This paper aims to investigate how and to what extent ‘critical’ global citizenship is reflected in middle school English textbooks in Korea. Framed within Freire’s concept of critical literacy, the study is concerned with analyzing the written texts in two English textbooks, with a focus on the issue of representations. Using critical content analysis, the research centers on unpacking how race, racism, or racialization, especially in the United States, is represented, and to what extent these representations may be associated with global citizenship education in English language learning. The major findings indicate a notable absence of sufficient sociohistorical and cultural contexts of race in the United States as presented in the concerned English textbooks. Based on the analysis, this paper calls for an expansion of the dimensions of critical global citizenship in English language learning settings, aiming to provide students with broader opportunities to question colonial discourse and challenge issues related to power and systemic oppression.

This research concentrates primarily on the foundation of the China International Commercial Court (CICC), considering the structure and functions of the Court. The main objective of CICC is to develop a dispute resolution mechanism for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Given its predominant Chinese orientation, CICC may encounter various challenges as the BRI’s contracting members possess diverse judicial systems. This article will focus on the jurisdiction of the court and the procedures of enforcement of its judgments, orders, and direction. The authors also discuss the types of legal and administrative changes necessary to make CICC an effective and successful dispute resolution body. The BRI is a crucial element of Chinese strategies to control the global economic system. Therefore, CICC can provide critical insight into the present Chinese goals about international order. This paper finally examines that CICC symbolizes a Chinese ambition to strengthen, modify, or challenge the current international system.

The hyperdiverse beetle family Carabidae is one of the largest families of Coleoptera. Nearly 10% of described carabid species are classified in the tribe Pterostichini or tribes historically closely associated with Pterostichini. Beetles in these groups are found worldwide and in habitats from ocean beaches to high-elevation glacial edges. Pterostichines are often abundant and local species richness can be exceptionally high. I will present an overview of the diversity, biogeography, and current phylogenetic arrangement of the included taxa. I will discuss some of the many amazing aspects of the group’s natural history including cases of mate marking during copulation, secondary sexual characters, mate guarding, burrow construction, maternal care for eggs and larvae, and apparent stridulatory structures. I will introduce the Australian trichosternus group and discuss the conservation status of these imperiled beetles and how fundamental taxonomic science led to gaining protection for some species. I will make the case that taxonomy has a unique role among the life sciences to explore, describe, classify, and provide an understanding of the diversity of life, at and above the species level, focusing on individual characters, and within the context of evolutionary history.

This study conducted a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Maria Leonor “Leni” G. Robredo’s presidential proclamation bid considering differing ideologies between two opposing political parties in the Philippines. Robredo employed language to persuade people to support her ideologies and, ultimately, to cast their votes for her. Analyzing her speech through Fairclough’s three-dimensional CDA model yielded the following several key insights. First, the textual analysis of Robredo’s proclamation bid revealed multiple personal and impersonal motivations in using linguistic markers such as personal pronouns, mood, and modality. Second, the processing analysis of Robredo’s political discourse displayed her lexical choices and use of rhetorical norms such as metaphors, repetition, and three-part lists to persuade people to change their views on the government. Finally, the social analysis of Robredo’s proclamation speech revealed her ideologies as a political leader, which became the basis for constructing a self-identity relevant to her orientation of power. This analysis of Robredo’s political discourse through CDA explored the relationship between language, ideologies, and power. The findings of this study are expected to stimulate listeners to critically observe the verbal political behaviors of speakers.

이 연구는 텍스트마이닝 방법을 활용하여 팡팡의 우한일기 텍스트를 해체, 조합 하고 페어클로프의 비판적 담론 분석(Critical Discourse Analysis) 모형을 적용, 우 한일기의 담론 구조와 양상을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 우한일기 ‘제목+본문’ 구조 에서 정보성 담론과 의견과 주장 담론을 선택적 배치하였다. ‘武汉’, ‘疫情’ 등 단어와 ‘愤怒, ‘武汉人’, ‘医生朋友’, ‘极左’ 등 단어가 핵심어로 선정되었다. 담론적 실천은 1. ‘우한 봉쇄 상황’ 정보성 담론, 2.‘우한 지역의 코로나 상황’ 정보성 담론, 3.‘대응 실패 책임론’ 의견, 주장의 담론, 4.‘봉쇄된 시민의 일상과 비극’ 정보와 주장 혼합 담론, 5. ‘반대 의견자의 공격’ 상호텍스트성 담론이 도출되었다. 반대 의견의 ‘极左’ 담론은 텍스트 밖에서 ‘증오와 갈등’ 담론으로 탈·접합되었다.

