This study empirically analyzes the factors influencing the commuting time of households with multiple commuters in Chungnam Province. In particular, we examined how the commuting time varies between commuters depending on their wage gaps. A regression equation, in which the dependent variable was the difference in commuting time, was used. The key independent variable was the wage gap for households with two commuters. Further estimations were performed on samples restricted to dual-income couples with additional variables such as the wife’s household work burden, number of preschool children, and number of caregivers for children. Based on the results of the empirical analyses using the Chungnam Social Survey, the larger the wage gap between two commuters in a household, the longer the commuting time for high-wage commuters than for low-wage commuters. This contradicts the argument that a higher opportunity cost of commuting for higher wages should reduce the commuting time. In the analysis of dual-income couples, the wife’s commuting time was relatively shorter than that of the husband’s because of the burden of housework; however, the influence of childcare was not observed. As households with multiple commuters or dual-income couples become increasingly common, and the structure of cities changes from monocentric to multicentric, deciding where to live has become more complicated. Long-time and long-distance commuting can lead to wasteful commuting, and this needs to be considered as a social cost owing to the possibility of traffic congestion beyond the loss for the individual concerned. Therefore, the government’s urban policies, including housing and transportation policies, must be improved.

In daily written communication, speakers occasionally use the nonstandard, abbreviated form “ㅕ” instead of the standard “ㅟㅓ” when combining verbs ending in “ㅟ” with suffixes beginning with “ㅓ”. This study examines the frequency of “ㅕ”using corpus data and investigates the sequential aspects of its usage through conversation analysis. First, eight verbs ending in “ㅟ” are selected, and the frequency of “ㅟㅓ” and “ㅕ” in four types of uncorrected written corpora is analyzed. The results show that in messenger and online conversation corpora, the “ㅕ” form is used in a majority of instances for verbs such as “바뀌다” (to change) and “사귀다” (to date). Correlation analysis shows that “relational context,” such as speaker-listener intimacy, contact frequency, and relationship, significantly affect the usage, whereas regression analysis indicates no linear causal relationship. Meanwhile, conversation analysis show that the use of the abbreviated form “ㅕ” is related to affiliation achieved within sequential structures. This study aims to promote a multifaceted understanding of linguistic phenomena by analyzing them through the parallel application of two empirical methodologies.

본 연구는 국유림 산림경영의 경제성을 실증적으로 분석하여, 경영 효율성을 평가하는 데 목적이 있다. 국유림 산림경영은 국가 주도로 장기간 이루어졌지만, 실질적인 경제적 성과에 대한 체계적인 검토는 부족한 상황이었다. 이에, 목재 생산 과정에서 발생하는 조림, 숲 가꾸기, 솎아베기, 수확 등의 주요 사업 비용과 판매 수익을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 분석은 산림청의 공식 지침 및 공시 자료를 기반으로 주요 수종별 시업 기준을 적용하여 단위 면적(ha)당 투입비용과 수익을 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 국유림 1ha를 경영하는 데에는 약 4,312만 원의 비용이 소요되는 것으로 추정되었다. 반면, 목재 판매를 통해 얻는 평균 수익은 ha당 약 313만 원에 불과하여, 국고 순손실이 약 93% 발생하였다. 이는 현재의 산림경영 구조로는 임업경영의 기본인 경제적 지속 가능성 확보가 불가능함을 보여준다. 특히, 국유림의 임목 매각 가격이 사유림보다 높게 책정됨에도 불구하고, 기대했던 수익성 확보에 실패한 점이 확인되었다. 또한, 국유림의 벌기령(50~60년)을 준수하더라도 입목축적과 매각단가가 기대치에 미치지 못하는 현실도 드러났다. 이러한 결과는 국유림 및 사유림 경영 정책의 전면적인 재검토와 체계적인 관리 전략 재수립의 필요성을 강하게 시사한다.

