The drinking water supply system applicable to the laying hen consists of air-water heat pumps, drinking water tanks, heat stroage tank, circulation pumps, PE pipes, nipples, and control panels. When the heat pump system has power of 7.7 to 8.7 kW per hour, the performance coefficient is between 3.1 and 3.5. The supply temperature from the heat pump to the heat stroage tank was stabilized at about 12±1°C, but the return temperature showed a variation of from 8 to 14°C. Stratified temperature in the storage tank appeared at 12.°C, 13.5°C and 14.4°C, respectively. The drinking water supply temperature remained set at 15°C and 25°C, and the conventional tap water showed a variation for 23°C to 30°C. As chickens grow older, the amount of food intake and drinking water increased. y = -0.0563x2 + 4.7383x + 8.743, R2 = 0.98 and the feed intake showed y = -0.1013x2 + 8.5611x. In the future, further studies will need to figure out the cooling effect on heat stress of livestock.

본 연구는 수온, 염분, 사육밀도 및 혼합 먹이생물 공급량과 같은 환경요인이 왕우럭 Tresus keenae의 유생사육 시 생존 및 발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 왕우럭 유생사육의 최적 조건은 수온 20℃에서 24℃, 염분 30 psu, 사육밀도 1 ml당 5개체 및 먹이생물 I. galbana, C. simplex 및 T. suecica 혼합 공급량 10×104 세포/ml이였다. 본 연구 결과 를 통해 밝혀진 왕우럭 유생 최적의 사육 환경요인은 빠른 성장 및 높은 생존을 통해 생산성 향상에 기여하리라 생각된다.

Water supply/intake pumps operation use 70~80% of power costs in water treatment plants. In the water treatment plant, seasonal and hourly differential electricity rates are applied, so proper pump scheduling can yield power cost savings. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop an optimal water supply pump scheduling scheme. An optimal operation method of water supply pumps by using genetic algorithm was developed. Also, a method to minimize power cost for water supply pump operation based on pump performance derived from the thermodynamic pump efficiency measurement method was proposed. Water level constraints to provide sufficient disinfection performance in a clearwell and reservoirs were calibrated. In addition, continuous operation time constraints were calibrated to prevent frequent pump switching. As a result of optimization, savings ratios during 7 days in winter and summer were 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively. In this study, the method for optimal water pump operation was developed to secure disinfection performance in the clearwell and to save power cost. It is expected that it will be used as a more advanced optimal water pump operation method through further studies such as water demand forecasting and efficiency according to pump combination.

This study aimed to develop a method to optimize residual chlorine concentrations in the process of providing water supply. To this end, this study developed a model capable of optimizing the chlorine input into the clearwell in the purification plant and the optimal installation location of rechlorination facilities, and chlorine input. This study applied genetic algorithms finding the optimal point with appropriate residual chlorine concentrations and deriving a cost-optimal solution. The developed model was applied to SN purification plant supply area. As a result, it was possible to meet the target residual chlorine concentration with the minimum cost. Also, the optimal operation method in target area according to the water temperature and volume of supply was suggested. On the basis of the results, this study derived the most economical operational method of coping with water pollution in the process of providing water supply and satisfying the service level required by consumers in the aspects of cost effectiveness. It is considered possible to appropriately respond to increasing service level required by consumers in the future and to use the study results to establish an operational management plan in a short-term perspective.

In this study, a model was developed to predict for Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) generated in water supply networks and consumer premises, before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. Based on two-way ANOVA, which was carried out to statistically verify the water quality difference in the water supply network according to introduce the advanced water treatment process. The water quality before and after advanced water purification was shown to have a statistically significant difference. A multiple regression model was developed to predict the concentration of DBPs in consumer premises before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. The prediction model developed for the concentration of DBPs accurately simulated the actual measurements, as its coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements were all 0.88 or higher. In addition, the prediction for the period not used in the model development to verify the developed model also showed coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements of 0.96 or higher. As the prediction model developed in this study has an advantage in that the variables that compose the model are relatively simple when compared with those of models developed in previous studies, it is considered highly usable for further study and field application. The methodology proposed in this study and the study findings can be used to meet the level of consumer requirement related to DBPs and to analyze and set the service level when establishing a master plan for development of water supply, and a water supply facility asset management plan.