에크하르트 톨레의 󰡔삶으로 다시 떠오르기󰡕는 현대인에게 ‘영성 다시 보기’의 필요성을 제기하는 영적 삶의 안내서이다. 특별히 2024년은 톨레의 영적 깨달음에 주목해야 할 몇 가지 시대적 당위성을 가지고 있다. 먼저, 2024년은 갑진년(甲辰年)으로서 낙서(洛書)의 구궁도(九宮圖)에 따르면 불(離)의 기운을 상징하는 9 운(運)이 시작되는 해이다. 각 운은 20년간 지속되고 불의 운은 인간의 영적 삶과 밀접한 운의 시기이다. 두 번째로, 명리학(命理學)의 육십갑자(六十甲子)에서 갑진은 5순(旬)의 출발점이다. 각 순은 총 10개로 구성되어 있으며, 코로나 시대를 통과해 나온 후 갑진이라는 새로운 순의 출발 시점에 현대인은 삶의 우울함을 극복하기 위해 영적 삶에 대한 성찰을 제고할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로, AI 주도 디지털 기술혁명의 시대에 인간의 순수 존재 의식이 위협받고 있는 시점에서 현대인은 그 어느 때보다도 생존과 존재 의미를 영적으로 숙고하지 않을 수 없다. 따라서 형상에 동일화되고, 다양한 고통체와 에고에 사로잡힌 많은 현대인이 깨달음을 통해 순수 존재로 살아가기 위해서는 톨레의 영적 통찰이 지니는 의미를 다시 살펴볼 필요가 있다.

최근 전기차 시장의 확장으로 배터리 산업이 급격히 성장함에 따라 폐배터리 리사이클링 기술 개발의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 폐배터리 리사이클링 기술은 배터리 산업에 핵심적인 리튬, 코발트, 니켈 등 희소금속의 공급을 안정화하고 환경 및 인간의 건강에 미치는 영향을 경감할 수 있다. 본 총설에서는 금속 회수 기술의 배경이 되는 이론적 원리와 현재 상 용되고 있는 금속 회수 공정을 소개하고자 한다. 또한, 기존 공정의 문제점을 개선하려는 연구 및 기술 개발 동향을 서술하여 리사이클링 기술이 나아가야 할 방향을 소개하고자 한다.

Despite its profound impact on athletic performance, the significance of heart rate recovery (HRR) has been insufficiently addressed in the filed of sports science, particularly in the context of weightlifting characterized by brief and intense exertions involving heavy weights. Serving as a valuable indicator of autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular function, HRR assumes a pivotal role in weightlifting. This comprehensive review aims to delineate the specific demands for HRR in weightlifting, shedding light on the often overlooked cardiovascular considerations within training regimes focused on strength and power. The investigation scrutinizes the repercussions of HRR on weightlifting performance, seeking to elucidate how inadequate recovery intervals may result in physiological and psychological consequences. These consequences encompass a distorted perception of effort, disruption of coordination, compromised posture due to irregular breathing, and an overall decline in lifting capacity. The review systematically presents compelling evidence pertaining to heart rate response and recovery patterns during weightlifting, underscoring the critical importance of well-structured rest periods. Furthermore, the review delves into a comprehensive discussion of factors influencing HRR in weightlifting, encompassing variables such as sex, age, cardiovascular function, hydration, nutrition, and psychological aspects. Finally, a key emphasis is placed on the integration of effective HRR techniques into the training regimens of weightlifters, thereby ensuring sustained and optimized performance outcomes.

