본 연구는 정식 후 토양의 수분 함량에 따른 배추의 생장과 토양 수분에 따른 배추의 생리 반응 모델 개발을 위한 유효 매개변수를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 처리는 5개 수준으로 각각 0, 200, 300, 400 및 500mL/d/ plant로 매일 1회 관수하여 토양 수분 함량 차이로 구분하였다. 토양수분과 기공전도도를 정식 후 10일부터 6일 간격으로 총 5회 측정하였으며(단, 0과 200mL/d/plant 처리구는 총 3회 측정), 광합성기구 활성을 알아보고자 정식 후 25일에 충분히 관수된 처리구(500mL/d/plant)와 결핍 처리구(0mL/d/plant)에서 이산화탄소 포화 곡선을 작성하였고, 정식 후 38일에 생장을 조사하였다(단, 관수 량 처리구 0과 200mL/d/plant는 위조되어 정식 후 29일에 생장 조사함). 토양수분과 배추의 기공전도도는 밀접한 관계가 있었으며(r2=0.999), 직선의 정의 상관관계로 y = 6097.4x − 4.2984였다. 충분히 관수된 배추의 이산화 탄소 포화곡선은 정상적인 포화 곡선을 보였으나, 토양 수분이 극도로 결핍된 배추는 체내로 이산화탄소가 확산 되어 들어가지 않으며, 광합성 속도도 약 6.5μmol·m-2·s-1 미만으로 급격히 감소하였다. 충분히 관수된 처리구 (500mL/d/plant)에 비하여 토양 수분 결핍구(0mL/d/plant 처리)에서는 약 6.8배 이상 건물생산량이 감소하였다. 그리고 토양의 수분 함량에 따라 엽면적 지수가 로그함수적(y = 16.573 + 3.398 ln x)으로 증가하였고, 결정 계수 r2=0.913로 높은 상관 관계가 있었다. 결과적으로, 정식 초기의 토양 수분 함량이 결핍되면 배추의 생장이 지연 되며, 광합성 속도와 기공전도도가 낮아지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한, 토양수분 함량과 배추 생장 반응 모델을 기공전도도와 엽면적 지수를 변수로 활용하면 정확도가 우수한 모델을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

It is necessary to monitor growth status of the crops due to continuous change of climate causing insecurity in crop cultivation. Low altitude remote sensing(LARS) system is utilized to accurately monitor the growth status of the crops. In this study, models for monitoring fresh weight(FW), one of the major growth factors of Chinese cabbage, were developed with structural indices and simple ratio calculated from bands in remotely sensed canopies by NIR, RE(imaging sensor A) and multispec-4c sensors(imaging sensor B) equipped with fixed-wing UAV depending on vegetation stages of normal planting(NP) and delayed planting(DP) Chinese cabbages. In results of imaging sensor A, the estimation models using structural indices and simple ratio were divided into NP and DP due to different attribute of reflectance in canopies with changed environment condition depending on different planting dates. The estimation models using simple ratio calculated by red edge and visible bands of NP showed better performance than other models, but RMSE was high. The models using simple ratio calculated by same bands of DP were feasible to accurately estimate FW(R2 of more than 0.946 with RMSE of less than 169.5 g). In results of imaging sensor B, the estimation models using structural indices and simple ratio on DP were divided into low to intermediate FW and intermediate to high FW. As a result, estimation models of all structural indices and simple ratio in low to intermediate FW bands were advisable to estimate FW(R2 of more than 0.860 with RMSE of less than 104.7 g). Estimation models of those calculated by red edge and visible bands in intermediate to high FW were only possible to accurately estimate FW(R2 of more than 0.532 with RMSE of less than 400.7 g).