This study aims at providing a basic data for the development of high energy efficient environment system in the cage (poultry buildings) and cold potable water supply to reduce the summer heat stress. For this study, the cage area size was 273m 2 and the air-to-water heat pump capacity was 20RT for heating and cooling. As the result of this study, the temperature of the drinking water supplied by heat pump was maintained at the set temperature of 15℃. However, the water temperature of control was 23~28 ℃ due to the effect of outside temperature. The average internal cage temperature was 25.3 ℃ in the test group and 28.1 ℃ in the control group, which was 2.8 ℃ higher than that of the control group. The relative humidity was 76.2% in the test group and 75.0% in the control group. The broiler drank 23.2 L / day in the test group and 21.5 L / day in the control group. Daily feed intake was 937 g and and 725 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The feed intake of 212 g was higher than that of cold water. The feeding rates were 1.8 and 1.9. Body weights were 1,523 g and 1,164 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The weight gain was 359 g in the test group fed with cold water and 392 g in the control group. When compared with the control group, the mortality rate was reduced by 84% in the cold water feeding test. It is necessary that future research will continue to reduce the incidence of such livestock accidents.’.

This paper tries to show the efficiency of water financing between central and local governments. From the year of 2017, the operation and maintenance costs for change water pipes has been provided by central government as block grants system(RDSA: Regional Development Special Account). Even though the water financing is responsible for local government, water drought and high production cost in poor area affects the quality of life nowadays. Then, fiscal transfer through block grant for water financing has been decided to invest regional SOC. The purpose of the paper sheds light on the function of the block grant for public provision by water financing. The firstly tried empirical results are based on the survey from local governments and ministry of environments. The point of the empirical analysis shows that the local governments does not have proper measurement for unexpected water leakage and termination until now. In a policy manner, the paper raises the issues about benefit principle for water users by the increase of tariffs. In order to do so, the paper investigates the relationship between the water provision and fiscal status of each local governments.

This study concerned the analysis on the efficiency of the conversion of water tank type supply system to direct water supply system to examine the feasibility of the conversion, as well as the calculation of optimal conversion range that enables the supply of safe, high-quality water at stable pressure in accordance with the standards of water supply facility. The results of this research showed that when converting water supply system from water tank type supply system to direct water supply system, more nodal points could be properly converted and more reduction of electricity usage was expected in case water pressure rather than residence time was fixed. This means that higher efficacy can be obtained by fixing water pressure when converting water supply system. However, since the number of the locations that received on-spot inspection was small and the electricity usage measured was not exclusively by water supply facility, it is difficult to judge that such reduction of electricity usage accurately represents reduced electricity usage by water supply facility alone. therefore, after having secured on-spot information about a larger number of locations in apartment complexes that have converted water supply system, and utilizing information about electricity usage exclusively by water supply facility, the proposed method of this research could be applied to accurately deducing expected reduction of electricity usage by water supply facilities of various other apartment complexes. It is also considered possible to deduce an effective operation method of water supply system by finding out an area that shows low pressure or low residual chlorine concentration in the optimal conversion range of water supply, followed by estimating the proper location of pumping station or the proper chlorine dosage at the power purification plant that supply water to the target area.

It is considered necessary to renewal a considerable number of water supply facilities in Korea because they began to be intensively buried in the period of rapid economic growth. Accordingly, local water providers are required to take measures against this situation, but they have currently been caught in a vicious circle of the lack of budget spent in renewing water supply facilities because county-based small-scale local water supply cannot afford to cover annual expenditures with their revenues from water rates. Therefore, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model capable of achieving a balance of financial revenue and expenditure in local water supply using nonlinear programming and furthermore of minimizing the total cost incurred during the analysis. To this end, this study selected the water supply area located in County Y as a research area to build the financial revenue and expenditure and used Solver function provided by Microsoft Excel to use nonlinear programming. As a result, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model minimizing incurred costs in consideration of 6 items in the financial revenue and expenditure. The optimal renewal plan was modeled according to the available annual budget. As a result, this study proposed SICD, a scenario to minimize total costs from the perspective of water suppliers, and SITS, a scenario to minimize the increase in water rates from the perspective of consumers. It can be said that the method proposed in this study is the core of the optimal financial and renewal plans as a final stage of asset management for water supply facilities. Therefore, it is considered possible for local water providers to use the method proposed in this study according to circumstances for the asset management of water supply facilities.

