Today, tens of millions of ethnic Chinese are scattered throughout Southeast Asia as a result of the massive influx of immigrants from China during the past several centuries. The present study analyzed the language attitude of the ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia, focusing on four countries: Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. For this purpose, a total of 177 samples of language attitude questionnaire were collated. The questionnaire was composed of 11 language attitude-related elements in affective, behavioral, and cognitive components with respect to the multiple languages used in the countries: national language, English, local Chinese dialects, Mandarin, and others. Analysis of the data reveals intriguing findings about the language attitude of the ethnic Chinese in different countries. Both the similarities and the differences of language attitude are found among the ethnic Chinese groups in the Southeast Asian countries, reflecting the political, economic, and social situations of each country. The prospect of the local Chinese dialects look dim due to exogenous factors surrounding the linguistic ecosystems in the region.

Despite the growing trend of incorporating ethnic motifs, colors, and styles (i.e., ethnic-inspired designs (EIDs)) into mainstream fashion products in the US, there is yet a lack of understanding on what drives consumers to demand such products with EIDs. Although extant literature provides important insights as to what motivates consumers to favor EIDs, much of the studies have focused on the products’ appeals to particular ethnic groups with matching their cultural backgrounds. Less is understood on the core self-centric values mainstream consumers reflect into EIDs and the personal goal-pursuit they project by wearing them. We address this issue. Building upon Image Theory (Beach & Mitchell, 1987), our findings document that consumers’ purchase intent toward products with EIDs is more fundamentally driven by their aspirations to boost their self-view confidence by wearing EIDs (i.e., self-enhancement), which are guided by their core self-values that are represented by two personal values (i.e., cultural openness and seeking personal style) and two product values (i.e., perceived esthetics and perceived novelty).

말레이시아는 다종족·다문화·다종교 국가로, 말레이인·화인·인도인 등 다양한 종족집단으로 구성되어 있다. 말레이시아에는 약 640만 명의 화인이 정착하고 있으며, 이는 말레이시아 전 체 인구의 24.6%를 차지한다. 말레이시아에서 화인과 말레이인은 상이한 언어·문화·종교로 인해 이질감이 증폭되어, 복합적인 종족관계를 형성하고 있다. 이 연구는 현지조사와 설문조 사를 통해 화인과 말레이인의 종족관계 실태를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 현재 화인과 말레이인 의 종족관계는 기존의 대립관계에서 점차 공존관계로 발전하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 우선, 말레이시아 화인은 원주민의 언어인 말레이어를 능통하게 구사하고, 말레이인의 역사, 문화, 전통, 관습을 잘 이해하고 있는 등 현지 문화를 적극 수용하고 있다. 다음, 말레이시아 화인 과 말레이인은 친구로 지내는 등 평등한 사회관계를 유지하고 있으며, 필요할 때 서로 도움 을 주고받는 등 비교적 조화로운 종족관계를 유지하고 있다. 마지막으로, 말레이시아 화인은 정치활동에 적극적으로 참여하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 말레이인과의 정치협력을 강화하고 있는것으로 나타났다. 다시 말해, 1969년의 종족 유혈사태 이후 말레이시아 화인과 말레이인의 종 족관계는 기존의 충돌 대립관계에서 점차 공존 관계로 발전하고 있다. 이러한 종족관계의 변 화는 정부의 종족갈등 완화 정책, 화인의 적극적인 정치참여, 현지 문화와의 교류·융합에 의 해 조성된 것이다

