit CSR to be more public serving than a low fit CSR, leading to more favorable reactions to it. Holistic thinkers tend to believe both high and low fit CSR initiatives to be equally public serving, leading to favorable reactions to both. In addition, compared to analytic thinkers, holistic thinkers tend to perceive a low fit CSR initiative to be more public serving and subsequently exhibit more positive reactions to it. Our work contributes to the CSR literature by adding individuals’ thinking styles as a determinant of their sensitivity to the degree of a company-cause fit. We also demonstrate the perception of public serving CSR motive is the underlying process of the hypothesized effect. Thus, our findings shed new light on the role of fit, showing that depending on thinking style, having a high fit initiative may not be as critical as previously thought. Instead, a low fit CSR initiative can generate consumers’ positive reactions.

Hair style allows consumers to express their aesthetic sense and individual beauty. However, due to the attributes of hairdressing services and the high expectations of consumers, complaints are increasing rapidly. This study examined the complaint behavior, compensation and hair salon patronage of consumers. Then, a model is presented that explains the complaint behavior for hairstyling, forms of compensation, and hair salon patronage through empirical analysis. This study was conducted by a survey method. A total of 399 questionnaires were used for the analysis. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 statistical software. The dimension of complaint behavior for hair style included verbal complaints, non-verbal complaints in the salon and private complaints outside the salon. The forms of compensation included re-procedure, psychological, and material compensation. Hair salon patronage was one-dimensional. These results were obtained through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then the conceptual model was empirically analyzed by covariance structure analysis and obtained in final form through model modification. Verbal complaint behavior positively influenced re-procedure compensation. In addition, non-verbal complaint behavior had positive effects on psychological and material compensation. Hair salon patronage was positively affected by re-procedure and psychological compensation. However, private complaint behavior had a negative effect on hair salon patronage. The direct and indirect effects of the paths among variables were verified by analyzing the mediating effects of different forms of compensations. It is possible to establish differentiated marketing strategies with these findings for consumers with complaint behaviors by considering the forms of compensation.

This study examined how the various garden forms introduced in the entire garden of Naumkeag were expressed, and in particular, how the modern style of the Naumkeag Garden was planned. The results are as follows. The Naumkeag garden has introduced various garden styles from China and Europe. This phenomenon appeared to be different from the features of the modernist garden that rejected historical style. The garden elements are introduced in detail and ornamental form, which is different from the characteristic of modernism that avoids such style. The introduction of new industrial materials, such as concrete and iron, has been actively incorporated and are the most visible characteristic of the modernist garden. It was confirmed that the role of the outdoor room, which is a characteristic element of the modernist garden, and garden elements were designed as the material filling the space. As a result, Naumkeag gardens are characterized by modernist style including the introduction of new industrial materials and functional aspects of garden elements. In addition, due to the influence of neoclassicism, garden styles from various countries were displayed. Nevertheless, the Naumkeag gardens are gardens to which Fletcher Steele introduced modernism, and it is evident that it played an important role in the birth and development of American modernist gardens.

본 연구의 목적은 체육프로그램 참여노인의 사회적지원이 건강증진행위 및 라이프스타일에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이었다. 총 305부의 설문지를 배포 후 회수하였고 회수된 설문지의 응답내용이 부실하거나 일부 누락된 자료 21부를 제외하고 최종 284부를 SPSS 18.0 Ver. 통계프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 이와 같은 방법 및 절차를 통해 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사회적 지원은 건강증진행위에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 지원은 라이프스타일에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 건강증진행위는 라이프스타일에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

이 논문은 에타 제임스의 후기 재즈 앨범 중 분석 곡으로 선택한 블루스 스타일의 재즈곡에서 나타나는 표현기법인 밴딩과 비브라토를 중심으로 정통 재즈 보컬리스트인 엘라 피츠제럴드(Ella Fitzgerald)의 가창과 비교 분석하여 에타 제임스 버전의 곡에서 어떤 성질이 드러나는지를 보았다. 그 결과 에타 제임스의 대표 장르에서 나타나는 애드립(Ad Lib), 스크래치, 샤우트 창법은 사용되지 않았으며 그 외에 사용된 표현기법은 밴딩과 비브라토이었다. 먼저 밴딩은 반복되는 리듬 패턴 안에서 곡의 지루함을 덜기 위한 기법과 특정한 단어를 강조하기 위해 사용이 되었으며 비브라토의 경우 반복되는 프레이즈 단위와 같은 단어, 비슷하게 발음되는 단어에 사용함으로써 통일감을 주며, 여운을 남기기 위한 방법으로 사용되었다. 또한 정통 재즈 보컬리스트인 엘라 피츠제럴드와 비교하였을 때에, 훨씬 적은 비브라토를 사용하였으며, 상대적으로 스윙 리듬이 엘라보다 더 스트레이트하게 노래했다. 이러한 결과로 정통재즈, 정통블루스가 아닌, 퓨전음악의 느낌을 내는데 더 적합하다고 볼 수 있다.