This study was conducted to investigate whether the presence of mcy gene and microcystin production are related to morphological characteristics of Korean Microcystis species. We isolated 6 different species of Microcystis (M. aeruginosa, M. ichthyoblabe, M. flos-aquae, M. novacekii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii) from drinking water supply dams (Yeongchun, Ankei, Gachang), and used microscopic method for morphological identification, molecular method for amplifying a partial region of mcyB gene and ELISA method for microcystin analysis. In the present study, 80% of M. aeruginosa strains contained mcy gene, followed by 45% (10 strains) of M. icthyoblabe, 33% (1 strain) of M. wesenbergii, and 11% (4 strains) of M. flos-aquae. Each percentage of mcy gene in Microcystis morphospecies was similar to that of microcystin production in Microcystis morophospecies. In conclusion, the present study shows that molecular method using mcy gene primers can be used as an indirect indicator for the monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis).

In general, polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ductile cast iron pipes are widely used in the water supply pipeline system. However, they have some disadvantages such as reduced durability due to material degradation, defects in connections, breakage of pipelines, and difficulties in continuous maintenance. To mitigate such problems, recently, research on durable and outstanding corrosion resistant glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipe is being actively conducted. GFRP is classified into the flexible pipe and when soil pressure and live load act on buried GFRP pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, it should review the structural behavior and interaction between buried pipe and its surrounding soil because pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil together at the same time. To apply GFRP pipe for the water supply pipeline system, the structural reliability of GFRP water supply pipe buried underground should be investigated by examining the mechanical properties of GFRP pipe as well as the soundness of the pipe under buried state. The field test of buried pipe is conducted and the results are analyzed and discussed.

기후 변화 및 상수원 오염 등으로 원수 내 조류 증식의 빈도가 높아짐에 따라 모래여과와 마찬가지로 막여과 정수처리 공정 운영에서도 문제를 유발할 수 있기 때문에 이에 대한 기술적 대응 방안이 수립되어야 한다. 특히 우리나라와 같이 계절적 구분이 뚜렷한 지역에서 조류는 수온에 따라 우점하는 조류의 종이 변화하여, 외형 적 형태 및 성상이 종별로 다른 조류의 특성을 감안한 대처 방안이 검토되어야 한 다. 본 연구는 낙동강 수계를 원수로 하는 500m3/d 규모의 파일럿 플랜트를 이용하여 계절별로 상이하게 유입되는 조류의 분류에 따라 겨울철 저수온 시기에 규조류가 번성할 경우 염기 역세정 방법을 적용하고, 여름철 시기에 남조류가 번성할 경우에는 분말활성탄으로 처리하는 조류 대응 막여과 운전 방법과 전처리 공정에 대해 검토하였다.

Supplying clean and safe water to people is facing both quantitative and qualitative challenges. Due to climate change, access to freshwater becomes increasingly difficult, while pollution from various sources decreases the public trust in water quality. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) which stores and uses surface water in aquifer is receiving attention as a new technology to secure freshwater. Recently, there is a global expansion in the attempt to combine general purification plants and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) which manages all the process from raw material to consumer for food safety. This research is about an attempt to apply HACCP to the drinking water supply process using MAR to secure both quantity and quality of drinking water. The study site is a MAR plant being constructed in the downstream area of the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. The incorporation of HACCP with MAR-based water supply system is expected to enhance the safety and reliability of drinking water.

In this study, seismic fragility analysis are carried out for the water supply facilities. To consider the uncertainty of ground characteristics, the variability of soil in several cases is considered based on RSM and the winkler Foundation method is adopted to model the ground. Limit state of water supply facilities defined as two steps.: the collapse prevention level and the serviceability level. As an input ground motion for evaluating seismic fragilities, foreign surveyed real earthquakes and artificial earthquakes which can be generated in the Korean peninsula are used. The destruction ability according to peak ground acceleration of an earthquake for the water supply facility is evaluated in this paper. From the analysis results, the probability of failure of the ductile iron pipe and wrapped steel pipe under real earthquakes have shown as upper than the Korean artificial earthquakes. It could evaluate the damage of water supply facilities to an earthquake and could be applied as basic data for seismic design of water supply facilities.

