본 연구는 제인 오스틴의 소설에 반복적으로 등장하는 ‘나쁜 남자’, 즉 도덕적으로 결함 있는 남성 인물을 중심으로, 오스틴 소설에서 드러나는 이들의 서사적 기능과 젠더 권력의 의미를 살펴본 것이다. 본 연구에서 는 오스틴의 장편소설 6권과 미완성 작품인 『왓슨 가족』에 등장하는 남 성 인물 중 ‘나쁜 남자’를 세 범주로 나누어 유형화하였다. 그들은 매혹 적인 바람둥이, 위선적 출세주의자, 그리고 침묵을 앞세운 책임회피자이 다. 『왓슨 가족』의 톰 머스그레이브, 『이성과 감성』의 존 윌러비와 『맨 스필드 파크』의 헨리 크로퍼드는 매력적으로 감정을 연출하지만 실천하 지 않는 무책임한 바람둥이로 분류하였고, 『오만과 편견』의 조지 위컴, 『노생거 사원』의 존 소프와 『설득』의 윌리엄 엘리엇은 감정을 가장하여 자신의 이익과 신분 상승을 추구하는 위선적 출세주의자로 보았다. 『왓 슨 가족』의 오즈번 경, 『엠마』의 프랭크 처칠과 『오만과 편견』 초반부의 다아시는 감정을 숨기거나 침묵함으로써 여성 인물에게 정서적 혼란을 초래하는 침묵하는 인물 또는 책임회피자로 분류하였다. 이처럼 오스틴 작품의 나쁜 남자를 세 유형으로 나누어 고찰하는 과정에서 오스틴이 당 대 가부장제 사회에서 ‘신사’라는 외양 아래 감춰진 도덕적 위선을 어떻 게 비판하는지, 이들 나쁜 남자는 오스틴의 여주인공의 도덕적 성장과 어떻게 관련되는지 드러날 것이다.

중국 드라마 <겨우, 서른>은 “여성소재(女題材)” 열풍을 일으킨 작품으로 작가, 인 물, 관객 측면에서 모두 여성 주체성이 돋보인 작품으로 평가받는다. 본고는 작품 속 여성 목소리를 통해 여성의 주체성이 어떻게 구현되었는지 살펴보았다. 주인공들의 내레이션과 방백을 분석한 결과, 드라마 <겨우, 서른>은 기존 여성에게 부과되었던 신체와 일치된 목소리, 비자발적 발화, 비의미적 발화와 같은 특징을 거부하고, 여성 의 목소리에 더 많은 권한을 부여함으로써 중국 현대 여성의 주체성을 드러낸다. 또 한, 시청자를 향한 주인공들의 방백은 시청자를 대화의 청자로 끌어들이며 그들과 강한 유대감을 형성하고, 새로운 ‘여성’ 목소리를 확립하는데 기여한다.

본 연구는 유아의 양육자와의 관계 경험이 초연결 사회에 살고 있는 우리의 상호주관성과 어떻게 연결되고 있는지 살펴보고자 한다. 연구는 질적 연구방법 의 하나인 도구적 사례연구 관점으로 연구한 결과 첫째, 부모의 정서적 경험과 자신의 무의식이 연결되어 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 우리는 자신의 준거 틀로 세상과 관계하는 ‘장두노미(藏頭露尾)’의 상태에 있다는 것 을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 우리는 나의 주관성이 부모로부터 시작되어 모든 관계를 형성하기에, 현재의 ‘나’에 대한 이해를 통해 주변 사람들 과 상호주관적 연결을 만들어야 한다. 즉, 우리는 초연결 사회에서 ‘장두 노미’ 상태인 자신만의 세계에 머물러 있는 것이 아니라, 자신의 진실을 마주 하는 경험을 바탕으로 관계가 확장되길 기대한다.

Synced advertising (SA) has grown in popularity due to its ability to facilitate multitasking and personalize ads to the media content users consume. Research on the effects of SA has been limited, but it has been suggested that repetition and personalization with SA will lead to a stronger, lasting impression. However, there are concerns that SA could be perceived as intrusive and lead to privacy issues. This study seeks to explore how the consumer paradox between perceived relevance and privacy concerns may affect the outcome of the advertisements.