Kimchi cabbage is in demand all year, but there is an unbalance in its supply and demand due to climate reasons, requiring practical methods for extending storage without high cost. Therefore, this study aimed to assess available storage methods. ‘Choongwang’ Kimchi cabbages cultivated in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do were on June 14 harvested and packed in plastic boxes. Control group was treated by loading four to five heads. Moisturized paper was applied as a liner inside the box to prevent dehumidification and damage to the cut root parts, and a small loading amount (three heads) was applied for better air circulation. Weight loss rates after 12 weeks of storage were 13.83% in the control group, 12.57% in the first group, and 13.38% in the second group. Trimming loss rates after 9 weeks of storage were 14.96% in the control group, 12.29% in the first group, and 12.55% in the second group. As a result of the sensory test, the control group lost its marketability after 6 weeks of storage, while the second group maintained it until 9 weeks and the first group maintained it until 12 weeks and scored higher than 6 points. Therefore, the tested methods were effective for extending the freshness of Kimchi.

This study attempted to establish the optimal conditions for storage of spring kimchi cabbage to stably control supply and demand. To this end, this study stored kimchi cabbages in various manners for different periods and compared the quality characteristics of kimchi using these cabbages. According to the results, pre-drying with photocatalytic and pre-cooling treatments showed average selectivity loss rates of 18.83 and 21.37%, respectively, which were lower than those of other treatments. Spring kimchi cabbages were stored for 15 weeks under various conditions, and the kimchi was stored for 4 weeks at 4°C. After ripening, each kimchi was analyzed for their soluble solid content, pH, acidity, and salinity. The average pH of kimchi was 4.60 and tended to rise, whereas average acidity was 0.38% and fell by 0.24 to 0.31% as the storage period was extended. Extension of the storage period caused decreases in soluble solid content and salinity, and the number of lactic acid bacteria decreased due to increased pH and reduced acidity (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that all experts and non-professionals preferred kimchi treated by precooling compared to any other treatment.

Beneficial effects of glucosinolate in Chinese cabbage on human health have propelled researches on biochemical and genetic characteristics of glucosinolate and Chinese cabbage. However, growth conditions which are practically important in producing functional Chinese cabbage and in optimizing glucosinolate have been little focused. The objective of this study, hence, was to identify growth conditions affecting glucosinolate contents so that the result could be used for further optimizing glucosinolate in Chinese cabbage. We used principal component analysis (PCA) for analyzing glucosinolate contents in Chinese cabbage cultivated under various growth conditions in the plant factory. As a result, PCA showed that two principal components were able to explain more than 76% of variations in glucosinolate contents caused by different growth conditions. The first principal component (PC1) was mainly represented by humidity and temperature, while growth duration was the main component of PC2. From these results, it was conclusive that glucosinolate contents in Chinese cabbage were largely affected by humidity, temperature and growth duration.

To stabilize the supply of kimchi by extending the storage period of spring kimchi cabbage, this study manufactured kimchi from spring kimchi cabbage under varying storage conditions and periods, and analyzed their quality and sensory characteristics following the maturing period. Trimming loss was lowest in the group of plasma+reverse direction+predrying+ HDPE film processing. The salting yield of spring kimchi cabbage stored for 12 weeks was lower than that of spring kimchi cabbage stored for 6 weeks, and the kimchi yield was low in the pre-treatment group of spring kimchi cabbage stored for 12 weeks. The firmness was slightly different according to the storage period from one month of maturation. From the perspective of pH and acidity, the maturation in the reverse direction+pre-drying+HDPE film processing group was slower than that in the normal group (<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, the preference was increased in the low temperature storage processing group as the maturation period was increased (<0.05).

The feasibility of incorporating cabbage powder (CP) as a value-added food ingredient into convenient food products was investigated using cookie as a model system. CP was incorporated into cookies at amounts of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% (w/w) based on total weight of wheat flour. pH level and moisture content of cookie dough decreased and increased significantly, respectively, with increasing levels of CP (p<0.05), whereas density was not directly affected by levels of CP incorporation. The spread ratio of cookies and their hardness increased significantly while the loss rate decreased significantly with increasing levels of CP (p<0.05). In terms of color, lightness and yellowness decreased while redness increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of CP. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were significantly elevated by CP addition, and they increased significantly as CP concentration increased in the formulation (p<0.05). Finally, consumer acceptance test indicated that the higher than 4% of CP incorporation had an adverse effect on general consumer preferences. In contrast, cookies with moderate levels of CP (2%) were recommended based on overall scores to take advantage of the antioxidant properties of CP without sacrificing consumer acceptability.