이 연구에서는 환노출이 기업의 투자비효율성과 갖는 관계를 확인한다. 표본 기간은 2007년부터 2022년까지 16년 동안이며, 분석 대상 기업은 한국의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 비금융업종 기업이다. 분석결과, 환노출이 존재하는 기업에서 과대투자와 과소투자를 포함한 비효율적인 투자가 감소하여 투자효율성 이 향상된다. 이러한 결과는 환노출이 존재하는 것으로 확인되는 경우 경영자는 기회주의적 행동을 하기보다는, 위 험을 인지하고 기업 성과를 극대화할 수 있는 투자 결정을 내리기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 환노출이 외부 감시 메커니즘으로 작용하여 투자비효율성을 감소시킨다는 분석결과는 환노출 추정 모형과 환노출과 투자비효율성 간 의 관계 추정모형 선택과 무관하게 일관성 있게 나타나는 결과이다. 그러나 글로벌 금융위기 동안에는 환노출과 투 자비효율성 간에 유의적인 관계를 확인할 수 없다. 이는 글로벌 금융위기가 초래한 환노출의 직접적인 영향인 환 위험의 증가로 인한 불확실성의 확대와 경영자와 외부이해관계자 간의 정보비대칭 확대로 인한 경영자의 비효율적 인 투자 선택 가능성 증가 효과가, 환노출의 간접적인 영향인 시장의 규율효과에 의한 비효율적 투자 감소효과를 상쇄시키기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 이 연구는 환노출이 기업 투자비효율성에 미치는 영향을 경영자와 외부 감시 메커니즘의 관계 관점에서 분석함 으로써 환노출이 기업에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구 영역을 확장시키고 있다는 측면에서 학술적 의의를 갖는다.

In the context of the rapid development of information technology and the continuous transformation of work patterns, the phenomenon of work-related electronic communication during non-working hours has become increasingly prevalent, and its impact on employees has become an important research topic. This study conducted in-depth interviews with 18 employees from different industries and job levels, and used open coding and axial coding to conduct an in-depth analysis of the interview results to construct the relevant main categories and content framework. Based on this, a questionnaire was designed and 526 valid questionnaires were obtained through the Questionnaire Star platform. Subsequently, through reliability analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a systematic and comprehensive measurement dimension system was finally constructed. This system includes two first-level indicators of internal personal traits and external communication situations, and is further subdivided into six second-level indicators and eight third-level indicators. The scale system constructed in this study provides a scientific empirical basis for enterprises in managing work-related electronic communication during non-working hours, helps enterprises gain an in-depth understanding of the behavior patterns and ability characteristics of employees in this context, and thus optimize management strategies. At the same time, employees can also better understand their own situation based on this scale system, and then adjust their own behaviors and mindsets in a targeted manner to achieve a balance between work and life.

In recent years, with the advancement of virtual reality (VR) technology, research in related fields has gradually increased. As personal head-mounted display devices become more prevalent in the market, this study explores the phenomenon of integrating VR technology with online shopping from the consumer's perspective. The study focuses on consumers' acceptance of VR technology in online shopping and analyzes the types of virtual environments most likely to stimulate consumer purchase intention. Based on the SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) and TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) theories, a TAM-SOR integrated model was constructed. Taking into account influencing factors in the current online shopping environment, the model was built and tested using SPSS and AMOS to validate the hypotheses. Structural equation modeling and mediation effect analyses on the collected samples indicate that external stimulus variables in a VR shopping environment—such as flow experience, spatial presence, and entertainment—have a significant positive impact on purchase intention. Additionally, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness serve as chain mediators, enabling external stimulus variables to further influence consumer purchase intention through these mediating variables.

The choice of lashing material is considered to be one of the important decision-making matters in securing the stability of cargo and ships in a situation where in-ship cargo must be tied by cargo and unit and fixed to the ship. This study focused on examining the breaking strength of woven lashing in use at the lashing work site and confirming safety through a comparison of related technical standards. As a result of the experiment, the minimum system fracture strength required according to the manufacturer's specifications was 8,500 daN/(18,700 lbf), and the experimental results averaged 9,012 daN(20,259 lbf), indicating that it met the criteria. In addition, the average actual elongation at maximum fixed loads (MSL: 4,620 daN(10,164 lbf)) was 5.9%, which met the criteria specified in CTU Code Appendix 7(MSC.1/Circ.1497). Applying woven lashing to coil lashing work in ships, lashing material costs were reduced by an average of 25% for the same workload during coil lashing work, the lashing time was shortened, resulting in an average reduction of 10% in ship mooring time.