We attempted to investigate antibacterial and proteolytic activities of bacteria isolated from three ethnic fermented seafoods in the east coast of South Korea, gajami sikhae, squid jeotgal, and fermented jinuari (Grateloupia filicina). Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1916, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 4931 were selected to determine the antibacterial activity of the bacterial isolates. Among 233 isolates from the three foods, 36 isolates (15.5%) showed antibacterial activity against B. cereus ATCC 14579, the highest incidence of inhibition, followed by S. aureus KCTC 1916 (7.7%) and L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 (6.0%). However, only five and three strains among the isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against Gram-negative indicators, E. coli ATCC 43895 and Sal. enterica ATCC 4931, respectively. The proteolytic activity of the isolates was determined via hydrolysis of skim milk after 24, 48, and 72 h incubation. After 72 h incubation, 72 out of 233 isolates (30.9%) showed proteolytic activity, and the isolates of fermented jinuari exhibited the highest incidence of proteolytic activity (60%, 36 isolates). These results suggest that ethnic fermented seafoods in the east coast of South Korea might be a promising source of bacterial strains producing antibacterial and proteolytic compounds.

이 연구는 100여 년 전에 일본으로 유입되어 정착하고 있는 화교·화인의 민족정체성을 분 석하기 위해 요코하마와 고베 차이나타운을 중심으로 설문조사와 심층면접을 진행하였다. 연 구결과 화교·화인은 능통하게 중국어를 구사하고 있으며, 일상생활에서도 중국어를 빈도 높 게 사용하고 있다. 그들은 춘절, 중추절 등 전통명절을 여전히 유지하고 있으며, 민족공동체 에 강한 소속감을 표출하고 있다. 다시 말해, 일본 화교·화인은 현지사회에 완전히 동화된 것 이 아니라, 그들만의 민족정체성을 유지하고 있다. 화교·화인의 이러한 민족정체성은 민족공 동체 내부의 노력과 의지에 의해 조성되었다. 그들은 화교학교를 설립해 민족교육을 강화하 였으며, 차이나타운에서 축제문화를 형성함으로써 민족정체성을 고양시켰다. 또한 화교협회를 비롯한 단체를 운영함으로써 정보를 공유하고 유대를 강화하고 있다. 이렇듯 화교·화인은 민 족교육, 문화축제, 화교단체를 중심으로 그들만의 민족공동체를 형성하고, 정체성을 확립시키 고 있다.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of food neophobia on restaurant image, customer satisfaction, and loyalty in ethnic restaurants. A self-administered survey for data collection 581 customers who visited an ethnic restaurant in August, 2015. Statistical analyses included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis for SPSS 21.0. The finding of the study indicated that the differences of food neophobia score in demographic characteristics showed significant differences by age, occupation, dining-out frequency, and source of dining-out information, not by gender. The mean value of food neophilic group was significantly higher than food neophobic group in all items of restaurant image, overall satisfaction and customer loyalty. The regression analysis showed that tangible aspect, price aspect, and food aspect of restaurant image had positive effects on overall satisfaction and customer loyalty however employee service showed different result by groups. The finding of the study offer marketing strategies for ethnic restaurants to induce customer revisit.

1940년대 이후 아시아와 아프리카의 많은 나라들은 식민지 주둔군의 정치공백 이후 도처에서 수많은 부족 간의 갈등과 분쟁이 발생되어왔다. 부족 간의 갈등은 조기에 수습되고 화해를 이루지 못하면 자칫내전으로까지 확대되어 수백만의 살상을 초래하기도 하였다. 제2차세계대전 이후 세대대전이 아님에도 불구하고 지구촌 곳곳에서 일어난 전쟁과 내전은 150~200여 회에 달하며, 이 과정에서 사망자들은 1차 세계대전의 전사자 840만 명을 웃도는 것으로, 이런 사실은 20세기후반이후 나라와 종족간의 분쟁과 내전이 급증하였음을 보여준다. 이러한 부족갈등은 그 자체로써도 비국일 뿐만 아니라 선교와복음전도를 가로막는 장벽이 된다. 그러므로 선교사는 복음화를 통하여현지 교회를 화평의 사자로 세워야 할 뿐 아니라, 그 자신도 화해를위해 노력해야 한다. 갈등의 원인은 집단의 이익의 상충됨으로 인한집단 이기심의 발로이며, 더 큰 비극을 막기 위해, 그리스도의 복음과 화해 정신으로 그들을 화해하도록 노력해야 한다. 본 논문은 갈등의 원인과 전쟁피해의 고통, 전쟁 예방과 평화를위한 화해사역의 당위성을 논하고, 갈등극복과 화해사역에 대한 신학적당위성을 다룰 것이다. 그리고 갈등의 화해사역에 대한 선교신학적당위성을 다룰 것이다. 그리고 르완다에서의 김평육 선교사의 경우,우간다에서의 최정호 선교사의 실례를 통하여 갈등의 상황에서 복음을 전한 과정과 화해의 과정을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 통하여 선교와 화해사역간의 관계를 분석하고 갈등지역에서의 선교방안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구 방법으로는 성경신학적 고찰과 선교 현장에 대한 문헌자료와 현장 선교사들의 선교편지와 인터뷰 등을 뒷받침하여 화해사역선교방안의 논증을 시도하고자 한다.