This article aims to suggest a model of critical literacy in English as a Foreign Language (hereafter EFL) contexts. The paper will introduce previous critical literacy models in first or second language teaching and learning and those in EFL contexts. Then, several empirical studies based on the models are introduced suggesting important issues to consider in implementing critical literacy in EFL contexts. A model of critical literacy in EFL contexts is, consequently, suggested with the three key elements for successful critical literacy implementation in EFL contexts, language for criticality development, affects and criticality development and citizenship and criticality development. The model pursues balancing conventional literacy education, critical literacy education and citizenship education. The researchers suggest balancing conventional skill-based literacy, affective pedagogy, and citizenship education with the development of critical literacies. Teacher-initiated practice and guidance, incorporation of community-sensitive topics and materials, and students’ active participation are key elements practitioners should consider in their adaptation of critical literacy instruction in EFL contexts.

본 연구는 생성형 인공지능인 챗봇을 활용해서 핵심광물을 탐구하는 과정에서 나타나는 챗봇과 학생의 반응, 그 들 사이에서 일어나는 상호작용을 인식론적 측면에서 분석했다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 인공지능을 활용한 교수·학습 과정 에서 유의해야 할 문제들을 교사의 역할, 교육의 목표, 지식의 속성 측면에서 논의했다. 이 연구를 위해 고등학생 19명 을 대상으로 챗봇을 활용한 3차시 과학 교육 프로그램을 진행했고, 학생들이 작성한 보고서를 분석했다. 그 결과, 학생 의 질문은 형식적 측면에서 검색형 질문과 탈검색형 질문이 나타났고 내용적 측면에서는 대상에 대한 특성을 묻는 다 양한 질문 외에도 여러 자료를 종합해서 판단할 것을 요구하는 질문도 나타났다. 대체로 학생들은 지향해야할 것과 지 양해야 할 것을 구분한 질문 전략을 갖추고 있었다. 챗봇의 답변은 일정한 형태-서문, 본문, 결문 등의 3부분으로 이루 어져 있었고, 특히 결문에는 내용에 대한 의견을 곁들인 논평이나 의견 등이 포함되어 있어서 여기에는 가치 판단과 함께 과학의 본성이 나타났다. 챗봇과 학생의 상호작용은 학생이 챗봇의 답변에 대한 질문을 조직하는 과정에서 잘 드 러났다. 답변 근거 여부에 따라 독립형, 파생형 질문으로, 포괄성 수준의 변화에 따라 상위형, 하위형, 병렬형 질문이 나타나기도 했다. 학생들은 챗봇의 답변에 비판적 사고기술이 포함된 질문으로 반응하기도 했다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으 로 챗봇과 학생 사이에는 교사와 상호작용하는 일반적 수업과 달리 ‘제한된 상호작용’이라는 태생적 한계가 있음을 발 견하고 이를 보완할 교사의 역할을 논의했고, 아울러 AI를 활용한 학습의 목표 및 이들이 제공하는 지식의 속성을 함 께 논의했다.

The critical hazards generated from operation of a melting facility for metal radioactive waste are mainly assumed to be such as vapor explosion, ladle breakthrough and failure in the hot-cell or furnace chamber using remote equipment. In case of vapor explosion, material containing moisture and/or enclosed spaces may, due to rapid expansion of gases when heated, cause an explosion and/or violent boiling. The rapid expansion of gases may lead to ejection of molten radioactive metal from the furnace into the furnace hall. If there is a large amount of liquid the explosion may damage or destroy technical barriers such as facility walls. The consequences for the facility ranges from relatively mild to very severe depending on the force of the explosion as well as the type of waste being melted. Nonradiological consequences may be physical damage or destruction of equipment and facility barriers, such as walls. Due to the radiological consequences a longer operational shutdown would likely be required. Cleanup efforts would include cutting of solidified metal in a problematic radiological environment requiring use of remote technology before damage and repair requirements can be assessed. Even though there is a risk for direct physical harm to operators for example in the control room and hot-cell, this analysis focuses mainly on the radiological impact. The extent to which remote equipment could be used in the decontamination effort will largely determine the health consequences to the workers. It is reasonable to assume that there will be a need for workers to participate manually in the effort. Due to the potentially large dose rates and the physical environment, it is possible that the maximum allowable dose burden to a worker will be reached. No major consequence for the environment is expected as most of the radioactivity is bound to the material. In case of ladle breakthrough, a ladle breakthrough involves loss of containment of the melt due to damage of the ladle. This may be caused e.g. by increased wear due to overheating in the melt, or from physical factors such as mechanical stress and impact from the waste. A ladle breakthrough may lead to spread of molten metal in the furnace hall. Molten metal coming into contact with the surrounding cooling equipment may cause a steam explosion. The consequences of a ladle breakthrough will depend on the event sequence. The most severe is when the molten metal comes into contact with the cooling system causing a vapor explosion. The basic consequences are assumed to be similar to those of the vapor explosion above. While the ejection of molten metal is likely more local in the ladle breakthrough scenario, the consequences are judged to be similar. In case of failure in the hot-cell or furnace chamber using remote equipment, the loss of electric supply or technical failure in the furnace causes loss of power supply. If not remedied quickly, this could lead to that the melt solidifies. A melt that is solidified due to cooling after loss of power cannot be removed nor re-melted. This may occur especially fast if there is not melted material in the furnace. An unscheduled replacement of the refractory in the furnace would be required. It could be unknown to what degree remote equipment can be used to cut a solidified melt. It is therefore assumed that personnel may need to be employed. This event could not have any impact on environment