This study aims to reinterpret Jeonggwanheon(靜觀軒) in terms of its use and architectural style after restoration work through the recently discovered [Deoksugung Palace's original plan](1915). It is presupposed that the existing interpretation of Jeonggwanheon, such as its status as the banquet hall of the Imperial Empire and the place where Emperor Gojong enjoyed coffee here, was a fantasy made from the transformation after the 1930s. When it was built around 1900, Jeonggwanheon arranged small and large rooms around the corridor in the center, and the porch surrounded the three sides of the building. From 1900 to 1907, there is no remaining record telling us who did what or when something happened in Jeonggwanheon except for several portraits of Emperor Gojong and his son which were drawn in 1902. The mixed use of brickwork and wooden porch are found in many of American style houses built in Incheon and Seoul at that time. Especially, the style and decoration of wooden porch seem to be influenced by Queen Anne style in the 19th century in America.

본 논고는 성경 번역에 있어서 어린이(미성년)와 어른의 문체 차이로 인한 ‘수용성’ 여부를 연구한 것이다. ‘수용성’은 보그란드와 드레슬러가 주장한 ‘텍스트성’(textuality)의 하나이다. 어린이와 어른의 성경 문체를 비교·분석하기 위해 여덟 가지 방법으로 시행을 했는데 그에 해당하는 예로는 어린이 그룹을 네 부류(A, B, C, D)로 성인그룹을 네 부류(A-1, B-1, C-1, D-1)로 나누어 세부적으로 각 문체에 따른 번역 결과물의 수용 여부를 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 성경 번역의 문체 비교에서 독자들은 격식체를 선호한다는 것을 관찰할 수 있었고, 성경 특유의 문체를 선호한다는 것 또한 밝혀졌다. 독자의 입장에서 번역가가 번역하는 것은 ‘수용성’을 높일 수 있는 좋은 방법이 된다는 것이 번역학의 이론이자 보그란드와 드레슬러의 주장이다. 그러나 성경 번역의 경우 예외가 되며, 독자에 대해서 너무 고려하여 번역하면 오히려 효과적이지 못한 번역이 될 수 있다는 것이 본 논고의 결론이다.

고고학적 상대연대결정법으로 몬텔리우스의 형식학적 방법과 순서배열법이 대표적으로 사용되고 있다. 전자는 유물 각각으로써, 후자는 유물의 공반 즉 유물복합체를 분석단위로 삼는다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 그런데, 유물 개개의 시간성을 따지는 것은 유물의 생산시점을 파악하기 위한 작업이고, 공반유물을 통한 상대연대의 규명은 유통 결과의 시간성을 시사하는 것이란 점에 궁극적인 차이가 있다. 소비지의 유물은 각 개인의 취향에 따라 유물의 존속기간이 천차만별이다. 즉 일찍 생산된 물건이라도 늦게 생산된 것보다 더 늦은 시기까지 존속할 수도 있다. 그리고 동일 형식의 물건이라도 그 폐기되는 시간성은 개인에 따라 각각 달리 나타난다. 그러므로 소비지의 유물을 통한 순서 배열법에는 고고학자가 요구하는 유물 또는 유구의 생산시점을 알려주지는 않다. 그리고 유물 각각을 대상으로 작성된 편년들은 모든 유구의 시간성을 파악하는 것에 제한적이기 때문에 한정된 연구에만 사용될 뿐이다. 결국 올바른 편년체계의 구축에 유용한 자료는 생산지에서의 공반유물 즉 유물복합체이고 이렇게 시간 성이 확정된 양식편년을 통하여 고고학의 목적에 접근할 수 있다. 그리고 소비지의 양식편년을 생산지의 양식편년으로 전환할 수 있는 방법도 모색할 수 있다.

This study examined the relationship between coping style for stress and emotional eating behavior focused on gender difference. A total of 475 college students(males, 244; females, 231) participated in this study. The results were as follows. First, there were significant gender difference in coping style for stress. The scores of male students were significantly higher than those of female students in the problem-focused and self-comforting coping styles, whereas scores of female students were significantly higher than male students in social support pursuit and emotion-focused coping styles. Second, there were significant gender difference in emotional eating behavior. Female students reported higher emotional eating behavior than male students. Third, male students preferred a problem-focused coping style, whereas female students preferred a social support pursuit coping style the most. Fourth, the interaction of gender and coping style for stress were not related to the emotional eating behavior. Both of male and female students who preferred an emotion focused coping style reported the highest score in emotional eating behavior. The limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Sociocultural and demographic shifts have resulted in a changing perception of older age. Older women, historically subjected to age-ordering rules of dress, have increasingly refused to be marginalized fashion consumers and have been striving to construct a more positive age identity. Although studies have examined consumers’ negotiation of marginalized identities, age identity has not received much attention as a type of marginalized identity. This study argues that Pinterest acts as a platform for identity work by allowing older women to creatively reconstruct their sense of self by saving images and organizing them into thematic boards. Drawing on symbolic interactionism theory and notions of digital self-presentation, this paper seeks to explore the discursive practices that older women employ on Pinterest to resist ageist fashion discourses. The sample consisted of 15 fashion-oriented Pinterest profiles of older women. Netnographic inquiry was employed first to examine what images were saved and what thematic boards were created. Three analytical frameworks for visual data analysis were integrated to further scrutinize the visual texts within the thematic boards. The analyses revealed three main themes-rejecting age, accepting age, and consuming age. The themes that emerged formed the basis for an age identity reconstruction process whereby women attempted to bridge the existing gap between older age and mainstream fashion discourse.