The aim of this research is to expand application areas of the advanced manufacturing concept and technology based on combining the traditional weaving techniques with digital forming technology. Through the man-machine interface of traditional weaving techniques of processing machines and craftsmanship complex data visualization and interactive operation, Virtual Reality Technology can realize computer model images, which is a kind of new form of artistic language and the key of VR art presenting its unique advantages. Combined with digital technology, the production of raw materials can generate 2D graphics, and 3D object can also be generated by using rapid solidification laser material preparation and forming technology (3-Dimension Printing). In one word, the traditional weaving techniques of processing machine and craftsmanship realized the complete inheritance. In this paper, main content are 4 parts including the analysis of ethnic traditional weaving technology in southwest areas of China, the usage of fashion digital simulation forming technology, the combination of traditional weaving technology with digital forming technology, and expanding of digital customized technology. We started our research work using grass linen and its weaving machine. In the end, the conclusion of study will be used to build the digital museum online for Southwest Ethnic Traditional Weaving Technology Museum, which is also bridging around world marketing for traditional culture.

Korean is one of the 55 ethnic minorities in China who is famous for their persuasion in children’s education. However, along with the development of the society, the decline in the Korean population in China, since Chinese“Reform and Open” policy in 1970’s, has caused a crisis in the education in Korean communities. Education, a vital project of lasting importance, plays an essential role in developing a nation’s sophistication. This paper aims to discover and analyze the possible explanations for the crisis in educational practices in Korean communities in China in order to provide appropriate solutions for the problem. I hope this study will contribute towards future researches in the education of Koreans in China.

The right to free interpretation in criminal proceedings is one of the important components of the right to fair trial in international law. It applies to everyone within the territory and jurisdiction of the State, including those ethnic minorities who speak and write different languages from the ethnic majority. The international human rights treaty bodies and regional human rights courts expanded the scope of this right and imposed more obligations upon the State parties through the general comments and jurisprudences. This right serves to the interest of the right to fair trial in criminal proceedings. Under Chinese law, there might be two or more languages used in judicial proceedings in ethnic autonomous areas. In the case that one specific language is designated as the language to prosecute and try a specific criminal case, the Chinese judicial organs must provide interpretation and translation to the participant who is not familiar with that specific language. Therefore the right to free interpretation is implied in Chinese law and preserves the constitutional principle of equality to all ethnicities and the right to fair trial. The problem, however, is that such a right is not well implemented in Chinese judicial practice. Several practices are inconsistent with the minimum standards developed by the jurisprudence of the international human rights treaty bodies. It is suggested that China establish the regulations and judicial interpretations that comply with international minimum standards, and provide a robust constitutional review mechanism or national human rights institution to remedy the victims for violations of this right.