In this study, environmental new feeding and management system that are suitable for hot and cool water supply and floor heating system was developed and analyzed the effect for productivity and meat quality with supplying hot water in winter, the results were as follow as. HWSS was not affecting improvement with broiler productivity in initial time. Supplying hot water made the temperature inside broiler barn not go down rapidly as time went by from former term to latter term and continuous supplying hot water made boiler be adapted properly to the temperature and humidity of breeding environment that was requiring at its own growth phases. With unsaturated fatty acid / saturated fatty acids, HWSS was higher in broiler breast but CWSS was higher in the leg. With AST, ALT in blood, HWSS is higher than CWSS but with neutral lipid, protein, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, HWSS is higher than CWSS. Water circulation heating system gave an impact on meat quality and PH showed a higher in CWSS system. Also, redness and yellowness of the meat color was confirmed to be greater in HWSS. It was proved that the temperature difference of drinking water affected farm productivity, the blood and flesh quality, therefore, that could be estimated to be utilized successfully, if that should be used appropriately for productivity improvement according to the week-old of growth phase.

Although the Hazen-Williams C factors are very important in the design, operation, and maintenance of water supply pipes, sufficient studies for them have been not reported in korea, which are based on experiments or measured data. Because of this, we have estimated C factors by measurement considering constraints in time precise safety diagnosis for multi-regional water supply system were performed. In this study, we confirmed constraints and variables characteristics of Hazen-Williams equation, and collected reliable C factors data of 174 by measurement, and analyzed their characteristics. According to collected data, the average value is 115.35, which is almost equal to the value of design standard or a little higher than it in korea. Also, among the equations suggested to determine C factor in the past, the C factors calculated by Sharp and Walski equation was closest to them in this study. In addition, to analyze collected C factors, use year and pipe diameter having high correlation with them were respectively divided into there categories. Analysis results showed that C factors evidently decreases depending on increases in use year, on the other hand, size of pipe diameter is proportional to value of them. In conclusion, this research showing evaluation and characteristics for C factors based on measured data will be used as practical reference in determining C factor in multi-regional water supply systems at a later date.

In the water supply pipeline system, pipes made by cast iron, PE, PVC are generally used. However, the structural performance of these materials can be declined when used for long periodsof time because of corrosion, creep, deterioration of the material, etc. while glass fiber reinforced polymer plastics (GFRP) have many advantages such as light-weight, corrosion resistance, smooth surface, etc. For these reasons, GFRP pipes are good for construction when it is buried underground and are increasing trend in applying the water supply pipeline system. Therefore, more optimized structural design methodology should be developed. In this paper, we confirm pipe stiffness (PS) of GFRP pipe in which the pipe stiffness indicates the load-bearing performance. We compared data of parallel-plate loading test and theoretically predicted PS by the classical elasticity theory and the finite element method (FEM).

In the water supply pipeline system polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and ductile cast iron pipe are mostly used. However, they have some problems such as reduced durability due to material degradation, defects in connections, the pipelines breakage, and lack of continuous maintenance. Recently, research on durable and outstanding corrosion resistance glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipe is being actively conducted. GFRP is classified into the flexible pipe and when soil pressure and live load act on buried GFRP pipe, the load acting on the pipe is transferred to the surrounding soil. So, pipe will support the load with the surrounding soil. In this paper, to apply GFRP pipe for the water supply pipeline system, the structural reliability of GFRP water supply pipe buried underground should be investigated by examining the mechanical properties of GFRP pipe as well as the soundness of the pipe under buried state. The field test of buried pipe is conducted and the results are analyzed and discussed.

Owing to time and cost constraints, new methods that would make it possible to evaluate the safety of the water supply pipeline in a less time- and cost-consuming manner are urgently needed. In response to this exigency, the present study developed a new statistical model to assess the safety of the water supply pipeline using the quantification theory type Ⅱ. In this research, the safety of the water supply pipeline was defined as ‘a possibility of the pipeline failure’. Quantification analysis was conducted on the qualitative data, such as pipe material, coating, and buried condition. The results of analyses demonstrate that the hit ratio of the quantification function amounted to 77.8% of hit ratio, which was a fair value. In addition, all variables that were included in the quantification function were logically valid and demonstrated statistically significant. According to the results derived from the application of the safety evaluation model, the coefficient of determination (R2) between K-region’s water supply pipeline safety and the safety inspection amounted to 0.80. Therefore, these findings provide meaningful insight for the measured values in real applications of the model. The results of the present study can also be meaningfully used in further research on safety evaluation of pipelines, establishing of renewal prioritization, as well as asset management planning of the water supply infrastructure.