The purpose of this study was to incorporate Pakistan's climatic conditions into the road design process by performing a cluster analysis using collected climate data. Monthly time-series data for six climate variables—altitude, sea level, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, vapor pressure, and precipitation—were used to cluster 24 locations. Missing values were imputed using the Kalman filter, and hierarchical and k-medoid clustering analyses were performed based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance. By evaluating two to five clusters using six validity indices, the optimal number of clusters was determined to be two. the optimal two-cluster classification results were confirmed to be consistent between the two methods. When the clustering results were visualized on a map of Pakistan alongside the data, the clusters were divided into areas with relatively high and low altitudes. By classifying the regions of Pakistan into two clusters using time-series data of climate variables, this study highlights the distinct characteristics of each cluster. These findings suggest that management strategies tailored to the characteristics of each cluster can be applied to various fields.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the design of asphalt concrete pavements for Jeju Island by considering the regional characteristics of the island. This study employed an MEPDG program to determine the allowable traffic loads for class 4 vehicles by considering the axle loads, climate, and material properties. Samples of basalt asphalt concrete from Jeju were used to measure the dynamic modulus for material property estimation. The climate input was based on 30-year climate data from Jeju. The thicknesses and moduli of the subgrade, subbase, and asphalt layers were incorporated into the design. The regression-analysis program SPSS was used to develop a regression equation for the overlay design, factoring in the modulus and thickness ratios between the existing and overlay asphalt layers. A pavement-thickness design formula tailored to Jeju's characteristics was derived. An equivalent single-axle load factor (ESALF) formula was developed to facilitate traffic-load estimation for different roads, enabling the easy incorporation of varying traffic volumes into the design. The ESALF formula demonstrated a high correlation with the pavement thickness, subgrade conditions, and axle loads, whereas the pavementthickness design formula exhibited strong correlations with the pavement thickness, subgrade state, thickness ratios, and modulus ratios. The use of basalt aggregates in asphalt concrete pavements provides an economically viable and technically sound solution for Jeju. The proposed design methodology not only reduces costs but also enhances pavement performance and road safety. The developed formulas offer flexibility in adjusting designs based on specific traffic conditions, providing optimal pavement solutions for different road categories.

폭풍해일 및 너울과 같은 고파랑으로 인해 발생되는 월파는 심각한 연안 침수 위험을 초래하며, 연안 시설과 주민의 안전을 위해 정확한 예측이 필요하다. 본 연구는 수치적, 경험적, 신경망, 그레디언트 부스팅(gradient boosting) 및 컴퓨터 비전 기반 모델들을 사용 하여 해안선 인근의 파고와 월파량을 포함한 월파 특성을 조사하였다. 동해안을 대상으로 한국 기상청(KMA), 일본 기상청(JMA), 미국 국 립환경예측센터(NCEP), 유럽 중기기상예보센터(ECMWF)의 기상데이터를 사용하여 ADCIRC 모델과 SWAN 모델을 결합하여 파고를 계산 하였다. 월파 감지용 CCTV가 설치된 동해안의 삼척항을 대상지역으로 선정하였다. CCTV에서 촬영된 영상들을 YOLO를 사용하여 분석하 였으며, 화면 내의 처오름 현상을 감지하였다. 수치모형의 성능은 예측된 파도 특성과 관측값을 비교하여 정성적, 정량적 측정을 통해 평 가하였다. 수치모형의 성능은 파고 예측에서 우수한 것으로 분석되었으며, 태풍과 비태풍 조건에서 파고는 각각 0.60m와 0.44m의 최소 RMSE이고 주기는 각각 1.68m와 1.84m의 RMSE로 분석되었다. 본 연구결과에 의하면 실시간 모니터링은 월파 특성에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 예측 가능성을 가진다. 실시간 모니터링은 해안지역 보호를 위한 신속한 위험 평가 및 실시간 경보 제공에 활용될 수 있다.

PURPOSES : In this study, the factors affecting commuting time according to city, county, and ward were empirically analyzed. METHODS : We estimated the average commuting time according to city, county, and ward by controlling for the characteristics of individual commuters, using a 2% sample of the Population and Housing Census of the National Statistical Office, and performed a twostage regression analysis using the average commuting time as the dependent variable. RESULTS : Among the regional attributes in the second stage, the share of commuters with different work and living areas was analyzed as a representative factor causing longer commuting times. The proportion of each mode of transportation in the total regional traffic volume and the population and household characteristics were also analyzed as affecting the average commuting time in the region. Particularly, when analyzing regions by dividing them into cities and counties within a metropolitan city and cities and counties within a province, or by dividing them into urban and rural areas, it can be observed that the factors affecting the average commuting time in the region are different, indicating that differentiated transportation policies are required according to the characteristics of the region. CONCLUSIONS : Commuting time entails increasing opportunity costs as wages increase. However, the expansion of the inter-regional transportation infrastructure acts as a factor in increasing job-residence separation and causes contradictory results by increasing the commuting time. If the characteristics of each region are different, and a function hierarchy as a city appears, travel between regions will become more common. Today, the widening gap between urban and rural areas in terms of employment and residential conditions can cause social waste due to increased commuting times. Ultimately, the extinction crisis of rural areas can be alleviated through policy by encouraging proximity to direct employment through the balanced development of jobs and settlement conditions between regions.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to prevent slip accidents on manhole covers located on sidewalks and local roads as well as to propose reasonable slip resistance management standards for manhole covers. METHODS : Using field surveys, test groups were classified based on the patterns and wear amounts of the manhole covers. Standards for measuring the equipment and methods for slip resistance were established, and the slip resistance values were compared and analyzed for each manhole cover test group. RESULTS : According to the slip resistance test results, micro-protrusions on the non-slip manhole covers were found to be effective in improving slip resistance. However, in areas without microprotrusions, the improvement in slip resistance was minimal and yielded results similar to those of standard manhole covers. In addition, among the pattern types of standard manhole covers, the radial pattern was found to be the most susceptible to slipping. Under the current wear measurement standards, the change in slip resistance at different wear stages was found to be relatively small. Moreover, manhole covers had the lowest slip resistance among road surface structures, indicating the need to establish management standards for them. CONCLUSIONS : To prevent pedestrian slip accidents on sidewalks and local roads, it is necessary to ensure that the slip resistance standards of manhole covers are higher than those of sidewalks.