Japanism represents a Japanese sense presented in Collections by many world-class western designers who are inspired by Japanese Kimonos. This study analyzes how the traditional Japanese costumes were applied to the modern clothing and the mix and match style appeared at the Japanism fashion based on the Fashion Collections during the three years from the spring of 2006 to the winter of 2008. The analysis was performed based on preceding studies, literature, fashion magazines such as Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, and the Collections during the three years. The results of this study on Japanism covers: the application of Kimono design, Kimono sleeves, Kimono neck line to coats, jackets, one-pieces, and blouses; the application of traditional geometrical patterns, flower patterns, and natural patterns. These patterns were presented by print, dyeing, and embroidery; lastly, the employment, utilization, function, and adjustment of Obi(belt) to Japanese style clothing and also to modern clothing. Japanism fashion presented sportism, feminism, and eroticism by using mix and match. This analysis can contribute to the application of the ethnic clothing to modern clothing

이 논문은 중국에 거주하는 조선족의 정체성 확립과 동질성 회복을 위한 인터넷 네트워크 구축방안을 살펴보았다. 중국의 이촌향도 현상으로 조선족들도 도시로 흩어지고 있으며, 점차 민족의 정체성을 상실해가고 있다. 이에 따라 흩어져있는 조선족간의 활발한 정보교류를 통한 정체성 확립을 위해 이들 간에 매개체 역할을 할 수 있는 인터넷미디어를 활용할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 조선족 사회의 인터넷 인프라를 구축하여 미디어 활용기반을 조성하고, 나아가서 인터넷을 활발하게 이용할 수 있도록 교육과 지원을 고려해야 한다. 조선족의 인터넷 기반구축과 이용활성화를 위해서는 조선족 자체의 노력이 있어야 하지만 동시에 인터넷이 발전한 한국의 다양한 지원과 제도적 후원체계 마련이 필요하다.

本论文研究1990年代中国新疆维吾尔族的民族分离运动与中国的民族政策的主要内容和特征。新疆维吾尔族具有与汉族不同的民族认同感，而这些民族认同感主要来自于维吾尔族的历史和文化因素。受到冷战体系的崩溃和一些中亚伊斯兰国家独立，新疆维吾尔族也要求分离和独立，因而在中国境内发生了很多恐怖事件。为了控制新疆的形势，中国政府采取了多种方法，如在国内采取‘严打’政策; 阻止与海外维吾尔族以及伊斯兰势力的联系; 对新疆地区实施包括经济方面的各种优待政策。 今天的新疆在中央政府的多种政策和努力之下，基本上维持着安定的局面，但在解决新疆问题上还存在一时难以解决的各种矛盾。第一，‘中华民族’的认同感和中央政府统治思想的弱化。第二，新疆的安定与经济之间的关系和矛盾。第三，对于外部势力和强大国对中国内政介入的对策。 对中央政府来说，来自西部的何种‘高度’自治或独立要求也不会接受，而一旦存在新疆维吾尔族继续要求分离和独立，那'中华民族'与新疆的民族认同感之间的矛盾也无法一时解决。

The purpose of this study was to investigate university students' attitudes and interests for ethnic food. The questionnaire developed was distributed to 60 students majoring in food & nutrition and 260 students taking a liberal course related with food culture in world. A total of 271 questionnaires were usable ; resulting in 84.7% response rate. Among 12 kinds of ethnic food, a large number of students had an experience in Japanese, Chinese, American and Italian food. Also Chinese, American, Japanese and Italian food were familiar with them, but the hope to eat for French, Spanish, Mexican and German food was too strong. Students knew kinds, characteristics, table manners and etc. for Japanese, Chinese, and American food very well and wanted to know the information about French food. as result of positioning for ethnic food by correspondence analysis, Spanish, English, French, Germany and Mexican food had a strong image in want to eat, wanted to know information about food and got a good feeling. Students perceived Vietnamese, Thai and Indian food as having an experience, Japanese, American and Italian food as well-know about food or restaurants, and Chinese food as being familiar. The findings would indicate trends for ethnic foods and their cultures in Korea and forecast the possibility of change in foodservice market.