Chinese cabbage is produced and consumed as a main material for kimchi and as a staple vegetable in Korea throughout the year. However, due to environmental changes unbalance between supply and demand is repeated annually, requiring development of long-term storage technologies. Chinese cabbages, were harvested, put in plastic boxes, and precooled at 2oC for 24 hours using forced air precooler. After precooling, Chinese cabbages were MAP-treated with 0.02 mm HDPE film and functional film and stored at low temperature (1±0.5oC). The weight-loss rates after 9-weeks of storage were 8.47% in the control group, 4.07% in the HDPE film-treated group, and 3.07% in the functional film-treated group, respectively, suppressing weight loss. Trimming loss rate after 6-weeks of storage was 6.86% in the functional film MAP-treated group and lower than 7.50% in the control group. In the sensory test with 7 points as the limit of commodity, the control group lost it after 6-weeks of storage while the MAP-treated groups retained over 7 points. The functional film MAP-treated group showed over 6 points for processing as kimchi until 9-weeks of storage, proving that Pallet-type MAP storage is effective for extending storage life of spring Chinese cabbage.

Differences in sugar and salt diffusion rates of cabbage depending on size and part were examined. Whole, 3x3 and 5×5 cube sliced cabbage examined indifferent pickling condition (salt 2, 4, 6, 8% and sugar 5, 10, 15, 20% brix). After 12hr storage, salt absorption depending on part was determined to be higher in leaf, followed by stem in all salt solution. Sugar distribution was also determined to be higher in leaf, followed by stem, showing same trend with salt diffusion. Salt diffusion was found to be highest in 3×3 sliced cabbage. Where as 5×5 sliced cabbage and then whole cabbage showed lower diffusion rate in all brix sugar solution. Size dependent sugar diffusion showed same tendency with size dependent salt diffusion. Also, increase in salt and sugar concentration led to increase in salt and sugar permeation rate.

Chinese cabbage, a traditional food source in Asia, has been highlighted due to its functional aspects. In particular, breakdown products of glucosinolates (GSLs) that contribute to the unique flavor and fragrance of Brassicaceae vegetables and act in plant defense mechanisms has been known as an anti-cancer agent. The objective of this study was to investigate optimal condition to grow Chinese cabbage with focusing on enhancing glucosinolates contents. The main tools for our analysis were correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), and they were applied into a data obtained from Chinese cabbage grown in the plant factory. The data included glucosinolate contents and growth conditions (day, temperature, humidity, and EC). As a result of correlation analysis, day showed the largest significance with glucosinolates, followed by EC and temperature. The results of PCA showed that three principal components were able to explain more than 75% of variations in glucosinolate contents caused by different growth conditions. The first principal component (PC1) was mainly represented by day, EC, and temperature, while the main factors in the second (PC2) and the third (PC3) components were represent humidity, and , respectively. In conclusion, glucosinolate contents in Chinese cabbage were largely affected by day, EC, and temperature during the growth.

본 연구는 양배추에서 무테두리진딧물의 온도발육실험, 성충수명, 산자실험을 통해 매개변수를 추정하여, 약충의 온도발육모형, 무시성충 의 산자모형 작성에 필요한 기본모형들을 제공하기 위해 실시하였다. 6개의 온도(10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 ± 1℃, 16L:8D)에서 실험한 결과로 저 온인 10℃에서는 성공적으로 발육하지 못했다. 약충 발육기간은 온도가 증가할수록 30℃까지는 감소하였고 35℃에서는 다시 증가하였는데, 1 5℃에서 18.5일, 30℃에서 5.9일 이었다. 약충전체 직선회귀식에서 발육영점온도(DT)는 7.9℃로 나타났으며, 유효적산온도(DD)는 126.3일 이었다. 전기약충(1+2령), 후기약충(3+4령), 전체약충 발육률에 대한 비선형모형(Lactin 2 model)과 발육기간 분포 모형(Weibull model)을 작성하였다. 성충수명은 15℃에서 비정상적으로 18.2일을 보였고, 20℃에서 24.4일, 30.0℃에서 16.4일의 범위에 있었으며, 성충 생리적 연령 계산을 위한 노화율 모형작성에 이용되었다. 총 산자수는 20℃에서 91.6마리로 최대값을 보였다. 본 연구를 통하여 무테두리진딧물 무시성충 산 란모형 작성에 필요한 온도별 총산자수, 연령별 누적산자율, 연령별 생존율 모형 등 3개의 기본모형을 추정하였다.