현재 국내 고속도로는 과거 대비 새로운 재료 개발 및 공법이 적용되고 있으나, 설계법은 과거 10년 대비 큰 변화가 없어서 실무에 서 적지 않은 어려움을 호소하고 있다. 2011년 개발 완료되어 실용화된 “한국형 포장설계법(KPRP, Korean Pavement Research Program)”을 통해 포장단면 설계 및 시공에 있어서 공기단축 및 원가절감은 어느 정도 달성했으나, 그 후 후속 연구 및 효율적 유지 관리로 인하여 “변화하는 포장 설계 트랜드” 반영이 미흡한 현실이다. 최근 고속도로 포장은 “효율적 포장”이 아닌 “장수명 포장”으로 그 설계, 시공 및 유지관리 패러다임에 변화를 주는 추세로, 이에 상응하는 포장설계 플랫폼 개발이 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구는 EXPD-JCP의 개선 방향으로 매뉴얼에서 제시한 전이함수와 기존 KPRP 소스코드 내 전이함수를 비교하여 가장 적합한 전이함수를 선정하는 방향으로 진행한다. Spalling의 변수들로는 중차량 비율, 수정동결지수, 쪼갬인장강도, 포장 두께가 있다. IRI 산 정 시 주요한 인자인 Spalling의 계산식을 검토하고 계산식 내의 변수들을 검증한다. 기존 KPRP JCP의 공용성해석 소스코드가“도로 포장 구조 설계 요령(국토교통부, 2015)”과 상이함과 더불어 피로균열과 IRI 둘 다 과소설계의 가능성이 매우 다분하므로 학술용역 발 주기관과 협의하여 확보한 HPMS 데이터를 활용하여 소스코드와“도로포장 구조 설계 요령(국토교통부, 2015)”의 전이함수를 검증하고 보정한 후 안전측의 포장설계가 가능한 전이함수를 선정한다. 데이터 확보가 용이하지 않을 경우 KPRP JCP에 대한 과거의 문헌들을 수집하고 분석하여 JCP의 공용성 전이함수들의 변수와 식을 검토하고 KPRP 소스코드와“도로포장 구조 설계 요령(국토교통부, 2015)” 의 전이함수 식 중 안전측의 포장설계가 가능한 전이함수 식을 선정하여 적용한다.

CRCP(Continuously Reinforced Cement Pavement)는 시멘트 콘크리트 포장 공법 중 하나이다. 한국형 포장 설계법(KPRP: Korean Pavement Research Program)은 국내 실정에 맞게 개발된 도로 포장 설계법으로, 2011년에 최초로 개발되었다. 현재 최신 버전은 2016년 4월에 발표된 것으로, 이후 약 8년간 업데이트가 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국형 포장 설계법 내 기존 CRCP 해 석 모듈을 분석하고 이를 개선하는 것이다. 또한, 본 연구에서 개선된 CRCP 해석 모듈은 추후 개발 예정인 고속도로 역학적-경험적 설계법(EXPD: EXpressway Pavement Design)에 적용될 예정이다. 문헌 조사를 통해 한국형 포장 설계법의 설계 매뉴얼인 국토교통 부의 도로포장 구조 설계요령(2015)과 TxCRCP-ME의 설계 매뉴얼인 Texas Tech University의 Develop Mechanistic-Empirical Design for CRCP(Soojun Ha 외, 2012)의 내용이 유사함을 확인하였다. 또한, 한국형 포장 설계법 내 기존 CRCP 해석 모듈이 Texas Tech University에서 개발한 역학적-경험적 설계 포장 프로그램인 TxCRCP-ME와 유사함을 확인하였다. 그러나, 휨강도, 탄성계수, 함수비, 복합지지력 K값, 허용하중반복횟수 등 사용자가 입력한 값에 기반한 계산 과정과 공용성 해석에서 기존 KPRP의 CRCP 해석 모듈이 설계 매뉴얼인 국토교통부의 도로포장 구조 설계요령(2015)과 차이점을 보였다. 이러한 분석을 토대로, 추후 개발 예정인 EXPD-CRCP는 기존 KPRP에서 설계 매뉴얼과 상이한 부분을 국토교통부의 도로포장 구조 설계요령(2015)을 준수하여 국내 실정에 적합한 역학적-경험적 설계법으로 개선하고자 한다.