Historical study of Korean traditional houses have been carried, mainly, based on the geographical region of Korean peninsula. However, the case of primitive houses can not be researched according to the geographical and racial concept of modern nations. This study aims to examine the primitive houses of ethnic minorities of northeastern China, where the cultural and racial background have been deeply rooted in the history of Korea as well as Korean traditional houses. Through the field research and literary materials, the basic types of primitive houses of the five ethnic minorities could be identified. Among these types, those that have possible relationship with Korean houses, are cone shaped house, underground house, and elevated wooden house. Archeological evidences of underground houses were amply found in Korea already, but above ground evidences could not be found. However, It seems quite certain that the cone shaped houses and elevated wooden houses, too, existed in Korea as one of the earliest housing types, as can be examined in remaining examples in Korean peninsula. With no doubt, the primitive houses of Korea have strong connection with that of the ethnic minorities of northeastern China. This can be verified through the facts that the evidences of cone shaped houses, the similarities of the use of Inner space, the evidences of elevated wooden houses. Also, the combination of wooden floor and ondol, which is known to be one of the strongest characteristic of Korean traditional houses, could be originated from the combination of primitive summer house, the elevated wooden house, and the winter house, the underground house with ondol.

The aim of this paper is to examine education programs of music at the ArtSchool of Yanbian University, an academic institution for ethnic Koreans living inChina, and to present the outlook for and ways to improve the school's music education.To do so, this paper looks into first college education offered to Ethnic Koreans and secondly courses and goals introduced by the School of Art of Yanbian University. Thirdly, this paper deals with courses provided by each department of the school before proposing ways to improve the music education in the future.This research contains an in-depth analysis of education offered by the Yanbian Art School in 2001 centering on music programs. The school comprises four colleges of music. fine arts. dancing arts and drama and the Music College has been growing steadily since it was promoted to a college unit in 1993.and now has some 70 professors, 10 administrative staff and 700 students. So far about 350 music majors have graduated the school and recently a master's degree course wasopened.The music college consists of 3 departments - Music Education Departmentmostly aimed at fostering music teachers, Music Expression Department for students wishing to become musicians and Composition Technique Theory Department focused on nurturing composers and conductors. Students are judged by course scores, field research, practical training (ranging from presentation, to work production and teaching training) and thesis. Of the above, course scores are known to account for a relatively larger past of the total evaluation compared to other music schools.The last part of the paper presents ways to further develope and improve the music school as follows.First, the school must reduce the credits allocated to regular teaching courses and instead increase credits for basic music education and compulsory courses, while downsizing total credits in general.Second, the school must add popular music and video music departments to the xisting programs so that students keep in touch with modern trends music.Third, the school must promote exchange and field study programs through presentation, filed experiments, overseas study programs and credits for exchange programs.Fourth and finally, the school must create an environment where professors are committed to research work, as well as extend support for professors so that they can enhancc their knowledge and teaching skills.

The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional intakes of college students in Seoul and Yanbian by ethnic : Korean, Korean-Chinese, Chinese. The questionnaire were applied to individual interviewing method. Statisticai data analysis was completed by SAS 8.0 package program for t-test, ANOVA and multiple comparison. The results of this study were as follows. Average energy intake per day was high in Korean-Chinese. Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) was highest in iron and lowest in zinc. Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR) score was 0.68~0.85 for each group. The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) were over 1.0 for most nutrients except 0.41 of zinc and 0.76 of calcium. Average energy intake ranked high in Korean-Chinese, Korean and Chinese.

How did the Korean religious culture which was consisted of three different religions- Shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism- be combined and transformed? The author focused the mixture and transformation of the procedure of sacrificial rite and the arrangement of sacrificial food in each religion. In this thesis, the author studied first, the conception in sacrificial rite, second, the procedure of sacrificial rite, third, the items of sacrificial rite food according to each period. In consequence of the research each religion had lost its uniqueness and became mixed to each other and settled down in Korean culture.