본 연구는 월동배추를 주로 이용하는 한국인의 전통적인 김장방법으로 인한 김장철 배추가격 급등락의 문제해결에 기 여하고자 상대적으로 사용도가 낮은 봄배추를 이용한 김치 의 저장기간 연장과 품질유지를 목적으로 수행되었다. 실험 결과, 경도는 수확시기가 가장 늦은 7월초 김치가 6월 중순 김치보다 유의적으로 높았으나(p<0.01) 숙성이 진행됨에 따 라 저장 8주차에는 수확시기에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이 지 않았다. 김치 숙성과 상관성이 높은 pH와 산도 측정결과 전반적으로 저장 초기에 비해 pH는 감소하였고, 산도는 증 가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 관능평가 결과, 외관은 김치의 제 조시기와 숙성기를 종합하여 6월말 제조 김치의 외관이 가 장 우수하였고(p<0.05), 저장 4주차와 8주차에는 7월초 김치 가 가장 우수한 것으로 평가되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었 다. 조직감 및 전반적인 기호도 항목에 있어서도 처리구별 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 따라서 수확시기에 차이를 둔 봄배추로 김치 제조 시 생배추 상태 또는 제조직후의 차이에 비해 절임과 숙성과정, 양념의 첨가 등을 통해 그 유의 적 차이가 감소됨에 따라 수확시기가 봄배추로 제조된 김치 품질에 미치는 영향은 크지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 다만, 수확시기가 가장 늦은 배추로 제조된 김치의 경우 생배추 상 태에서 경도가 유의적으로 높았으며 숙성기간 및 저장기간 이 연장되었으므로 이를 수확시기나 작황사정과 연결하여 차 후 심화된 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The cabbage whitefly Aleyrodes proletella L. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a specialized insect that uses its mouthparts(stylets) to feed from the phloem of its host plants, which are found among the Brassicaceae and Asteraceae. Female whiteflies lay their eggs in circular patterns embedded in wax on the underside of the leaves. These were collected from the leaf of triangular lettuce, Crepidiastrum sonchifolium throughout the whole Chungnam province, 2013. We reared the cabbage whitefly on the egg-plant. The elongate-oval eggs are laid upright in a semicircle on the underside of Brassica leaves but didn’t in lab. Initially pale and translucent, the eggs become darker. Nymphs are scale-like and covered with wax; their color is white with two yellow spots on the abdomen. On the dorsal surface of the last abdomial segment is the vasiform orifice charactersitic of the group. The fourth instar is called the “pupa”. The pupa is thicker, immobile, and pale in color with red eyes. The adults are tiny, about 1.5 mm long, and moth-like. The head and thorax are dark. The abdomen is yellow and covered by a conspicuous white waxy layer. The forewings have a faint, dark bar. If disturbed, the adults fly readily. The duration of development of immature stages of Aleyrodes proletella decreased with increase in temperature, the mortality was higher below 16 ℃ and above 28 ℃.

This study compared and analyzed the consumption and amount of red pepper used in Baechu Kimchi (cabbage Kimchi) especially the amounts used in Kimchi recipes with respect to the passage of time from the 1930s to the 2010s. In this analysis, 78 recipes for cabbage Kimchi were taken from books, daily newspapers and magazines from 1930 to 2014 and collected for comparison. The result of the study showed that the consumption and inclusion of dried red pepper powder in cabbage Kimchi increased. The average consumption of red pepper in the 1930s was 5.75 g, and the number went up to 8.83 g in the 1940s, to 13.8 g in the 1950s, and to 20.25 g in the 1960s. The amount dramatically increased from 1970 to 1980 (53.37 g) and kept rising until 2010 (71.26 g). The average consumption of red pepper in cabbage Kimchi in the 2010s is about 12 times that of the 1930s.