This study investigated the effects of social responsibility activities on consumer attitudes, product evaluation, corporate support, and corporate trust through structural equations and path analysis. Corporate social responsibility activities were divided into five areas: consumer and environmental protection, social contribution, cultural business, and economic responsibility, and the relative impact on consumer attitudes was considered. The results and strategic implications of this study are as follows. The same results as in previous studies confirmed that the performance of corporate social responsibility activities induces positive attitudes and behaviors of consumers. It proved that the performance of corporate social responsibility activities leads consumers to form a positive attitude, which can eventually be transferred to products and corporate images by a halo effect, leading to product evaluation, corporate support and trust. In addition, the composition dimension and measurement items of corporate social responsibility activities were re-verified, and from a consumer point of view, it was confirmed that social responsibility activities include not only economic activities, but also activities that contribute positively, such as social contribution, support for local and cultural projects, and actions that do not harm society as a whole, such as protecting consumer rights and protecting the environment.

본 연구에서는 뿌리기업을 대상으로 조직 및 공급망 차원의 회복탄력성에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 조직 및 공급망 차원의 회복탄력성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 뿌리기업, 조직 및 공급망 회복탄력성에 대한 국내외 문헌 조사를 실시하여 네트워크 역량, 위기대응 역량 및 조직 역량의 3가지 요소를 도출하였다. 네트워크 역량의 요소로 네트워크 유연성과 네트워크 준비성 요인을 선정하였으며 위기대응 역량의 요소로 조직유연성과 피해식별 및 평가 요인을 도출하였다. 마지막 조직 역량의 요소로 인적자원과 유무형자산 요인을 도출하여 연구 가설을 설정하였다. 연구의 결과 첫째, 네트워크 역량, 위기대응역량 및 조직역량의 3가지 모든 요인이 유의수준 5%에서 조직 회복탄력성에 정(+)의 영향을 준다고 검정하였다. 둘째, 네트워크역량 및 위기대응역량은 유의수준 5%에서 공급망 회복탄력성에 정(+)의 영향을 준다고 검정하였다. 셋째, 네트워크역량, 위기대응역량 및 조직역량은 조직 및 공급망 회복탄력성 간 조직유형의 조절효과는 유의수준 5%에서 유의하지 않다고 검정되었다. 본 연구의 학문적 시사점으로 조직 차원과 공급망 차원의 회복탄력성에 공통적으로 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 도출하는 연구를 진행하였다는 점에서 선행 연구와 차이가 있다. 또한, 조직의 유형에 따른 뿌리기업의 역량과 회복탄력성 간 조절효과를 파악 했다는 점에 그 의의가 있다.

PURPOSES : This study empirically examines the determinants of traffic accidents by focusing on the transport culture index. METHODS : Two-stage least-squares estimation using an instrumental variable is used as the identification strategy. As the instrumental variable of the transport culture index, its past values, particularly before the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2018 are used. RESULTS : The empirical results, considering the potential endogeneity of the transport culture index, show that areas with higher values of the index are likely to have fewer traffic accident casualties. Local governments of regions with relatively frequent traffic accidents can run campaigns for residents to fasten their seatbelts, causing reverse causation. Ignoring this type of endogeneity underestimates the importance of the index as a key determinant of traffic accidents. CONCLUSIONS : Several traffic accidents occur in Korea, e.g., 203,130 accidents with 291,608 injuries and 5,392 deaths. As traffic accidents cause social costs, such as delays in traffic flow and damage to traffic facilities, public interventions are required to reduce them. However, the first step in public intervention is to accurately understand the relationship between the degree of damage in traffic accidents and the transport-related attributes of the areas where the accidents occurred. Although the transport culture index appears to be an appropriate indicator for predicting local traffic accidents, its limitations as a comprehensive index need to be addressed in the future.