In the high-level waste disposal systems, colloids generated through the chemical erosion of bentonite buffers can serve as critical mediators for the transport of radionuclides from the disposal environment to the biosphere. The stability of these colloids is influenced by the chemical composition of the groundwater. According to DLVO theory, the Critical Coagulation Concentration (CCC) is the ionic strength at which the total repulsive force between colloids is either less than or equal to the total attractive force. At ionic strengths lower than the CCC, electrostatic double-layer repulsion outweighs van der Waals attraction, forming a repulsive barrier between particles. Conversely, at ionic strengths higher than the CCC, attractive forces dominate, leading to particle aggregation. To investigate the CCC of bentonite colloids, this study focused on Ca-type WRK bentonite. Colloids separated from a ten g/L bentonite suspension underwent centrifugation (1,200 g for 30 minutes) and dialysis (3,500 MWCO) to produce colloid samples. After adjusting the ionic strength from 0.1 mM to 10 mM, the particle size distribution was monitored as a function of aggregation time for approximately 20 days. Rate constants, calculated based on variations in ionic strength, were used to interpret the observed results. The experimental outcomes revealed that the CCC value for WRK bentonite colloids was an order of magnitude lower with CaCl2 than with NaCl. This suggests that Ca ions have a more significant impact on colloid stability, which has implications for the longterm safety of high-level waste disposal systems.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are an auspicious energy conversion technology with the potential to address rising energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The stack’s performance, durability, and economy scale are greatly influenced by the materials used for the PEMFC, viz., the membrane electrocatalyst assembly (MEA) and bipolar flow plates (BPPs). Despite extensive study, carbon-based materials have outstanding physicochemical, electrical, and structural attributes crucial to stack performance, making them an excellent choice for PEMFC manufacturers. Carbon materials substantially impact the cost, performance, and durability of PEMFCs since they are prevalently sought for and widely employed in the construction of BPPs and gas diffusion layers (GDLs)) and in electrocatalysts as a support material. Consequently, it is essential to assemble a review that centers on utilizing such material potential, focusing on its research development, applications, problems, and future possibilities. The prime focus of this assessment is to offer a clear understanding of the potential roles of carbon and its allotropes in PEMFC applications. Consequently, this article comprehensively evaluates the applicability, functionality, recent advancements, and ambiguous concerns associated with carbonbased materials in PEMFCs.

본 논문은 한국 청소년들의 건강상태를 정확히 짚어내기 위한 조치의 일환으로 기존 건강지표들에 대한 비판적 검토를 진행한다. 한국의 청소년 건강지표들은 그간 비만 같은 신체적 건강지표와, 우울 같은 정서심리적 건강지표에 의존해 왔다. 즉 청소년의 건강상태를 신체적·심리적·사회적 측면에서 종 합적으로 측정하는 지표가 미흡했다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이 점에 주목해 청소년 건강에 대한 종합 적 측정을 시도하는 건강지표의 필요성을 역설하고, 그 일환으로 ‘주관적 건강상태(self-rated health)’ 에 주목한다. 이 논문은 크게 세 부분으로 구성된다. 첫째, 한국의 청소년 건강측정의 현주소를 파악하 기 위하여 관련 현황을 살펴본다. 둘째, 청소년 건강측정과 관련하여 기존의 주요 지표들(예컨대 우울, 자아존중감)에 대해 살펴본다. 셋째, 청소년 건강측정 수준의 발전을 위해 주관적 건강상태(주관적 건 강인식)―건강의 종합적 측정을 추구하는―에 대해 살펴본다.