규산은 작물의 필수원소에는 포함되어있지 않으나, 화본과 작물을 중심으로 내도복성과 병충해 저항성의 향상 , 군락구조 개선에 의한 광합성 능력의 향상 등에서 폭넓게 그 유용성이 알려져 왔으며, 최근에는 원예작물에서도 규산질 비료의 시용이 수량이나 병충해저항성을 향상시키는 효과가 입증되고 있어 친환경농업 관점에서도 주목을 밭고 있다. 본 실험은 배추 육묘 중 규산질 비료의 시용이 묘소질과 저온, 고온, 건조 등 환경내성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 수행하였다. 규산염 처리농도를 8, 16, 32, 64 및 128mM로 설계 하여 주 2회 관주 처리 하고, 처리 3주 후에 생육조사 및 스트레스 내성에 대해 평가하였다. 생육조사 결과, 8, 16 및 32m의 농도에서는 대부분의 생육지표가 대조구에 비해 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 8mM처리만 제외하고 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 고농도인 128mM의 규산 처리구에서는 모든 생육 지표가 감소하였다. 총 뿌리 면적, 뿌리 길이 및 근단 수는 8, 16 및 32mM의 농도에서 증가했지만 64 및 128mM의 처리구 에서는 감소하였다. 규산 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 증산 속도는 감소한 반면 기공확산 저항은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 상대적 이온 누출율도 대조구에 비해 규산염 처리구에서 감소되었으나, 처리 농도간 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 규산처리에 의해 고온과 저온 장해 지표도 감소되었으며, 농도간에는16과 32mM이 가장 효과적이었다. 규산처리에 따라 건조내성도 증가하여 대조구는 단수 후 3일째부터 위조되기 시작하여 5일째는 전 개체가 위조하였으나, 규산처리구는 4일(8, 64, 128 mM) 또는 5일(16과 32mM) 부터 위조가 시작되어 6일 (8mM)이나 7일(16, 32 ,64및 128 mM)이 지나서야 모든 공시 개체가 위조되었다.

Carbohydrate derivatives of cyanidin, a class of anthocyanin pigments, are major component of red cabbage, which is responsible for the characteristic reddish color. The color of cyanidin derivatives is quite stable against heat, and here we aimed to identify the chemical component of glucoside-derivatives of cyanidin which is responsible for the thermal stability. By comparing the thermal stability of color from unmodified cyanidin and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside with the color of cyanidin derivatives from red cabbage, we found that the glucoside modification confers the thermal stability. We believe that our finding will contribute to the preparation of heat-resistant anthocyanin pigments for food coloring and other applications.

Insect pests on cruciferous crops and their natural enemies were surveyed during 2009~2011 in Daegwallyeong highland region which has been famous for summer Kimchi cabbage production in Korea since 1970s. Totally 15 insect pests have been reported in cabbage field in Daegwallyeong. Diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) imported cabbage worm (Artogeia rapae L.), cabbage armyworm (CAW, Mamestra brassicae L.), cabbage looper (CL, Trichoplusia ni), cabbage sawfly (Athalia rosae ruficornis Jakovlev), and turnip aphid (Liphapis pseudobrassicae (Davis)) were the dominant pest species among the 15 species. For monitoring as well as controlling insects with weak flight, yellow sticky cards (10×15㎝) were used in cabbage fields. The sticky cards were hanged on plastic stick and placed at a 2-5 m distance within cabbage field (1,000㎡). Sex pheromone traps were employed for monitoring and controlling insects with strong flight. The survey result showed that there was significantly reduced pest occurrences in treated, compared to untreated condition. Similarly, The results from the sex pheromone traps were coincident with those of sticky trap. DBM, CAW and CL were found less in the treated than untreated fields; by 67.5%, 70.6% and 44.0%, respectively. Although the control efficacy of such traps was less than that of chemical spray, the use of sticky card trap combined with sex pheromone trap could be useful management tools for controlling insect pests in cabbage fields.