Expressing political stances is not rare among service providers such as taxi drivers and chefs. For instance, in 2021, a restaurant owner angry at the death of U.S. soldiers during the evacuation of Afghanistan posted a sign on the front door telling Biden supporters to eat elsewhere (Miller 2021). Given findings from research on brand activism, consumers can be expected to have less favorable attitudes toward service providers who are more politically different from them. However, if service providers who are politically opposite are more competent than ones who are politically identical, would consumers still choose politically identical but less competent service providers? To our knowledge, no research has been conducted to examine what factors influence consumers’ choices between more competent but politically opposite service providers and less competent but politically identical service providers. To fill that gap, in our research, we examined the role of consumers’ political ideology (i.e., conservative vs. liberal) in making trade-offs between more competent but politically opposite service providers and less competent but politically identical ones.

Ammonium (NH4 +) serves as a nitrogen source, but its elevated levels can hinder plant growth and production. Excess NH4 + with α-ketoglutarate is assimilated into glutamate, a precursor of proline and glutathione (GSH). This study aimed to investigate the effects of excessive NH4 + on the regulation of proline and GSH synthesis. Detached leaves from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were fed with 0, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 mM NH4Cl for 16 h. As the NH4 + concentrations increased, the leaves exhibited progressive wilting and yellowing. Furthermore, total carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations declined in response to all NH4 + treatments, with the lowest levels observed in 1000 mM NH4 + treatment. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration showed a minor increase at low NH4 + concentration (50 and 100 mM) treatments but a significant increase at high NH4 + (500 and 1000 mM), which was consistent with the localization of H2O2. Amino acid concentrations increased with increasing in NH4 + concentration, while the protein concentration displayed the opposite trend. Proline and cysteine concentrations exhibited a gradual increase in response to increasing NH4 + concentrations. However, GSH concentrations rose only in the 50 mM NH4 + treatment and decreased in the 500 and 1000 mM NH4 + treatments. These results indicate that excessive NH4 + is primarily assimilated into proline, while GSH synthesis is adversely affected.

The most important aspect of the imaging role for indeterminate bile duct stricture is to make a differential diagnosis on whether the stricture is highly likely to be malignant or benign. Compared to benign stricture, malignant stricture is longer, thicker, and has indistinct outer border and irregularity of the lumen in contrastenhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR). Also, in the contrast-enhanced portal phase, malignant stricture has a stronger enhancement than the liver parenchyma. There are studies to differentiate between malignant and benign stricture in diffusion weighted image, a functional MR image, but there remains controversial. Sometimes, malignant biliary stricture may be caused by bile duct invasion of gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, biliary metastasis, and lymphoma. Among the potential causes of indeterminate biliary stricture, the characteristics of multifocal biliary stricture mainly suggest benign sclerosing cholangitis, and various external compression factors that cause biliary stricture can be differentiated by radiologic imaging. There are causes of biliary dilatation without obstructive lesion, radiologic diagnosis can be made by considering various characteristics.

It is well known that lymph node metastasis is a major prognostic factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 30-40% of patients with OSCC have already undergone regional metastasis at diagnosis. The survival rate of patients with metastasis is reduced by more than 50%. Therefore, prevention and early detection of metastasis are very important to increase the survival rate of patients. Many investigators have studied the molecular mechanism of metastasis and tried to develop the molecules to inhibit any step of metastatic cascade. Among those molecules, an interest in the metastasis suppressor gene has been increasing. Expression of metastasis suppressor KiSS-1 has shown to be significantly related to poor clinical outcome and worse survival rate of patient in various malignancies of different organs. In addition, our previous study in OSCC also revealed that downregulation of KiSS-1 expression correlated with the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis, one part of tumor progression. Therefore, further investigation was needed to identify the molecular function of KiSS-1 using OSCC cell line and to evaluate the possibility of KiSS-1 as a new therapeutic target.

Differential diagnosis of the malignant lesion and the benign lesion is critically important for the precise treatment. A clinician should diagnose in a comprehensive manner considering clinical, radiological, and histopathological perspectives. The lesion in the oral cavity in this study was clinically and radiologically malignant. However, the lesion was histopathologically benign. Surgical intervention was not performed except biopsy. The lesion improved after about one month of supportive medication after the biopsy. The importance of decision making process was emphasized in this report.