댄스뮤직이 케이팝의 세계적 성공과 한류의 확산에 매우 중요한 역할을 했음에도 불구하고, 그동안 한국 댄스뮤직의 역사에 관한 출판기록을 찾아보기 어려웠다. 강원래․박성건의 󰡔댄스: 한국 댄스뮤직 100년사󰡕는 1930년대로부터 시작하는 한국 댄스뮤직의 과거와 현재를 자세하게 상술하고 있다. 비록 각각의 시대마다 기득권 세력의 형태는 다를지라도, 댄스뮤직은 일제강점기, 군사독재 시기, 근대화 시기를 거쳐 기득권이 제도로서 ‘장치’로 작동시키는 ‘실정성’에 대항하여 대중이 저항하는 데 중요한 역할을 담당해왔다. 그것은 본질적으로 원시종교의 의례적 측면을 반영해왔다. 댄스뮤직 가수나 그룹은 의례의 주관자로, 특정 가사를 반복하는 훅송이나 신명 나는 음악은 주문이나 기도로, 노래의 전체를 핵심적으로 표현하는 포인트 안무는 의례 중의 핵심 의례로 해석될 수 있다. 댄스뮤직은 부지 간에 사람들에게 정치적 영성과 초월적 영성의 체험을 할 수 있도록 만든다. 방탄소년단의 대유행에서 나타나듯이, 댄스뮤직의 신성한 예술로서의 승화는 케이팝의 대성공에 핵심적 역할을 하였다.

Water contamination is one of the most pressing environmental issues of the present. There is a significant amount of interest in the slow pyrolysis of biomass to produce biochar, a solid byproduct that is stable and rich in carbon. Adsorbents manufactured from hydrochars, sometimes referred to as hydrochar created by hydrothermal methods, have been tested for the removal of possible contaminants from wastewater. The hydrothermal processes of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and liquefaction (HTL) yield hydrochars, a distinct category of biochar. Because of its peak efficiency, large surface area, large size of pore and capacity to regenerate, hydrochar is an acceptable option for the rehabilitation of a range of pollutants. The formation, activation, identification, and use of biochar and hydrochar were highlighted in this review. The physiochemical properties of the char produced by the two processes are very different, which has an impact on their potential uses in areas like wastewater pollution remediation, soil improvement, greenhouse gas emission and carbon sequestration among others.

본 논문은 오늘날 다학제적으로 많은 관심을 받고 있는 세계기독교 에 대해, 그 형성과정에서 일어나는 세계기독교의 혼종성과 개별성의 문제를 조르조 아감벤의 잠재성 사유를 중심으로 비판적으로 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저, ‘세계기독교는 번역’이라는 관점에 서 앤드류 월스와 폴 리쾨르의 번역론을 논의하면서, 이러한 번역론들 이 세계기독교의 혼종성과 개별성을 인정할 수 있는지 고찰할 것이다. 그리고, 바흐친을 통해 혼종성을 ‘저항적 혼종성’과 ‘윤리적 혼종성’ 그리고 ‘역설적 포월의 공간’과 ‘변화와 생성의 공간’으로 이해하고, 사이드를 통해 개별성을 ‘저항적 개별성’과 ‘윤리적 개별성’으로 이해할 것이다. 그런 후에, 위와 같은 논의를 심화하기 위해, 본격적으로 아감벤의 사유를 고찰하면서, 비식별역 관점에서 세계기독교의 혼종성 을, 잠재성 관점에서 세계기독교의 개별성을, 임의적 특이성의 관점에 서 이러한 혼종성과 개별성을 함께 사유할 수 있는지 살필 것이다. 마지막으로 이와 같은 논의를 바탕으로, 아감벤의 잠재성 사유를 중심 으로 하는 ‘세계기독교의 혼종성과 개별성에 대한 해석 모델’을 제안할 것이다.