본 연구는 양배추 종자의 수출확대 및 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위한 기반 정보를 제공하고자, 동남아시아 신흥 경제성장국인 인도, 인도네시아, 베트남의 양배추 주산단지별 재배작형, 주요 품종의 선호특성, 병해충 등을 조사 분석하였다. 인도는 세계에서 두번째로 큰 규모의 채소 생산국으로 양배추 종자 소요량은 50톤에 달한다. 주 재배지역은 Maharashtra, Nashik, West Bengal주 이며, 주요 품종은 “Kranti”, “Saint”, “Green Challenger”, “Summer Queen”이다. 수출용 우량품종 구비조건은 중소형으로 구무게가 800 ~ 1,000 g 내외이며, 배추좀나방과 같은 해충에 내충 및 내병성 품종이어야 한다. 인도네시아는 세계 4위의 인구 대국으로 콜라비와 양배추 재배 면적 및 생산량이 샬롯에 이어 2위를 차지하고 있다. 인도네시아에서 재배되는 양배추 타입은 편형계 한가지로 주 재배지역은 중부 자바, 동부 자바, 서부 자바, 북부 수마트라 지역이며, 주요 품종은 “Green Cornet”, “Green Nova”, “Grand 11” 이다. 베트남의 인구규모는 한국의 약 2배에 해당하며, 경제 성장률은 2011년 기준 5.8%로 신흥개도국 중 상위의 경제성장률을 보이는 국가이다. 양배추 재배면적은 14,200 ha, 종자 소요량은 4,260 kg이며, Hai duong을 포함한 북부 지역이 70%로 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 편형계 타입이 주력 타입으로 주요 품종들은 “New Star Cross”, “Grand KK”, “Green Helmet”이다.

본 연구에서는 배추 재배에 적합한 규격과 생육 환경을 조성해 줄 수 있는 비가림하우스를 개발하고자 하였다. 전국 53개 배추 비가림재배 농가를 대상으로 비가림 하우스 구조실태 및 구조개선 희망사항을 조사하여 비가 림하우스 폭과 높이를 설정하였다. 비가림하우스 규격은 농기계 작업의 용이성, 농가의 의견 등을 고려하여 폭 6m, 처마높이 1.6m, 지붕높이 3.2m로 결정하였다. 서까래 규격별 구조안전성과 설치비를 분석한 후 설치비가 가장 적게 드는 Ø25.4×1.5t 파이프를 서까래로 하고 그 간격이 90cm인 모델을 기본 규격으로 결정하였다. 이 규격은 풍속 27m·s−1, 적설 17cm에 안전하기 때문에 이보다 기상하중이 큰 지역에는 적용하기가 곤란한데, 이를 해소하기 위해 피복재를 용마루까지 열어 골조 피해를 예방할 수 있는 구조로 설계하였다. 비가림하우스 양 측면에 있는 수동개폐기를 돌려 하우스밴드를 느슨하게 풀어주고 제어반에서 열림버튼을 누르면 개폐모터가 가이드 파이프를 따라 올라가면서 피복재가 용마루까지 개방 된다. 피복재를 완전 개방할 경우 해충으로 인한 피해가 우려되므로 농가에서는 이를 막기 위해 방충망을 설치할 수 있다. 배추를 재배하는 기간에 태풍이 지나갈 수 있기 때문에 방충망이 구조안전에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 40m·s−1의 바람이 방충망으로 덮여있는 비가림하우스 측 면에 수직으로 작용하는 조건에 대해 유동-구조 연성해석 기법을 이용하여 구조안전성을 분석하였다. 유동해석 결과, 피복재 부분은 바람의 영향을 그대로 받기 때문에 피복재 표면에 압력이 크게 작용하였다. 방충망 부분에도 풍하중이 작용하였으나 피복재 부분보다는 압력이 작게 작용하고 분포가 균일하였다. 유동해석에서 도출된 압력 데이터를 적용하여 구조해석한 결과, 최대응력은 파이프의 끝단 즉, 지면부분에서 나타났으며, 그 값은 54.6Mpa 이었다. 구조안전 판단 기준인 파이프의 허용응력 215MPa 이내여서 구조적으로 안전한 것으로 판단되었다.